Do Now 2/27/14Imagine you lived in this house on

the edge of a cliff

1) What would some concerns be about living there?

2) What potential dangers might you face? Explain how these dangers may occur.

Some of the effects of Erosion and Weathering

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1cCs-S5EKc

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w40JgaKNihY&feature=related

Mudslide

How does erosion differ from weathering?

• Weathering BREAKS DOWN the Earth’s material into sediments.

• Erosion TRANSPORTS the sediments to a new location.

STOP:What are the

2 different types of

weathering?

But how is the weather material moved?

GravityMudslide

Wind

Ice

WaterFlooding

Erosion isn’t all bad though. . .

Where can erosion be seen in real life?

• The entire river basin in Louisiana is the product of sediment deposition from the Mississippi River (following the latest rise in sea level about 5,000 years ago.)

One possibility: the weathered and eroded pieces help make soil

• Read the Grand Canyon Rocks! article

Do Now 3/3/14

1. How did the canyon form? (What caused the landforms to rise, what carved the canyon out of the landform, and what forces have made the canyon even wider than just the river)

2. What is a debris flow? What does a debris flow do?

Do Now 3/4/14

1. What is the experimental group?2. What are the 2 types of weathering?3. What is the difference between

weathering and erosion?

• Soil is:–The upper layer of earth in

which plants grow, a black or brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles

Good Soil Quality:

Six Types of Soil

Clay SandySilty PeatyChalky Loamy

Texture – Soil is made of silt, sand, and clay… a percentage of each

• Find the point where all 3 lines meet. The name in that area is the type of soil present.

B

Soil Texture Diagram PracticeWhat type of soil has:1. 20% clay, 40% silt, 40% sand2. 40% clay, 10% silt, 50% sand3. 30% clay, 60% silt, 10% sand

Find the % of each particle at:

4. A5. B6. C

A

C

60%clay, 20%silt, 20%sand

30%clay, 40%silt, 30%sand

10%clay, 30%silt, 60%sand

(1) Loam(2) Sandy clay(3) Silty clay

loam

Property Sand Silt Clay

Water holding Low Med-high High

Aeration Good Med Poor

Nutrient supplying Poor Med-high High

Pollutant Filtering Low Med High

Why is Soil Texture Important?

SOIL TEXTURE PRACTICE…

Do Now 3/5/14

Use your soil triangle to find:1. 60% clay, 40% silt, 0% sand2. 50%clay, 40% silt, 10% sand3. 10% clay, 60% silt, 30% sand

http://www.news.com.au/world-news/pakistan-hit-by-74-magnitude-earthquake/story-fndir2ev-1226726509239

Soil Composition continued…

• Mineral Matter–Provides

nutrient minerals for plants

–Provides pore space for water & air

• Older soils are:–More

weathered–Lower in

certain essential nutrient minerals

Observe this SOIL PROFILE through soilSoil layers are horizons and assigned letters O: Organic material

(may be absent)

A: Topsoil - Organic material & mineral grains

E: Leached zone (may be absent)

B: Subsoil – rich in clay, iron, aluminum

C: Weathered bedrock

R: Bedrock (parent material)

Dr.

Gre

g Pi

llar,

Que

ens

Colle

ge

What kind of soil does NC have?• Red clay and heavy clay

– improved by adding organic matter

• Leading field crop? Tobacco and cotton

What is the largest food crop in NC?•Peanuts and sweet potatoes

•Apples•Hay and wheat

Poverty

• 73,000 students are living in poverty in Charlotte, NC – that means not getting appropriate nutrition

• 15.3% of Charlotte lives below the poverty line – that means struggling to make ends meets

• 75% of the population does not consume appropriate levels of fruits and vegetables – that means unhealthy

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats TotalCalories

Total 271 91 65 2,000

Percentages 55% 18% 29% n/a

FDA Recommended

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats TotalCalories

Total 271 91 65 2,000

Percentages 55% 18% 29% n/a

London

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats TotalCalories

Total 500 25 24 1590

Percentages 80% 6% 14% n/a

Alta Cayma, Peru

You need a diverse, balanced diet!

• Carbs, fats and proteins are essential for storing and providing energy

• Proteins also break down into amino acids that are very important for structuring cells

• We also need essential vitamins and minerals

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

• 925 million people are malnourished

• 15.7% of the world’s population

• People in developing countries rely primarily on grains for their diet

• Because of this agriculture, is very important in relieving world hunger

• http://www.farmland.org/images/flash/apple.swf

Agriculture• Farmers clear the land, plant seeds,

grow crops, and harvest them• Manage resources, such as land,

soil, water and seeds

• Care for growing crops from weeds and pests

• Harvested crops are used to feed the family, feed livestock, or be sold for a profit

4 Types of Farms

• Small tenant farms – farmers do not own the land, but work the land for a landlord – farmers are paid or get a share of the crops

• Family-owned farms – Family owns the farm and works the land for itself, small business farming

• Commercial farms – Agribusiness companies own large farms and employ farmers to work for them – crops are sold or used for other products (i.e. corn for high fructose corn syrup)

• State-owned farms – Government owns these large farms and employs citizen farmers to work the land, largely found in former Soviet Union and China

Do Now 9/26/131. List the 6 types of soil.2. What are the 4 ways that sediments are

transported (erosion)?3. What soil type is:

30%clay, 40% silt, 30% sand

What is arable land?

• The top 6 inches of top soil• Determines the productivity

of our food production

• More than 99% of food comes from this arable land

• Of the 2.3 billion acres of U.S. land, only 20% is sufficiently fertile for crop production

• Nearly 400 million acres of land is arable in the U.S.

What is SOIL????

• The relatively thin surface layer of the Earth’s crust consisting of mineral and organic matter.

Soil is not DIRT!

As rocks are broken down by the process called weathering , small pieces of rock (sediments) are formed.

These small pieces of rock are then eroded, or carried away.

These pieces of sediment will eventually form sedimentary rock. However, before other sediments are placed on top of them, these small pieces of rock form soil.

The 5 Soil-Forming Factors

• climate (water, wind, temperature)• biology (macro- and microorganisms, plants)

• relief (topography)

• parent material (rocks/minerals)• time

Which is the MOST important?? CLIMATE!!!

Formed from parent material (bedrock) that’s slowly broken down through weathering processes.

Soil supports life

Why is Soil Important?

Fun Fact: 1 teaspoon of good soil contains more than 1 million bacteria!

Fun Fact: There are more living organisms in a cubic

foot of soil then all of China!

Fun Fact: There are more living organisms in a cubic

foot of soil then all of China!

Soil stores important nutrients

http://www.lesco.com/

Phosphorus (P)Nitrogen (N)

Potassium (K)Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium (Mg)

Soil Holds Water

Soil provides support for buildings

http://www.pbase.com

Soil

Soil filters, buffers, detoxifies….

http://extension.missouri.edu

Soil Components

http://school.discoveryeducation.com

Q: What did the shy pebble say to the big

rock?A. Do you think I’ll ever be a

little boulder?

Dr. Greg Pillar, Queens College