do now: how did phrenology influence modern psychology?

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DO NOW: DO NOW: How did phrenology influence How did phrenology influence modern psychology? modern psychology?

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Neural Communication Neuron: a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system People are made up of systems within systems Cells  organs  larger systems (e.g. circulation)  the individual  society

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Page 1: DO NOW: How did phrenology influence modern psychology?

DO NOW:DO NOW:

How did phrenology influence modern How did phrenology influence modern psychology?psychology?

Page 2: DO NOW: How did phrenology influence modern psychology?

Neuroscience and Neuroscience and BehaviorBehaviorAP PsychologyAP Psychology

Ms. DesgrosellierMs. Desgrosellier10.14.200910.14.2009

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Neural CommunicationNeural Communication

Neuron: a nerve cell; the basic building Neuron: a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous systemblock of the nervous systemPeople are made up of systems within People are made up of systems within systemssystemsCells Cells organs organs larger systems (e.g. larger systems (e.g. circulation) circulation) the individual the individual society society

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Neural CommunicationNeural CommunicationBiological psychology: a branch of psychology Biological psychology: a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and concerned with the links between biology and behavior.behavior.Some biological psychologists call themselves Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, behavior geneticists, behavioral neuroscientists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.The similarity between humans and animals is The similarity between humans and animals is important to this field because:important to this field because: we can study relatively simple animals to learn more we can study relatively simple animals to learn more

about our nervous systemabout our nervous system it allows us to study other mammals brains to it allows us to study other mammals brains to

understand the organization of our ownunderstand the organization of our own

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NeuronsNeuronsThere are many types of neurons, but all are There are many types of neurons, but all are variations of the same basic structuresvariations of the same basic structuresDendriteDendrite: the bushy, branching extensions of a : the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell bodyimpulses toward the cell bodyAxonAxon: the extension of a neuron, ending in : the extension of a neuron, ending in branching, terminal fibers, through which branching, terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glandsor glands*** Axons speak, Dendrites listen!*** Axons speak, Dendrites listen!Axons can be very long (up to several feet!), Axons can be very long (up to several feet!), while dendrites are shortwhile dendrites are short

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NeuronsNeuronsDendrite

Axon

Axon terminals

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NeuronsNeuronsMyelin sheathMyelin sheath: a layer of fatty tissue : a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the the impulse hops from one node to the next.next.Multiple sclerosis: a disease in which the Multiple sclerosis: a disease in which the myelin sheath degenerates, resulting in myelin sheath degenerates, resulting in slowing of all communication to muscles slowing of all communication to muscles and the eventual loss of muscle control.and the eventual loss of muscle control.

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NeuronsNeurons

Node of RanvierNode of Ranvier - one of the many gaps - one of the many gaps in the myelin sheath - this is where the in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory action potential occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon conduction along the axon

Schwann's cellsSchwann's cells - cells that produce - cells that produce myelin - they are located within the myelin myelin - they are located within the myelin sheath. sheath.

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NeuronsNeuronsDendrite

Axon

Myelin Sheath

Node of Ranvier

Schwann’s Cells

Axon terminals

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NeuronsNeurons

nucleusnucleus - the organelle in the cell body of - the organelle in the cell body of the neuron that contains the genetic the neuron that contains the genetic material of the cell material of the cell

cell bodycell body - the cell body of the neuron; it - the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus (also called the contains the nucleus (also called the soma) soma)

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NeuronsNeuronsDendrite

Axon

Myelin Sheath

Node of Ranvier

Schwann’s Cells

Axon terminalsCell body

Nucleus

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NeuronsNeuronsNeural impulses travel at speeds ranging from 2 Neural impulses travel at speeds ranging from 2 miles per hour to 200+ mph.miles per hour to 200+ mph.Still slow compared to the speed of electricity Still slow compared to the speed of electricity through a wire (3 million times slower)through a wire (3 million times slower)A neuron fires an impulse when it receives a A neuron fires an impulse when it receives a signal from sense receptors stimulated by signal from sense receptors stimulated by pressure, heat, or light, or when it is stimulated pressure, heat, or light, or when it is stimulated by chemical messages from neighboring by chemical messages from neighboring neuronsneuronsAction potentialAction potential: a neural impulse; a brief : a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.in the axon’s membrane.

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NeuronsNeuronsNeurons generate electricity from chemical Neurons generate electricity from chemical events – like a battery.events – like a battery.Electrically charged atoms (ions) fill the Electrically charged atoms (ions) fill the fluid in and around the axon; negative on fluid in and around the axon; negative on the inside, positive on the outside (resting the inside, positive on the outside (resting potential)potential)The membrane is selectively permeable: The membrane is selectively permeable: the axon’s surface is picky about what it the axon’s surface is picky about what it allows in.allows in.

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NeuronsNeuronsNeurons generate electricity from chemical Neurons generate electricity from chemical events – like a battery.events – like a battery.Electrically charged atoms (ions) fill the Electrically charged atoms (ions) fill the fluid in and around the axon; negative on fluid in and around the axon; negative on the inside, positive on the outside (resting the inside, positive on the outside (resting potential)potential)The membrane is selectively permeable: The membrane is selectively permeable: the axon’s surface is picky about what it the axon’s surface is picky about what it allows in.allows in.

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NeuronsNeuronsWhen a neuron fires, this barrier changes When a neuron fires, this barrier changes and opens a “gate” to allow positive and opens a “gate” to allow positive sodium ions through the membrane.sodium ions through the membrane.This depolarizes that part of the axon, This depolarizes that part of the axon, causing the next channel to open, and causing the next channel to open, and repeat like dominosrepeat like dominosRefractory periodRefractory period: the resting pause after : the resting pause after the firing, during which time the neuron the firing, during which time the neuron pumps the positive ions back outside. pumps the positive ions back outside. THEN, it can fire again.THEN, it can fire again.

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NeuronsNeuronsSignals received by the dendrites are Signals received by the dendrites are either excitatory (accelerates activity) or either excitatory (accelerates activity) or inhibitory (slows activity)inhibitory (slows activity)Threshold: the level of stimulation required Threshold: the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (excitatory – to trigger a neural impulse (excitatory – inhibitory)inhibitory)The neuron’s reaction is an all-or-none The neuron’s reaction is an all-or-none response: they either fire or they don’t. response: they either fire or they don’t. The strength of the stimulus does not The strength of the stimulus does not affect it.affect it.