do an tong quan thang may
TRANSCRIPT
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
Svth: Do n H ong Mai 1 Lp: Trang bin-in t K 44
MC LCMc lc ..................................................................................................................... 1Chng I: Nghin cu phn t ch cu trc thang my .............................................. 3
I. Gii thiu thang my ...................................................................................... 3II. Phn loi thang my ...................................................................................... 6
1. Phn loi theo chc nng .............................................................................. 6
2. Phn loi theo tcdch chuyn. ................................................................ 63. Phn loi theo ti trng .................................................................................. 74. Phn loi theo vtr t bko ti ............................................................... 75. Theo hthng vn hnh. .............................................................................. 7
III. Trang thit bckh ca thang my ........................................................... 81. Tng thckh thang my ........................................................................... 82. Thit blpt trong bung my ................................................................... 83. Thit blp trong ging thang my .............................................................. 104. Thit blpt trong hging thang my .................................................. 105. Cc thit bcnh trong ging thang ......................................................... 11
5.1 Ray dn hng ..................................................................................... 115.2 Gim chn ............................................................................................. 11
6. Cabin v cc thit blin quan ..................................................................... 116.1 Khung cabin ........................................................................................... 116.2 Ngm dn hng.................................................................................. 116.3 Hthng treo ca bin ............................................................................... 126.4 Bung cabin .......................................................................................... 126.5 Hthng ca cabin v ca tng .......................................................... 12
7. Hthng cn bng trong thang my ............................................................. 127.1 i trng ................................................................................................ 137.2 X ch v cp cn bng ........................................................................... 137.3 Cp nng ................................................................................................ 137.4 Bko ti .............................................................................................. 14
8. Thit ban ton ckh ............................................................................... 148.1 Phanh hmin t: ............................................................................... 148.2 Phanh bo him : .................................................................................. 14
9. Cm bin vtr ............................................................................................. 15IV. Hthng mchin ca thang my ......................................................... 18
1. Mchng lc: ........................................................................................... 182. Mchiu khin: ........................................................................................ 183. Mch t n hiu: ............................................................................................ 184. Mch chiu sng: ........................................................................................ 185. Mch an ton: ............................................................................................. 18
Chng II: kho stc t nh ca thang my v cc yu cuiu khin ............. 19I. Kho stcim ca thang ....................................................................... 19II. T nh chn cng sutng cchuynng thang my ............................... 22III. Cc htruynng dng trong thang my ............................................... 26IV. cimc trng cho chl m vic ca htruynng thang my 27V. nh hng ca tc, gia tc v giti vi htruynng thangmy 27
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
Svth: Do n H ong Mai 2 Lp: Trang bin-in t K 44
VI. Dng chnh xc bung thang .................................................................... 29VII. h bin tnng cv hthngiu khin pLc ................................... 33
1. skhi ca hbin tnng c........................................................... 332. Gii thiu vbin tn 3g3mv ca omron .................................................... 33
1.1 t vn. ............................................................................................ 331.2 Tng quan vbin tn 3G3MV v chc nng hotng. ................... 34
2 ....................................................................................................................... 352.1 ................................................................................................................. 35VIII. ..................................................................................................................... 35
chng III: xy dng hthngiu khin v lp tr nhiu khin thang my .... 35I. Phng php m tmch tr nh t.................................................................. 35II. Tng hp mch tr nh t.................................................................................. 38III. Xy dng cc khi chc nng ch nh ca thang ........................................... 38
1. Xcnh cc yu cu phc vv lu gicc yu cu..................... 392. bi ton xcnh vtr hin ti ca bung thang................................... 403. Bi ton xcnh hnh tr nh hin ti ca bung thang(ang nng hayang h). .......................................................................................................... 40
4. Nng hbung thang................................................................................ 405. iu khin dng bung thang.................................................................. 406. Bi tonng mca.............................................................................. 437. Bi toniu khinn v qut bung thang........................................ 468. Bi ton xl cc scxy rai vi thang......................................... 46
IV. PLC ............................................................................................................... 462.2 stng qut ca PLC. ...................................................................... 472.3 Cu trc bnhca CPU. ..................................................................... 502.4 Vng qut chng tr nh. ....................................................................... 522.4 Kthut lp tr nh. .................................................................................. 532.5 Ngn nglp tr nh. ............................................................................... 56
V. ............................................................................................................................. 57chng IV: xy dng m h nh m phng thang my ............................................ 57I. Xc nh cc vnsm phng ................................................................... 57II. Xy dng kt cu cho m h nh m phng ....................................................... 57III. Xy dng khoch m phng v kim nghim trn thc t. ..................... 57
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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CHNG I: NGHIN CU PHN TCH CU TRC THANG MY
I. GII THIU THANG M YThang my l thit bvn ti dng chngi v hng ho theo phng thng
ng hoc nghing mt gc nhhn 150so vi phng thng ng theo mt tuyn
nh sn.Thang my v my nng c sdng rng ri trong cc ngnh sn xut
ca nn kinh tquc dn nhtrong ngnh khai thc hm m,trong ngnh xydng,luyn kim,cng nghip nhnhng ni thang my v my nng c s
dng vn chuyn hng ho,sn phm,a cng nhn ti ni lm vic c cao
khc nhauN thay thcho sc lc ca con ngi v mang li nng sut
cao.Hnh dng tng thca thang my c gii thiu ti hnh 1.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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Hnh 1.1 : hnh dng tng thca thang my
Trong sinh hot dn dng,thang my c lp t v sdng rng ri trong
cc to nh cao tng,trong cc khch sn,siu th,cng sv trong cc bnh
vin.Hthng thang my gip con ngi tit kim c nhiu thi gian v sc
lc
Nhiu quc gia trn thgii quy nh i vi cc to nh cao trn 6 tng trln
phi c trang bthang my m bo cho ngi i li thun tin,tit kim thi
gian v tng nng sut lao ng.Gi thnh ca thang my trang bcho cng trnh so
vi tng gi thnh cng trnh chim khong 6% n 7% l hp l.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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Vit Nam trc y thang my chyu c sdng trong cc ngnh cng
nghip chhng ho v t c phbin.Nhng trong giai on hin nay vi s
pht trin mnh mca nn kinh tquc dn v i sng nhn dn ngy cng nng
cao,vic sdng thang my trong mi lnh vc ngy cng tng ln.
Phti ca thang my thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng ,n phthuc volng hnh khc i li trong mt ngy m v hng vn chuyn hnh khch.Nh
thang my lp t trong nh hnh chnh,bui sng u gilm vic hnh khch i
nhiu theo chiu ln.cn bui chiu ,cui gilm vic,hnh khch si theo chiu
xung nhiu.
Thang my l mt thit bvn chuyn i hi tnh an ton nghim ngt ,n lin
quan trc tip n ti sn v tnh mng con ngi ,v vy yu cu chung i vi h
thng thang my khi thit k,chto ,lp t ,vn hnh,sdng v sa cha l phi
tun thmt cch nghim ngt cc yu cu kthut an ton c quy nh trong cc
tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm.
Thang my chc cabin p ,sang trng,thng thong , m du th cha iu
kin a vo sdng m cn phi y cc thit ban ton, m bo tin cy
nh: in chiu sng dphng khi mt in,in thoi ni b(interphone), chung
bo,bhm bo him, an ton cabin(i trng), cng tc an ton ca ca cabin,kho
an ton ca tng, bcu hkhi mt ngun in
La chn thang my khng chn thun xem xt cc vn kthut m cn
phi xem xt ccc yu tkinh t.Hin nhin cng nhiu thang my c ti nh mc
ln,tc nh mc cao,hiu khin cng hin i th cng to iu kin thun li
cho khch hng sdng cng nhrt ngn thi gian chi,gim thi gian i tc
nh mc,mt mt i hi vn u tcho thang ln,mt khc lm tng din tch
chim ch,tng chi ph xy dng cho ging thangNhvy iu kin thun li cho
hnh khch v vn u tlun l hai chtiu tlnghch vi nhau.Qu trnh la
chn thang my chnh l qu trnh xc nh sthang,tnh nng kthut ca thang (ti,tc nh mc,phng php iu khin),cc kch thc cbn ca thang v v
tr t thang ph hp vi c im ,mc ch sdng ca to nh vi vn u tchp
nhn c.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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i vi nh sdng nhiu thang, bn cnh vic chn tnh nng kthut cn phi
btr chng thnh nhm sao cho hp l tn dng nng sut ti u ca thang cng
nhto thun li cho khch.
i vi cc to nh cao tng c lng hnh khch cn vn chuyn ln ngi ta
thng chi thang my ra lm cc nhm ring phc vcc thnh phn khc nhau theochiu cao ca to nh.Cc thang my cc nhm khc nhau c thc tnh nng k
thut khc nhau,thng cc thang phc vcho cc tng cao c tI v tc nh mc
ln hn cc thang phc vphn thp hn.
II. PHN LOI THANG M YTuthuc vo tnh cht,chc nng ca thang my.Thang my c thphn loi
thnh rt nhiu loi tuthuc vo cc tnh cht.v dnhphn loi theo hdn ng
cabin,theo vtr t bko ti,theo hthng vn hnh,theo cng dng.di y l
mt sphn loi:
1. Phn loi theo chc nng+ Thang my chngi
Gia tc cho php c quy nh theo cm gic ca hnh khch :Gia tc ti u l
a< 2m/s2
Thang my dng trong cc to nh cao tng : loi ny c tc trung bnh
hoc ln,i hi vn hnh m,an ton v c tnh mthut
Thang my dng trong bnh vin:Phi m bo rt an ton,sti u vm
khi dch chuyn,thi gian dch chuyn ,tnh u tin ng theo cc yu cu ca bnh
vin..
Thang my dng trong cc hm m,x nghip:p ng c cc iu c
cc iu kin lm vic nng ntrong cng nghip nhtc ng ca mI trng lm
vic:m,nhit ,thi gian lm vic,sn mn
+ Thang my chhng
c sdng rng ri trong cng nghip,trong kinh doanhN i hi cao v
vic dng chnh xc bung thang my m bo cho vic vn chuyn hng ho ln
xung thang my c ddng thun tin
2. Phn loi theo tcdch chuyn.
Thang my tc thp : v < 1 m/s
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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I.
II.
III. TRANG THIT BCKH CA THANG M Y
1. Tng thckh thang myCc thit bchnh ca thang my gm c : bung thang ,ti nng, cp treo
bung thang, i trng, ng ctruyn ng, phanh hm in tv cc thit biu
khin khc.
Tt ccc thit bca thang my c trong ging bung thang (khong
khng gian ttrn ca tng cao nht n mc su nht ca tng 1), trong bung my
(trn sn tng cao nht ) v hbung thang (di mc sn tng 1). Btr c thit b
ca mt thang my c biu din trn hnh 1.2.
Cc thit bthang gm c : 1. ng cin ; 2. Puli ; 3. Cp treo; 4. Bhn
chtc ; 5.Bung thang ; 6. Thanh dn hng ;7. Hthng i trng ; 8. Trc
nh ; 9. Puli dn hng ; 10. cp lin ng ; 11. Cp cp in ; 12. ng cng
mca bung thang.
2. Thit blpt trong bung my
+ Ccu nng
Trong bung my lp t hthng ti nng hbung thang (ccu nng) 1
(trn hnh 1.2) to ra lc ko chuyn ng bung thang v i trng.
Ccu nng gm c cc bphn sau : bphn ko cp (puli hoc tang qun
cp ), hp gim tc , phanh hm in tv ng ctruyn ng. Tt ccc b
phn trn c lp t trn tm bng thp. Trong thang my thng dng hai c
cu nng (hnh 1.3) :
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ccu nng c hp tc (hnh 1.3 a)- ccu nng khng dng hp tc (hnh 1.3 b).
Ccu nng khng c hp tc thng c sdng trong cc thang my
tc cao.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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+ Tin : trong tin lp rp cu dao tng, cu ch cc loi, cng tc tv
cc loi rle trung gian.
+ Puli dn hng 2 (hnh 1.2).
Hnh 1.2 :cc thit bckh lp trong thang.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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+ Bphn hn chtc 4 (hnh 1.2) lm vic phi hp vi phanh bohim
bng cp lin ng 10 hn chtc di chuyn ca bung thang
3. Thit blp trong ging thang my
+ Bung thang : Trong qu trnh lm vic, bung thang 5 (hnh 1.2) di chuyn
trong ging thang my dc theo cc thanh dn hng 6 (hnh 1.2). Trn nc bung
thang c lp t phanh bo him, ng ctruyn ng ng - mca bung thang 12
(hnh 1.2). Trong bung thang lp t hthng nt bm iu khin, hthng n bo,
n chiu sng bung thang, cng tc lin ng vi sn ca bung thang v in thoi
ln lc vi bn ngoi trong trng hp thang my mt in. Cung cp in cho bung
thang bng dy cp mm 11 (hnh 1.2).
+ H thng cp treo 3 (hnh 1.2) l h thng cp hai nhnh mt u ni vi
bung thang u cn li ni vi i trng 7 cng vi puli dn hng .
+ Trong ging ca thang my cn lp t cc bcm bin vtr dng
chuyn i tc ng c, dng bung thang mi tng v hn chhnh trnh nng
hca thang my.
4. Thit blpt trong hging thang my
Trong hging thang my lp t hthng gim xc 8 (hnh 1.2) l hthng
gim xc dng l xo v gim xc thu lc trnh sva p ca bung thang v i
trng xung sn ca ging thang my trong trng hp cng tc hnh trnh hn ch
hnh trnh di chuyn xung bsc(khng hot ng).
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
Svth: Do n H ong Mai 11 L p: Trang bin-in t K 44
Hnh 1.3 : Ccu nng thang
III.
5. Cc thit bcnh trong ging thang
5.1 Ray dn hng
Ray dn hng c lp t dc theo ging thang dn hng cho cabin v itrng chuyn ng dc theo ging thang. Ray dn hng m bo cho cabin v itrng lun nm vtr thit kca chng trong ging thang v khng bdch chuyntheo phng nm ngang trong qu trnh chuyn ng. Ngoi ra ray dn hng cn
phi cng vng trng lng ca cabin v ti trng trong cabin ta ln dnhng cng cc thnh phn ti trng ng khi bhm bo him lm vic (trongtrng hp bt cp hoc cabin i xung vi tc ln hn gi trcho php).
5.2 Gim chnGim chn c lp t di y hthang dng v cabin v i trng trong
trng hp cabin hoc i trng chuyn ng xung di vt qu btr t ca cng
tc hnh trnh cui cng. Gim chn phi c cao ln khi caibin hoc itrng tln n th c khong trng cn thit pha di ph hp cho ngi c trchnhim thc hin kim tra, iu chnh, sa cha.
6. Cabin v cc thit blin quanCabin l bphn mang ti ca thang my.Cabin phi c kt cu sao cho c th
tho ri n thnh tng bphn nh.Theo cu to,cabin gm 2 phn:kt cu chu
lc(khung cabin) v cc vch che, trn, sn to thnh bung cabin.Trn khung cabin
c lp cc ngm dn hng, hthng treo cabin, hthng tay n v bhm bo
him, hthng ca v ccu ng mca.Ngoi ra,cabin ca thang my chngi phi m bo cc yu cu vthng gi, nhit v nh sng.
6.1 Khung cabin
Khung cabin l phn xng sng ca cabin thang my. c cu to bng ccthanh thp chu lc ln. Khung cabin phi m bo cho thit kchu ti nh mc.
6.2 Ngm dn hngNgm dn hng c tc dng dn hng cho cabin v i trng chuyn ng dc
theo ray dn hng v khng chdch chuyn ngang ca cabin v i trng trong
ging thang khng vt qu gi trcho php. C hai loi ngm dn hng : ngm
trt(bc trt) v ngm con ln.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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6.3 Hthng treo ca binDo cabin v i trng c treo bng nhiu si cp ring bit cho nn phi c h
thng treo m bo cho cc si cp nng ring bit c cng nhnhau.Trong
trng hp ngc li ,si cp chu lc cng ln nht sbqu ti cn si cp chng
strt trn rnh puly ma st nn rt nguy him.Ngoi ra ,do c si chng si cngnn cc rnh cp trn puly ma st sbmn khng u.V vy m hthng treo cabin
phi c trang bthm tip im in ca mch an ton ngt in dng thang khi
mt trong cc si cp chng qu mc cho php phng nga tai nn.Khi thang
chc thhot ng c khi iu chnh cng ca cc cp nhnhau.Hthng
treo cabin c lp t vi dm trn khung ng trong hthng chu lc ca cabin.
6.4 Bung cabin
Bung cabin l mt kt cu c ththo ri c gm trn, sn v vch cabin.Cc
phn ny c lin kt vi nhau v lin kt vi khung chu lc ca cabin.Bung cabin
phi m bo c cc yu cu cn thit vmt kthut cng nhmt mthut
6.5 Hthng ca cabin v ca tngCa cabin v ca tng l nhng bphn c vai tr rt quan trong trong vic m
bo an ton v c nh hng ln n cht lng, nng sut ca thang my.hthng
ca cabin v ca tng c thit ksao cho khi dng ti tng no th chdng ngcmca bung thang ng thi hthng ckh gn ca bung thang lin kt vi
ca tng lm cho ca tng cng c mra.Tng tkhi ng li th hthng lin
kt skhng tc ng vo ca tng na m bung thang li di chuyn i n cc tng
khc.
7. Hthng cn bng trong thang myi trng, cp nng, cp in, cp hoc xch cn bng l nhng bphn ca h
thng cn bng trong thang my cn bng vi vi trng lng ca cabin v ti
trng nng.Vic chn sng hc v trng lng cc bphn ca hthng cn
bng c nh hng ln n mmen ti trng v cng sut ng cca ccu dn
ng, n lc cng ln nht ca cp nng v khnng ko ca puly ma st.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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7.1 i trngi trng l bphn ng vai tr chnh trong hthng cn bng ca thang
my.i vi thang my c chiu cao nng khng ln, ngi ta chn i trng sao cho
trng lng ca n cn bng vi trng lng ca cabin v mt phn ti trng nng
,cp in v khng dng cp hoc xch cn bng.Khi thang my c chiu cao nngln, trng lng ca cp nng v cp in l ng knn ngi ta phi dng cp hoc
xch cn bng b tr li phn ti trng ca cp in v cp nng chuyn tnhnh
treo cabin sang nhnh treo i trng v ngc li khi thang my hot ng.
7.2 X ch v cp cn bngKhi thang my c chiu cao trn 45 m hoc trng lng cp nng v cp in c
gi trtrn 0,1 Q th ngi ta phi t thm cp hoc xch cn bng b trli phn
trng lng ca cp nng v cp in chuyn tnhnh treo cabin sang nhnh treo i
trng v ngc li khi thang my hot ng, m bo mmen ti tng i n nh
trn puly ma st. Xch cn bng thng c dng cho thang my c tc di 1,4
m/s. i vi thang my c tc cao, ngi ta thng dng cp cn bng v c thit
bko cng cp cn bng khng b xon. Ti thit bko cng cp cn bng phi
c tip im in an ton ngt mch iu khin ca thang my khi cp cn bng b
t hoc bdn qu ln v khi c scvi thit bko cng cp cn bng.
7.3 Cp nngC cu to bng si thp cacbon tt c gii hn bn 1400 1800 N/mm2.
Trong thang my thng dng t3 n 4 si cp bn. Cp nng c chn theo iu
kin sau:
SS dMAX n *
Trong :
Smax - lc cng cp ln nht trong qu trnh lm vic ca thang my ;
Sd - ti trng ph hng cp do nh chto xc nh v cho trong bng cptiu chun tuthuc vo loi cp , ng knh cp v gii hn bn ca vt liu
si thp bn cp
n - hsan ton bn ca cp, ly khng nhhn gi trquy nh trong tiu
chun, tuthuc vo tc , loi thang my v loi ccu nng.
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
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7.4 Bko tiTutheo sdn ng m bti ko c t trong phng my dn ng
nm pha trn, pha di hoc nm cnh ging thang. Bti ko dn ng in
gm c hp gim tc v loi khng c hp gim tc. i vi thang my c tc ln
ngi ta dng bti ko khng c hp gim tc.8. Thit ban ton ckh
Thit ban ton ckh trong thang my c vai tr m bo an ton cho thang my
v hnh khch trong trng hp xy ra scnh:t cp, cp trt trn rnh puly
ma st, cabin hvi tc vt qu gi trcho php. Thit ban ton ckh trong
thang my gm c:
8.1 Phanh hmin t:
Vkt cu, cu to, nguyn l hot ng ging nhphanh hm in tdng trongcc ccu ca cu trc.
8.2 Phanh bo him :( c mt stn gi khc nh: phanh d hoc ccu tp). Chc nng ca phanh
bo him l hn chtc di chuyn ca bung thang vt qu gii hn cho php
v gicht bung thang ti chbng cch p vo hai thanh dn hng trong trng
hp bt cp treo. Vkt cu v cu to, phanh bo him c ba loi :
- Phanh bo him kiu nm dng hm khn cp.
- Phanh bo him kiu km (hnh 1.4) dng hm m.
- Phanh bo him kiu lch tm dng hm khn cp.
Phanh bo him lp t trn nc ca bung thang, hai gng km 2 trt dc theo haithanh dn hng 1. Nm gia hai cnh tay u ca gng km c nm 5 gn cht vihthng truyn lc trc vt v tang - bnh vt 4. Htruyn lc bnh vt - trc vt c
hai dng ren : bn phi l ren phi, cn phn bn tri l ren tri. Khi tc ca bungthang thp hn trsgii hn ti a cho php, nm 5 hai u ca trc vt vtr xa
nht so vi tang - bnh vt 4, lm cho hai gn km 2 trt bnh thng dc theo thanhdn hng 1. Trong trng hp tc ca bung thang vt qu gii hn cho php,
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n tt nghip Gvhd: Thy Trn Vn Khi
Svth: Do n H ong Mai 15 L p: Trang bin-in t K 44
Hnh 1.4 Phanh hm bo him kiu km1.thanh dn hng; 2. gng km; 3. dy cp lin ng cvi bhn chtc ;
4. tang bnh vt ; 5. Nm.
tang - bnh vt 4 squay theo chiu ko di hai u nm 5 vpha mnh , lm chohai gng km 2 p cht vo thanh dn hng, kt qushn chc tc di
chuyn ca bung thang v trong trng hp bt cp treo, sgicht bung thangvo hai thanh dn hng.
9. Cm bin vtr
Trong thang my v my nng, cc bn phn cm bin vtr dng :
- Pht lnh dng bung thang mi tng.
- Chuyn i tc ng c truyn ng ttc cao sang tc thp khi
bung thang n gn tng cn dng, nng cao dng chnh xc ca bung thang.
- Xc nh vtr ca bung thang.
Hin nay, trong s khng ch
thang my v my nng thng dng ba loi
cm bin vtr :
+ Cm bin v tr kiu c kh(cng
tc chuyn i tng)
Hnh 1.5 Cm bin vtr kiu ckh
1. Tm cch in; 2. Tip im tnh;
3.Tip im ng ; 4. Cn gt; 5. Vng m
cao su
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Cm bin vtr kiu ckh l mt loi cng tc ba vtr. Khi bung thang di
chuyn i ln, di tc dng ca vu gt (lp mi tng) sgt tay gt sang bn phi,
cp tip im 2 bn tri kn, khi bung thang di chuyn theo chiu i xung, vtr tay
gt bn tri, cp tip im 2 vtr gia, chai cp tip im 2 u h.
u im : c kt cu n gin, thc hin ba chc nng ca bphn cm
bin vtr.
Nhc im :
- Tui thlm vic khng cao, c bit l i vi thang my tc cao
- Gy ting n ln, gy nhiu cho cc thit bv tuyn.
+ Cm bin vtr kiu cm ng (hnh 1.6).
Hnh 1.6. Cm bin vtr kiu cm ng
a)Cu to ca cm bin ;b) Snguyn tca bcm bin.
1.Mch t; 2. Cun dy ; 3. Tm st chTS
i vi thang my tc cao, nu dng bcm bin kiu ckh, lm gim
tin cy trong qu trnh lm vic. Bi vy trong cc skhng chthang my tc cao thng dng cc bcm bin khng tip im: kiu cm ng, kiu in dung v
kiu quang in.
Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin kiu cm ng vtr da trn sthay i tr
sin cm (L) ca cun dy c mch tkhi mch tkn v mch th.
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Cu to ca bcm bin vtr kiu cm ng (hnh 1.6a) gm mch in t1,
cun dy 2. Khi mch th, in trca bcm bin bng in trthun ca cun
dy, cn khi mch tbche kn bng thanh thp chU (3), in trcm bin stng
t bin do thnh phn in cm (L) ca cun dy tng.
S nguyn l ca b cm bin kiu cm ng c gii thiu trn hnh
3.31a. Bcm bin c thu ni trc tip vi rle trung gian RTr mt chiu hoc
rle trung gian xoay chiu. Khi mch th, do in trca cm bin rt nh, rle
trung gian RTr tc ng, cn khi mch tkn, do in trca cm bin rt ln rle
trung gian RTr khng tc ng. nng cao tin cy lm vic ca rle trung gian,
u tC song song vi cun dy ca bcm bin. Trsin dung ca tC c la
chn sao cho khi thanh st 3 che kn mch tca btcm bin sto c ch
cng hng dng. Thng thng bcm bin CB c lp thnh ging ca thangmy, thanh st ng lp bung thang.
+ Cm bin vtr kiu quang in
(hnh 7)
Hnh 1.7 Cm bin vtr kiu
quang in
Bcm bin vtr dng hai phn
tquang in, cu to ca n c gii
thiu trn hnh 1.7a. Cu to ca n gm
khung gi ch U (thng lm bng vt
liu khng kim loi). Trn khung cch
in g lp hai phn tquang in 2 i
din nhu : mt phn tpht quang (it pht quang F) v mt phn tthu quang (
transito quang). nng cao tin cy ca bcm bin khng bnh hng sng
ca mi trng thng dng phn tpht quang v thu quang hang ngoi. Thanh gt
3 di chuyn gia khe hca khung g cc phn tquang din.
Snguyn l ca bcm bin kiu quang in gii thiu trn hnh 1.7b.
Nguyn l lm vic ca bcm bin kiu quang in nhsau: khi bung thang
cha n ng tng, nh sng cha bche khut, transito quang TT thng, transito T1
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kho v transito T2 thng, rle trung gian RTr tc ng, cn khi bung thang n
ng tng, nh sng bche khut, TT kho, T1 thng, T2 kho, rle trung gian RTr
khng tc ng.
IV. HTHNG MCHIN CA THANG M Y
1. Mchng lc:l hthng iu khin ccu dn ng thang my ng m,o chiu ccu dnng v phanh ca bti ko. Hthng phi m bo vic iu chnh tc chuynng ca cabin sao cho qu trnh mmy v phanh c m du v dng cabin chnhxc.
2. Mchiu khin:L hthng iu khin tng c tc dng thc hin mt chng trnh iu khin phc
tp, ph hp vi chc nng yu cu ca thang my,Hthng iu khin tng c
nhim v:lu trcc lnh di chuyn tcabin, cc lnh gi tng ca hnh khch v
thc hin cc lnh di chuyn hoc dng theo mt thtu tin no ,sau khi thc
hin xong lnh iu khin th xo b,xc nh v ghi nhn thng xuyn vtr cabin
v hng chuyn ng ca n.Tt ccc hthng iu khin tng u dng nt
n.
3. Mch t n hiu:l hthng cc n tn hiu vi cc k hiu thng nht ho bo hiu
trng thi ca thang my, vtr v hng chuyn ng ca cabin.
4. Mch chiu sng:l hthng n chiu sng cho cabin,bung my v hthang
5. Mch an ton:l hthng cc cng tc, rle ,tip im nhm m bo an ton cho ngi ,
hng ho v thang my khi hot ng, cthl:bo vqu ti cho ng c, thit b
hn chti trng nng,cc cng tc hnh trnh,cc tip im ti ca cabin, ca tng,
ti htreo cabin v ti bhn chtc , cc rleMch an ton ngt tng ngt
in n mch ng lc dng thang hoc thang khng hot ng c trong cc
trng hp sau:
- mt in,mt pha, o pha, mt ng tip t
- qu ti
- cabin vt qu gii hn t cng tc hn chhnh trnh.
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- t cp hoc tc hcabin vt qa gi trcho php(bhn chtc v
bhm bo him lm vic)
-mt trong cc cp nng chng qu gii hn cho php.
- ca cabin hoc mt trong cc ca tng cha ng hn.
IV.
CHNG II : KHO ST C T NH CA THANG MY V CCYU CUIU KHIN
V.
KHO S TCIM CA THANGPhti thang my thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng, n phthuc vo lnghnh khch i li trong mt ngy m v hng vn chuyn hnh khch. V dnhthang my lp t trong nh hnh chnh, bui sng u gilm vic, hnh khch inhiu nht theo chiu nng, cn bui chiu cui gilm vic sl lng hnh khchnhiu nht i theo chiu xung. Bi vy , khi thit kthang my phi tnh cho phti xung cc i.
thun tin cho vic chn thang ngi ta phn cc loi nh theo mc ch s
dng thnh cc nhm cbn sau:
-
Nh hnh chnh:
- Nh :
- Khch sn:
- Bnh vin
Trong mi nhm li c thc chia nhc thchn thang my c tnh nng
kthut ph hp hn.
V dnhm nh hnh chnh c thphn thnh nh hnh chnh thun ty(cquan
b,cquan hnh chnh snghip) v nhm nh hnh chnh c kt hp vi sn
xut,nghin cu khoa hc
D cc to nh cng nhchng loi thang rt l a dng ,song mc ch vic
chn thang nhtrn nu phi thomn c cc yu cu vn chuyn shnh
khch trong thi gian nht nh m khng phi chlu cng nhphi trong cabin
qu lu.Thc t lng hnh khch thay i cn vn chuyn li thay i khng theo
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quy lut nht nh,m thay i theo nhng gikhc nhau trong ngy tutheo tnh
cht ,c im , mc ch sdng ca to nh.im chung ca sthay i ny c
nhng gicn vn chuyn nhiu hnh khch c gi l gicao im.
Tt nhin gicao im vi tng loi to nh cng khc nhau.v dnhhnh v
trn xc nh hnh khch ti gicao im trong to nh thng mi c gilm vic
bt u t9h sng.
Vic phn tch dng hnh khch ti gicao im sthy l mt bc khng th
bqua khi la chn thang my song khnng vn chuyn hnh khch nhnu trncha phn nh y cht lng phc vca thang c thhin bng thi gian
hnh khch phi chi bn chnh ti gicao im,nn khi chn thang chai ch
tiu vkhnng vn chuyn (hay cn gi l nng sut vn chuyn) v cht lng
phc vphi c phn tch y tm gii php hp l.
Lu lng hnh khch i thang my trong thi im cao nht c tnh trong thi
gian 5 pht, c tnh theo biu thc sau:
100*
)(5
N
iaNAQ
trong :
A-tng sngi lm vic trong ngi nh
N - stng ca ngi nh
a - stng m ngi lm vic khng sdng thang my (thng ly a = 2)
23
Gilm vic 9hthtlhnh khc tigicao im
1.
nng sut vnchuyn trong 5
pht2.
nng sut trong 45pht
3.
nng sut trong 1h
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100
i - chscng vn chuyn hnh khch , c trng cho slng khch
(biu din di dng %) khi i ln hoc xung trong thi gian 5.
i lng Q5phthuc vo tnh cht ca ngi nh m thang my phc v: i
vi nh chung cQ5% = (4 6)% ;khch sn Q5% = (7 10) %; cng sQ5% =
(20 30) %.
Nng sut vn chuyn hnh khch
Vic xc nh chnh xc slng hnh khch cn vn chuyn bng thang my
(hoc mt nhm thang my) trong ngy cho to nh nhn chung l khng ththc
hin c, v vy khi xc nh nng sut vn chuyn hnh khch t xc nh
trng ti nh mc ca thang, ngi ta quy c tnh tnh nng sut cn thit ca
thang ttsi l tsgia lng ln nht hnh khch cn vn chuyn trong nm
pht ti gicao im v slng hnh khch ti chtrong to nh.
Nng sut ca thang my theo mt hng trn mt n vthi gian v c tnh
theo biu thc sau :
P =
tnvH
E
2*3600
(2.1)
Trong : P - l nng sut ca thang my tnh cho 1 gi;
E - trng ti nh mc ca thang my (slng ngi i c cho
1 ln vn chuyn ca thang my);
- hslp y phti ca thang my ;
H - chiu cao nng (h) , m;
V - tc di chuyn ca bung thang ,m/s;
tn - tng thi gian khi thang my dng mi tng (thi gian ng ,
mca bung thang , ca tng , thi gian ra, vo ca hnh
khch) v thi gian tng, gim tc bung thang ;
tn = (t1+t2+t3)(md+ 1) + t4+ t5+ t6
Trong : t1 - thi gian tng tc ;
t2 - thi gian gim tc ;
t3 - thi gian ng mca ;
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t4 - thi gian i vo ca mt hnh khch ;
t5 - thi gian i ra ca mt hnh khch ;
t6 - thi gian khi bung thang chkhch n chm ;
md- sln dng ca bung thang (tnh theo xc sut)
Sln dng md(tnh theo xc sut c thxc nh da trn thhnh 3.26)
Hnh 3.26 thxc nh
sln dng(tnh theo xc
sut) ca bung thang.
Md - sln dng; mt s
tng ;
E - sngi trong bung
thang.
Theo biu thc (2.1) ta thy rng nng sut ca thang my tlthun vi trng ti
ca bung thang E v tlnghch vi tn ,c bit l i vi thang my c trng
ti ln.
Cn hslp y phthuc chyu vo cng vn chuyn hnh khch
thng ly bng :)8,06,0(
VI. T NH CHN CNG SUTNG CCHUYNNG THANG MY
xc nh c cng sut ng ctruyn ng di chuyn bung thang (ca
thang my) cn phi c cc iu kin thng ssau :
- Sng hc ca ccu nng ca thang my.
- Trstc v gia tc gii hn cho php.
- Trng ti ca thang my.
- Khi lng ca bung thang v i trng (nu c).
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- Chlm vic ca thang my.
Tnh chn cng sut ng cthc hin theo cc bc sau :
- Chn sbcng sut ng cda trn cng sut cn tnh.
- Xy dng biu phti ton phn c tnh n phti trong cc chqu
.
- Kim tra cng sut ng c chn theo iu kin pht nhit (theo phng
php dng in ng trhoc mmen ng tr).
Cng sut cn tnh ca ng ckhi nng ti khng dng i trng c tnh
theo biu thc sau :
kW
gvGG
P bt
c
103
*
..
(2.2)
Trong : G - khi lng ca hng ho, kg;
Gbt- khi lng ca bung thang, kg ;
v - tc nng hng, m/s ;
- hiu sut ca ccu nng (thng ly bng = 0,5 0.8) ;
g - gia tc trng trng, m/ s
2
Khi c i trng, cng sut cn tnh khi nng ti ca ng cc tnh theo
biu thc :
kWgkvGGGP btbtcn 103
.....1
(2.3)
v khi hti :
kWgkvGGGP dtbt
ch 10 3....1. (2.4)
Trong : Pcn - cng sut cn tnh ca ng ckhi nng c dng i trng,
kW ;
Pch - cng sut cn tnh ca ng ckhi hc dng i trng, kW ;
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k - hsc tnh n ma st trong cc thanh dn hng ca bung thang v i
trng (thng chn k = 1,15 1,3);
Gdt - khi lng ca i trng, kg.
Khi tnh chn khi lng ca i trng G, lm sao cho khi lng ca n cn
bng c vi khi lng ca bung thang G v mt phn khi lng ca hng ho
G. Khi lng ca i trng c tnh theo biu thc sau :
kgGGG btdt (2.5)
Trong : - hscn bng, trsca n thng ly bng = 0.3 0.6.
Phn ln cc thang my chkhch chvn hnh y ti trong nhng gicao
im, thi gian cn li lun lm vic non ti nn nn thng ly bng : = 0.34
0.5
i vi thang my ch hng khi nng thng lm vic y ti, cn khi h
thng khng ti (G = 0) nn chn = 0,5.
Da trn hai biu thc (2.2) v (2.3) c thxy dng biu phti (n gin
ho) ca ng ctruyn ng v chn sbcng sut ng ctrong cc stay tra
cu.
xy dng biu ph ti ton phn (biu ph ti chnh xc) cn phi
tnh n thi gian tng tc, thi gian hm ca htruyn ng, thi gian ng, mca
bung thang v ca tng, sln dng ca bung thang, thi gian ra, vo bung thang
ca hnh khch trong thi gian cao im. Thi gian ra vo ca hnh khch thng ly
bng 1s cho mt hnh khch. S ln dng ca bung thang (tnh theo xc sut) md
c tnh chn da trn cc ng cong trn hnh 3.26.
Mt khc khi tin hnh xy dng biu phti ton phn cng cn phi tnh
n mt syu tkhc phthuc vo chvn hnh v iu kin khai thc thang
my nh: thi gian chkhch, thi giant hang my lm vic vi tc thp khi n
tng gn dng, v.v
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Khi tnh chn chnh xc cng sut ng c truyn ng thang my cn phn
bit haichca ti trng : ti trng ng u (hu nhkhng i) v tI trng bin
i.
Phng php tnh chn cng sut ng cvi chti trng ng u thc
hin theo cc bc sau :
1)Tnh lc ko ca cp t ln vnh bnh ngoi ca puli ko cp trong c cu
nng, khi bung thang cht y ti ng tng 1 v cc ln dng theo dkin.
NgGkGGGF dtbt 11 (2.6)
Trong : k1 - sln dng theo dkin ca bung thang ;
G
1
- thay i ca ti trng sau mi ln dng, kg thng ly bng
G 1 =k
G
d
; trong kd - s ln dng bun thang (theo dkin) c xc nh
trn dng cong hnh 3.26.
2)Tnh mmen theo lc ko
Vi F > 0
Vi F < 0
Trong : R - bn knh ca puli ko cp, m ;
i - tstruyn ca ccu nng ;
- hiu sut ca ccu nng.
3)Tnh tng thi gian hnh trnh nng v h ca bung thang bao gm : Thi
gian bung thang di chuyn vi tc n nh, thi gian tng tc, thi gian hm
v thi gian phkhc (thi gian ng, mca, thi gian ra, vo bung thang ca
hanh khch).
N
N
i
RFM
iRF
M
.
.
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4)Da trn kt quca cc bc tnh ton trn, tnh mmen ng trv tnh cng
sut ca ng cbo m tha mn iu kin MM dtr
5)Xy dng biu phti ton phn ca htruyn ng c tnh n qu trnh
qu , tin hnh kim nghim ng ctheo dng in ng tr.
i vi chph ti khng ng u (bin i), cc bc tnh chn cng
sut ng ctruyn ng tin hnh theo cc bc trn. Nhng tnh lc ko t ln
puli ko cp phi c biu thay i ca ti trng theo tng tng mt khi bung
thang di chuyn ln v xung.
VII.C C HTRUYNNG DNG TRONG THANG M YKhi thit k, tnh chn htruyn ng cho thang my phi da trn cc yu cu
chnh sau :
-
dng chnh xc ca bung thang.
- Tc di chuyn ca bung thang.
- Trsgia tc ln nht cho php.
- Phm vi iu chnh tc yu cu.
+ Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng b(rto lng sc v r to
dy qun ) c sdng truyn ng cc loi thang my v my nng c tc
thp v trung bnh.
-
Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc thng
dng trong thang my tc thp .
-
Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto dy qun thng
dng cho cc loi thang my trng ti ln, cho php cht lng ca hthng truyn
ng khi tng tc v gim tc, nng cao chnh xc khi dng.
- Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc hai cp
tc (c hai bdy qun stato c lp ni theo shnh sao ) thng dng trong
cc thang my tc trung bnh. Si cc ca dy qun stato ng cthng chnl : 2p = 6 2p = 24 hoc 2p = 42p = 20, tng ng vi tc ng b ca
ng cbng : n0 =1000/250 vng/pht hoc 1500/300 vng/pht.
- Htruyn ng xoay chiu vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc c cp
ngun tbbin tn thng dng trong cc thang my tc cao (khi v>1,5 m/s) ,
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cho php hn chc gia tc v git trong gii hn cho php v t chnh xc
khi dng rt cao ( mmS 5 )
- Htruyn ng mt chiu thng dng cho cc thang my tc cao
( v 1,5 m/s). Thng dng hai htruyn ng sau:
+ HF - c khuych i trung gian lm ngun cung cp cho cun kch tcamy pht .( Khuych i trung gian c thl my in khuych i hoc khuch i
t).
- H T - , my pht mt chiu c thay thbng bchnh lu dng tiristo.
- Khi chn ng ctruyn ng thang my phi da trn sng hc ca c
cu nng. i vi thang my v my nng khi dng ccu c hp tc , thng
dng loi ng cxoay chiu kiu A2, AO2 ; ng ckhng ng bc hstrt
cao kiu AC, AOC ; ng chai cp tc v ng crto dy qun kiu AK.i vi thang my tc cao ( V >1,5 m/s), khi dng ccu nng khng c hp
gim tc thng chn loi ng ctc chm. Cc nh my chto in c ch
to ra loi ng cmt chiu chuyn dng cho thang my vi cng sut P = (28
40)kW v tc nh mc n = 83 vng/pht.
VIII.CIMC TRNG CHO CHLM VIC CA HTRUYNNG THANG M Y
Thang my thng c lp t trong mi trng kh l khc nghit. Phng my
thng c t thng c t ti nh ca to nh v vy my nhit caphng my thng cao.Chlm vic ca ng cl ngn hn lp li vi tn sng ct in ln, mmy , hm dng lin tc.Do nhng c th trn, ngnh cngnghip chto my in sn xut cc loi ng cchuyn dng cho thang my. Ccloi ng c l : ng cKB ba pha r to lng sc, r to dy qun, ng cinmt chiu kch tsong song hoc ni tip
IX. NH HNG CA TC, GIA TC V GITI VI HTRUYNNG THANG M Y
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Hinh 3 thbiu din sphthuc ca qung ng S, tc v , gia tc a
v git theo thi gian
Mt trong nhng yu cu cbn i vi h thng truyn ng thang my l
phi m bo cho bung thang di chuyn m. Bung thang di chuyn m hay khng,
ph thuc ch yu vo tr s gia tc ca bung thng khi m my v hm dng.
Nhng tham s chnh c trng cho ch lm vic ca thang my l : tc di
chuyn bung thang v [m/s], gia tc a [m/s2 ] v git [m/ s
3 ]. Trn hnh 3.33
biu din cc ng cong : qung ng i ca thang my S, tc v, gia tc a, v
git theo hm thi gian t.T biu thc (3.20) ta rt ra nhn xt rng : tr s tc di chuyn bung
thang quyt nh nng sut ca thang my, trstc di chuyn c bit c ngha
quan trng i vi thang my trong cc nh cao tng. Nhng thang my tc cao (v
> 3,5 m/s) ph hp vi chiu cao nng ln, s ln dng md t. Trong trng hp
ny thi gian khi tng tc v gim tc rt nhso vi thi gian di chuyn ca bung
thang vi tc cao, trstc trung bnh ca thang my gn t bng tc nh
mc ca thang my.
Mt khc, cn phi nh rng, tr s tc di chuyn ca bung thang t l
thun vi gi thnh ca thang my. Nu tng tc ca thang my tv = 0,75 m/s
ln v = 3,5 m/s, gi thnh ca thang my tng ln (4 5) ln. Bi vy tuthuc vo
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cao cu nh m thang my phc vchn trsdi chuyn ca thang my ph
hp vi tc ti u, p ng y cc chtiu kinh tv kthut.
Trstc di chuyn trung bnh ca thang my c thtng bng cch gim
thi gian tng tc v gim tc ca htruyn ng thang my, c ngha l tng gia
tc. Nhng khi bung thang di chuyn vi gia tc qu ln s gy ra cm gic kh
chu cho hnh khch (chng mt, c cm gic shi v nght thv.v). Bi vy, tr
sgia tc c chn ti u l a 2 m/ s2.
Mt i lng khc quyt nh s di chuyn m ca bung thang l tc
tng ca gia tc khi mmy v tc gim ca gia tc khi hm my. Ni cch khc
l git (o hm bc nht ca gia tc
td
Sd
td
vd
dt
da3
3
3
2
). Khi gia tc
a < 2m/ s2, trsgit ca tc ti u l < 20m/s
3.
Biu lm vic ti u ca thang my vi tc trung bnh v tc cao
c biu din trn hnh 3.33. Biu ny c thphn thnh 5 giai on theo tnh
cht thay i tc di chuyn bung thang : tng tc, di chuyn vi tc n nh,
hm xung tc thp, bung thang n tng v hm dng.
Biu ti u (hnh 3.33) s t c nu dng h truyn ng mt chiu
hoc dng hbin tn - ng cxoay chiu. Nu dng h truyn ng xoay chiu
vi ng ckhng ng brto lng sc hai cp , biu lm vic t gn vi
biu ti u nhhnh 3.33.
i vi thang my tc chem., biu lm vic c 3 giai on : thi gian tng tc(mmy), di chuyn vi tc n nh v hm dng.
X. DNG CH NH XC BUNG THANG
Bung thang ca thang my cn phi dng chnh xc so vi mt bng ca sn
tng cn n sau khi hm dng.
Nu bung thang dng khng chnh xc sgy ra cc hin tng bt li sau :
- i vi thang my chkhch, lm cho hnh khch ra vo bung thang kh
khn hn, tng thi gian ra, vo dn n gim nng sut ca thang my.
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- i vi thang my chhng gy kh khn trong vic bc v xp dhng
ha. Trong mt strng hp khng thc hin c vic bc xp, dhng ho.
khc phc hu qu, c thn nhp cc nt bm n tng (T) lp trong
bung thang t chnh xc deng bung thang theo yu cu, nhng n sdn
n cc vn khng c li sau :
- Hng cc thit biu khin.
- Gy tn tht nng lng trong htruyn ng, nu dng ng ckhng ng
brto lng sc truyn ng thang my sdn n gy ra spht nng ca ng c
qu gii hn cho php.
- Gy hng cc thit bckh ca thang my.
- Tng thi gian t lc phanh hm tc ng cho n khi bung thang dnghn.
dng chnh xc ca bung thang c nh gi bng i lng S (hnh
3.34).
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hnh 3.34 a) Sxc nh chnh xc khi dng bung thang ; b) Sph
thuc ca dng chnh xc S ca bung thang vo trstc v gia tc
ng sa mMAX2
/11 ; ng sa mMAX2
/22 ; ng sa mMAX2
/33
S l mt na hiu sca hai qung ng cubung thang trt I ctkhi phanh hm in ttc ng n khi bung thang dng hn khi c ti v khng
c ti theo cng mt hng di chuyn ca bung thang. Cc yu tnh hng n
dng chnh xc ca bung thang gm : mmen do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra,
mmen qun tnh ca bung thang v ti trng, trstc di chuyn bung thang
khi bt u hm dng v mt syu tphkhc.
Qu trnh hm dng bung thang xy ra nhsau : Khi bung thang i gn n
snm tng cn dng, stc ng vo cm bin vtr (cng tc chuyn i tng) ra lndng bung thang. Cc thit b chp hnh trong siu khin thang my (rle,
cng tc t) c thi gian tc ng l t (qun tnh in tca phn tchp hnh),
trong qung thi gian , bung thang i c qung ng S cho n khi phanh
hm in ttc ng l :
tvS '0
[m] (2.7)
Trong : v0 - trsdi chuyn cu bung thang khi bt u hm, m/s.
Sau khi phanh hm in ttc ng (m phanh ca phanh hm in tp cht
vo trc ng ctruyn ng) l qu trnh hm dng bung thang. Trong thi gian
nt bung thang i c mt qung ng l 'S .
FFvm
Scph
2''2
0 [m] (2.8)
Trong : m l khi lng tt ccc khu chuyn ng ca thang my, kg ;
Fph - lc p do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra (N) ;
Fc - lc cn tnh do ti trng gy ra (N).
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Du (+) hoc du (-) trong biu thc (3.29) tu thuc vo ch lm vic
bung thang : Khi hm (+), khi chuyn ng (-).
Biu thc (3.29) c thvit i dng khc nhsau :
MMi
DJ
Scph
22
''
2
0 [m] (2.9)
Trong : J - mmen qun tnh quy i vtrc ng ctruyn ng, kgm2;
Mph, Mc -mmen do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra v m
men cn tnh do ti trng gy ra , N.m ;
0 - tc gc ca ng ckhi bt u hm dng, rad/s ;
D - ng knh ca puli ko cp , m;i - tstruyn.
Qung ng bung thang i c tkhi cm bin vtr ra lnh dng n khi
bung thang dng ti sn tng dng bng :
10.2)(2
22
0
0
"'m
i
DJ
tMM
vSSSCph
Bcm bin vtr c t cch sn tng mt khong cch no hiu sca hai qung ng ca bung thang i c y ti v khi khng ti chia i thnh
hai phn bng nhau so vi mc ca sn tng . Sai sln nht ( dng khng chnh
xc ln nht ) c tnh theo biu thc sau :
11.22
12 mSS
SMAX
Trong : S1 - qung ng trt nhnht ca bung thang ;
S2 - qung ng trt ln nht ca bung thang ;Phn tch biu thc (3.31) ta rt ra kt lun : cc thng snh hng n chnh
xc khi dng bung thang gm :
- J m men qun tnh ca cc phn tchuyn ng ca bung thang .
- t qun tnh in tca cc phn tchp hnh trong siu khin ca
thang my.
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- Mph,MC m men do ccu phanh hm in tsinh ra v ti trng ca thang
my .
i vi mt thang my , ba thng strn c thcoi nhkhng i
Mt thng squan trng nht nh hng n dng chnh xc ca bung thang
l i lng V0(tc di chuyn ca bung thang khi bt u hm dng ). nng cao chnh xc dng bung thang i vi thang my dng, gim tc di
chuyn ca bung thang khi bcm bin vtr cho lnh dng bung thang.
nh gi chnh xc dng bung thang S phthuc vo tc V0v gia tc
ca bung thang , c thkho st theo ng cong trn hnh 3.34b. i vi thang
my, khng chnh xc khi dng bung thang cho php l: mmSMAX 20
XI.
H BIN TNNG CV HTHNGIU KHIN PLC
1. skhi ca hbin tnng c
2. Gii thiu vbin tn 3g3mv ca omron
1.1 t vn.thay i tc ng ckhng ng bba pha mt cch bng phng tuyn tnh
trong phm vi rng, cn ngun xoay chiu c ththay i c tn sngi ta s
dng h thng bin tn. Bin tn 3G3MV p ng c tiu chun chu u EC v
PLCIU KHIN TRUNG TM
Bin tn Bin tn
ng cnng h
ng cng mca
cc cmbin u
vo
Ngun dphng
Hthng rle
Hthng phtr
phanh
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UL/CUL cho vic lu hnh trn ton thgii. V vy khi sdng bin tn 3G3MV
ca omron m bo c slm vic n nh, mc tin cy cao, cho php phm vi
iu chnh rng, lm vic an ton.v.v.
1.2 Tng quan vbin tn 3G3MV v chc nng hotng.
Hnh 2.1: Bin tn 3G3MV
Bin tn 3G3MV c thhot ng chcbn v c cc chc nng hot
ng cao cp. i vi cc chc nng hot ng cbn ta phi ci t y cc
thng scho n nhla chn chhot ng ph hp, chiu khin c la
chn l ti chhay txa ... Cn i vi cc chc nng hot ng cao cp ta c tht
tn smang, pht hin qu momen, b momen v b trt...Cc chc nng hot ng cbn.
- t chiu khin (n002).
- t chti ch/txa (n004 v n008).
-La chn lnh hot ng.
- t tn schun...
. Cc chc nng hot ng cao cp.
- t tn smang (n046).
- Chc nng phanh hm DC.
- Chng tt tc .
- Chc nng pht hin qu momen.
- Chc nng b momen.
- Chc nng b trt.
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- iu khin tit kim nng lng.
- Truyn thng.
- Chc nng PID... .
2
2.1
XII.
CHNG I II : XY DNG HTHNGIU KHIN V LP TR NHIU KHIN THANG MY
I. PHNG PHP M TMCH TR NH T
C nhiu phng php m tthng c dng trong phn tch v tng hp
mc trnh t. l cc phng php bng chuyn trng thi,phng php hnh
trng thi (hnh Mealy v hnh Moore), phng php lu nhng ta chxt
phng php bng chuyn trng thi l n gin v dxt nht vi phng php ny
th cc trng thi u ra ca ta sc thp bi cc trng thi u vo.Sau y l
ni dung ca phng php bng chuyn trng thi
Phng php ny m tqu trnh chuyn i trng thi di hnh thc bng.
Trong bng hnh 1 di bao gm:
- Cc ct ca bng ghi cc bin vo v cc bin ra.Cc tn hiu vo l cc tn
hiu iu khin( ,, ) c thl tn hiu iu khin ca ngi vn hnh ,ca thit
bchng trnh hoc cc tn hiu pht ra tcc thit bcng ngh.
-
Cc tn hiu ra (Y1,Y2) l tn hiu kt quca qu trnh iu khin v ghi
ct u ra
- Cc hng ca bng ghi cc trng thi trong ca mch (S1,S2,S3). Shng ca
bng chr strng thi ca h.
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- Cc giao nhau ca ct bin vo v cc hng trng thi sghi trng thi ca
mch.Nu trng thi mch khng trng vi tn hng th l trng thi khng n
nh.
- Cc giao nhau ca ct tn hiu ra v cc hng trng thi sghi gi trtn hiu
ra tng ng.
- bng trn hnh 2 , ,, l cc tn hiu vo Y1, Y2l cc tn hiu ra .Hc 3
trng thi :S1 ( lm vic tc thp) ,S2(o chiu quay), S3(dng my).
Mi trng thi ca mch c thdin t bng ngn ngv km theo mt con s
gi tn trng thi .V dta xt trng thi S1 lc ny my hot ng tc thp
.Nu lc ny cho bin tc ng th my vn lm vic chthp (trng thi S1 l
trng thi n nh), nu cho bin tc ng th my schuyn sang trng thi S2,
nhng trng thi S2ghi hng S1l trng thi khng n nh -trng thi trung gian
,mch ang chun bchuyn sang trng thi n nh khc ,nu cho bin tc ng
th mch schuyn ttrng thi S1sang trng thi S3(trng thi S3khng n nh).
Cc bin u ra Y1, Y2lc ny u bng 0. Tng tnhvy ta sl gii cc trng
thi kt quhng 2, hng 3.
Khi bng trng thi chuyn chc mt tn hiu th c thkhng dng ct tn hiu
ra, cc gi trtn hiu ra c ghi lun vo cc trng thi chuyn (hnh 3)
Trng
Thi
tn hiu vo tn hiu ra
Y1 Y2
S1
S2
S3
Hnh 1
Trng thi tn hiu vo Tn hiu ra
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Y1 Y2
S1(tc thp) S1 S2 S3 0 0
S2(o chiu quay) S1 S2 1 0
S3(ngng my) S3 0 0
Hnh 2
iu quan trng nht y l ghi c y v ng cc trng thi trong ca
cc ca bng.C hai ch thc hin cng vic ny:
Cch 1 . Trc ht da vo cc dliu bi ton, cc hiu bit vqu trnh
cng ngh,t ghi cc trng thi hin nhin c. Tip theo cc trng thi chuyn rrng (cc trng thi ny c so ghi trng thi khc vi cc thtcc hng cc trng
thi xut pht ), nu trng thi no khng chc chn th trng, sbsung sau.
Cch 2. Phn tch xem xt tng in trng thi .Vic lm ny l logic,
cht chv r rng , tuy nhin nhiu khi phn tch khng thqu chi ly dn n
khnng phn bit gia cc c trng thi gn nhnhau, do vy rt kh in y
cc .
Bin (V)
Trng
thi (S)
S1 S2/1 S4/0 S4/0
S2 S4/1 S4/0 S4/1
S2 S4/1 S4/1 S4/1
S4 S4/1 S4/0 S4/0
S5 S4/0 S4/0 S4/0
Hnh 3
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I I. TNG HP MCH TR NH T
Bi ton tng hp mch trnh tl bi ton kh, hn na t mt yu cu ra li
c nhiu cch gii quyt khc nhau , do vy vn chung y l phi da vo mt
chtiu ti u no , ng thi tm c li gii ti u th ngoi cc suy lun
ton hc logic ngi thit kcn phi tn dng cc kinh nghim thc trt phongph v a dng . y chnu ra mt sbc thc chung v cc v dcthminh
hophng php tng hp mch trnh t.
Tng hp theo bng trng thi
Trnh tca cc bc nhsau:
a) Thnh lp bng chuyn trng thi.Thc cht y l vic din t cc yu k
thut thnh k hiu kiu bng
b)
Thnh lp bng kch thch v bng u ra
c) Tm hm logic ti gin v chon mch
C nhiu phng php ti gin bng trng thi nhng ta dng phng php
tng hp bng trng thi rt gn bng bng cac-no .
I I I.
XY DNG CC KHI CHC NNG CH NH CA THANGTphng php tng hp bng trng thi ta sa ra cc c tnh ca thang my
v t tng hp c trng thi u ra .Tcc phng trnh trng thi lp c vi
u vo ta s vit chng trnh lad cho thang.Cc khi chc nng chnh ca thang
gm c:
Xc nh cc yu cu phc vv lu gicc yu cu
Bi ton xcnh vtr hin ti ca bung thang
Bi ton xcnh hnh tr nh hin ti ca thang(ang nng hayang h)
Nng-hbung thang
iu khin dng bung thang
Bi tonng- mca bung thang
iu khin Qut v n trong thang
Sc(hng hc thit btruynng,cc thit bckh ; cc cm bin(qu
hnh tr nh, qu trng ti, sai hnh tr nh); scngun,...)
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iu khin thang my chngi (9 tng) ta sk hiu thp v a ra phng
trnh trng thi cho n gin.
- Trong bung thang c 9 nt n cc tng ( T ) la chn cc tng cn di
chuyn ti ln lt l (DT1,DT2,DT3,DT4,DT5,DT6,DT7,DT8,DT9) v 2 nt
ng mca cng bc l (C, MC) .- Ngoi bung thang trn mi tng cn c cc nt gi tng 9 tng sc 16 nt
gi tng ( GT ).Ta sk hiu GTL(l nt gi tng ln ), GTX (l gi tng
xung). Cc nt gi tng ln lt l :GTL1 (Gi tng i ln tng 1),
GTL2,GTL3,GTL4,GTL5,GTL6,GTL7,GTL8 v cc nt gi tng xung
GTX9 (Gi tng xung tng
9),GTX8,GTX7,GTX6,GTX6,GTX5,GTX4,GTX3,GTX2 .
- Cc nt T, GT khi c nhn trng thi sphi c lu li chn khi
c xl.
- Cc yu cu T ,GT c xl khi thang my ri hoc khi ang cng hnh
trnh chuyn ng ca bung thang v thang my ca chng ta lp trnh u tin
theo hnh trnh.
- Khi bung thang n tng yu cu ,n huyu cu c xl, dng li mt
thi gian mca n trkhch hoc c thlu hn nu c nhn nt
cng bc.Sau nu cn yu cu n tip tc c xl nu khng n s
dng ti vtr tng ny.
xl yu cu ca cc tng
cc tng ging nhau nn ta chvit mt tng l c thsuy ra cc tng khc
di y l vit cho tng 2
1. Xcnh cc yu cu phc vv lu gicc yu cu
Cc yu cu ca hnh khch phi c xl khi thang my ang hot ng tibt kthi im no. Bi ton t ra l phi lu c trng thi yu cu ca cc ntgi tng trong bung thang cng nhnt n tng ti cc tng. Lu tt ccc lnhnm ngoi khng cho php di chuyn n so vi lnh u tin nht, ng thi lu ttccc lnh khng cng hnh trnh chnh (c xc nh l nhbin trung gian angnng hoc ang h), sau khi thc hin xong cc lnh chnh, thang my squay trlithc thi cc lnh c lu.
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2. bi ton xcnh vtr hin ti ca bung thang.Vtr hin ti ca bung thang l iu kin u vo xc nh c rle
tng.
3. Bi ton xcnh hnh tr nh hin ti ca bung thang(ang nng hayang h).
Bi ton sl mt bc trung gian chng ta xl lnh u tin theo hnhtrnh. Nu tn hiu ang nng c set th tt ccc lnh gi theo chiu ln sc
u tin xl n khi ht mt hnh trnh ln v ngc li.
4. Nng hbung thangNng hbung thang l tn hiu u ra a vo bin tn iu khin ng
c.
5. iu khin dng bung thangDng bung thang chnh xc l rt quan trng bi khi dng thiu chnh xc c th
gy ra cc sc. Nu dng c sai lnh t th c thgy ra sdi chuyn kh khncho cc phng tin xe y hng vo bung thang. Nu thiu chnh xc nhiu c thgy kt ca khng mc ca v gy ra nhiu sckhc. Lnh dng bung thangc dng khi bung thang n ng vtr tng cn n. Cc iu kin an ton cadng bung thang gm c : cc ca tng cha ng, ca bung thang cha ng, tcqu gii hn cho php hoc t cp treo v.v
Cc bin u vo ca dng thang gm c : cc cng tc tng ti cc tng v cc rle tng. Cc cng tc tng gm c CTT1, CTT2, CTT3, CTT4, CTT5, CTT6,CTT7,CTT8, CTT9, CTT10. Ta btr 10 cng tc tng cho thang my 9 tng v vy chngta sxt 2 cng tc tng l mt cp xc nh bung thang ang tng no. V dkhi thang my ang tng 1 th bung thang stc ng ln 2 cng tc tng l
(CTT1, CTT2) , bung thang ang tng 2 stc ng ln 2 cng tc tng l (CTT2,CTT3) tng tvi cc tng khc. Cc Rle tng (RLT) l bin trung gian xcnh c cc bin chn tng (ChnT) cn dng. Ti mi tng cng sc tng ngmt rle tng v mt bin chn tng. Vi thang my ca ta sc cc bin nhsau:rle tng 1(RLT1), rle tng 2(RLT2), rle tng 3(RLT3) , rle tng 4(RLT4) , rletng 5(RLT5) , rle tng 6(RLT6) , rle tng 7(RLT7) , rle tng 8(RLT8) , rle tng9(RLT9). Trng thi chn tng gm c : chn tng 1(ChonT1), chn tng 2(ChonT2),chn tng 3(ChonT3), chn tng 4(ChonT4), chn tng 5(ChonT5), chn tng6(ChonT6), chn tng 7(ChonT7), chn tng 8(ChonT8), chn tng 9(ChonT9). Luca trng thi dng :
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Bng trng thi cho bi ton iu khin dng thang:
ChnT CTT Dng
1 1 1
Tbng trng thi ta suy ra phng trnh logic cho dng bung thang:
10*9*99*8*88*7*7
7*6*66*5*55*4*4
4*3*33*2*22*1*1*
CTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonT
CTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonT
CTTCTTChonTCTTCTTChonTCTTCCTChonTDung
CTTChonTDung
xc nh c trng thi chn tng (ChonT) th phi qua mt sbc trung
gian to ra cc bin phxl u vo. Ta thm bin trung gian rle tng (RLT) dng
xl cc yu cu ca hnh khch khi thang my ang chy.
Ta c lu xc nh rle tng:
vtr thang bngtng
v ng vi yu cu
Dng bung thang
Di chuyn bung thang
No
ng mca thang
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Bng trng thi cho rle tng:
CT2 CGTL2 CGTX2 CTT2_1 CTT2_3 N H RLT2
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
CT
CGTL
CGTX
CTT x_1
CTT x_3
H
N
Phng trnh logic
RLT
CT: c ngi gi trong
bung thang.CGT x: c ngi gi tngln hoc xungCTT x_1,CTT x_3 : bintrung gian xc nh bungthang ang trn ca tngcn dng hay di.N,H : bin trung gianxc nh thang ang nnghay ang hu tin xl theo hnh trnh
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1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
*tng hp phng trnh lgic ta c kt qunhsau:
)*3_21_2(**2*3*41*2*)*3_2**1_2(
)*3_2*1_2(*22
DNCTTCTTDNGTXGTXGTX
GTLGTLDHCTTDHDNCTT
DHCTTDNCTTDTRLT
Tng tvy vit cho cc trng hp cc tng khc:
DHDNCTTGTLDNCTTDTRLT **1_1*1*1_1*11
9
8
7
6
5
**3_4*4*3_4*44
)*3_31_3(3*4
)*3_3**1_3(*1*2*3
)*3_3*1_3(33
RLT
RLT
RLT
RLT
RLT
DNDHCTTGTXDNCTTDTRLT
DHCTTCTTDNGTXGTX
DHCTTDHDNCTTGTLGTLGTL
DHCTTDNCTTDTRLT
6. Bi tonng mcang mca bung thang cho php hnh khch v hng ho c thdi
chuyn ra v vo bung thang mt cch hp l, an ton khi thang my hot
ng. Cthl khi bung thangang nng hoc hth ca bung thang khng
c php mra gy nguy him cho hnh khch. Ca bung thangc m
tng trong thi gian quynh khi thang my dng ti tng no sau t
ngng li v ca cng c thcng mcng bc nhntng m
ca cng bc trong bung thang hoc khi c yu cu gi tng ca ch nh
hnh khch ti tng khi thang my cha nng hoc h. Hoc khi thangang
ng th gp chng ngi vt khng thng ca thang. Lusau xcnh
cc trng thi cang mca:
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iu khinng mca ta c cc thp binu vo gm c:
- ng cng bc(DCB)
- Mcng bc(MCB)
- Cm bin vt cn khi ng ca(CBVC)
- C yu cu ca tng ( yu cu gi tng v yu cun tng)(YCT)
- Thi gian t ng mca.(T)
-
Cm bin hnh tr nh mht ca(CBMC)- Cm bin hnh tr nhng ht ca(CBDC)
Xt trng hp mca ta thy rngthp binu vo chou ra m
ca ta thy:
Dng im5 s
ng ca
Chm cmbin ng
Xo lnh
Mca
Ca chm cmbincha
No
No
Lnh = Vtr
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Svth: Do n H ong Mai 45 L p: Trang bin-in t K 44
Cc bin yu cu tng(YCT),cm bin hnh tr nhng(CBDC),cm bin vt
cn(CBVC) phi lun lun gitrng thi cnh.Nhvy chcn li 2 bin
l ng cng bc(DCB),thi gian(T) ta cn thp.
Bng di thhin sthp cc trng thiu vou ra:
DCB T CBT CBDC CBVC DC
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
Sau khi thp tac phng tr nh logic cho trng thing ca(DC) l :
)(***
)*(***
******
TDCBCBVCCBTCBDCDC
TTDCBCBVCCBTCBDCDC
TDCBTDCBTDCBCBVCCBTCBDCDC
*vi trng hp thp cho mca th cc bin thpu vo tng tvi
trng hpng ca tuy nhin thm bin yu cu tng:
- cc binu vo ca trng hp mca bao gm
- Mcng bc(MCB)
- Thi giancho php mca(T)
- Cm bin tng(cm bin cho php dng ch nh xc ti tng)(CBT).
- Cm bin hnh tr nh mht ca(CBMC).
- Yu cu ca tng(YCT)
- Cm bin vt cn(CBVC)
- trong cc bintrn ta thy cc bin cm bin tng lun =1 ,cm bin m
ht ca cng lun bng 0 v nu cm bin mht ca =1 th khng cn m
ca,v cm bin vt cn lun =1 th ca mi c mra bi nu cm bin vtcn khng c th ca sng .cn li 3 bin kia thayi ta sthp trng thi
u vo chou ra mca.Di y l bng trng thi thp:
MCB T YCT CBT CBMC CBVC MC
0 1 0 1 0 1 1
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0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 11 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1
-thp tac phng tr nh trng thi mca nhsau:
YCTTMCBCBVCCBMCCBTMC ***
7. Bi toniu khinn v qut bung thang.
8. Bi ton xl cc scxy rai vi thang.I .
I I.
IV. PLCThit biu khin logic kh trnh (Programmable Logic Control), vit tt thnh
PLC, l loi thit bcho php thc hin linh hot cc thut ton iu khin sthng
qua mt ngn nglp trnh, thay cho vic phi thhin thut ton bng mch s.
Biu khin logic khtrnh l tng ca mt nhm kshng General Motors
vo nm 1968 v h ra cc chtiu kthut nhm p ng nhng yu cu iukhin trong cng nghip:
Dlp trnh v dthay i chng trnh iu khin, s dng thch hp
trong nh my.
Cu trc dng module ddng bo tr v sa cha.
Tin cy hn trong mi trng sn xut ca nh my cng nghip.
Dng linh kin bn dn nn c kch thc nhgn hn mch role chc
nng tng ng. Gi thnh c khnng cnh tranh cao.
c trng ca kthut PLC l vic sdng vi mch xl thng tin. Cc ghp ni
logic cn thit trong qu trnh iu khin c x l bng phn mm do ngi s
dng lp nn v ci t vo. Chnh do c tnh ny m ngi sdng c th gii
quyt nhiu bi ton v tng ha khc nhau trn cng mt biu khin v hu
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nhkhng phi bin i g ngoi vic np nhng chng trnh khc nhau. Nhvy,
vi chng trnh iu khin trong mnh, PLC trthnh mt biu khin snhgn,
d thay i thut ton v c bit d trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh
(vi cc PLC khc hoc vi my tnh). Ton b chng trnh iu khin c lu
nhtrong bnhca PLC di dng cc khi chng trnh (khi OB, FC hoc FB)v c thc hin lp theo chu kca vng qut (scan).
thc hin mt chng trnh iu khin tt nhin PLC phi c chc nng nhmt
my tnh ngha l phi c mt bvi xl (CPU), mt hiu hnh, bnh lu
chng trnh iu khin, dliu v phi c cc cng vo ra giao tip c vi i
tng iu khin v trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh. Bn cnh
phc vbi ton iu khin s, PLC cn cn phi c thm cc khi chc nng c
bit khc nh l bm (Counter), b thi gian (Timer) v cc khi hm chuyn
dng.
Sra tng nhng ng dng PLC trong cng nghip thc y cc nh sn xut trn
thgii hon chnh cc hPLC vi mc khc nhau vkhnng, tc xl v
hiu xut. Cc hPLC pht trin t loi lm vic c lp, chvi 20 ng vo/ra v
dung lng bnhchng trnh 500 bc n cc module nhm ddng m rng
thm khnng v chc nng chuyn dng:
Xl tn hiu lin tc (Module Analog).
iu khin ng cServo, ng cbc.
Truyn thng.
Cng vi spht trin ca kthut vi mch, kthut PLC c nhng bc tin b
vt bc. C thni nu khng c kthut PLC th khng c tng ha trong cc
ngnh cng nghip.
2.2 stng qut ca PLC.Hu ht cc hPLC ca cc hng sn xut trn thgii u c cc module chnh nh
sau:
- B x l trung tm CPU: l b no ca PLC, x l chng trnh iu
khin.
- Bvo/ra (Input/Output Module): nhn tn hiu vo v gi tn hiu ra.
- Bnh(Memory Module): dng cha chng trnh iu khin dliu.
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Hnh 1.2 : Nguyn l chung vcu trc ca mt biu khin logic khtrnh PLC.
Thng thng tng tnh mm do trong ng dng thc tm phn ln
cc i tng iu khin c stn hiu u vo, u ra cng nhchng loi tn hiu
vo/ra khc nhau m cc biu khin PLC c thit kkhng bcng ho vcu
hnh. Chng c chia nhthnh cc module. Smodule c sdng nhiu hay t
tu theo tng bi ton, song ti thiu bao gi cng phi c mt module chnh l
module CPU. Cc module cn li l nhng module nhn/truyn tn hiu vi i tng
iu khin, cc module chc nng chuyn dng nh PID, iu khin ng c
Chng c gi chung l module m rng. Tt c cc module c g trn nhng
thanh ray (Rack)
2.2.1 Module CPU.
Module CPU l loi module c cha bvi xl, hiu hnh, bnh, cc b
thi gian, b m , cng truyn thng (RS485) v c th cn c mt vi cng
vo/ra s. Cc cng vo/ra sc trn module CPU c gi l cng vo ra onboard.
Trong hPLC S7-300 c nhiu loi module CPU khc nhau. Ni chung chng
c t tn theo bvi xl c trong n nhmodule CPU312, CPU314, CPU315
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Hnh 1.3: Module CPU314.
2.2.2 Module mrng.Cc module mrng c chia thnh 5 loi chnh:
1)
PS (Power supply): Module ngun nui. C 3 loi 2A, 5A v 10A.2)
SM (Signal module): Module m rng cng tn hiu vo/ra, bao
gm:
a) DI (Digital input): Module mrng cc cng vo s. Scc
cng vo sm rng c th l 8, 16 hoc 32 tu thuc vo
tng loi module.
b) DO (Digital output): Module mrng cc cng ra s. Scc
cng ra s m rng c th l 8, 16 hoc 32 tu thuc vo
tng loi module.
c) DI/DO (Digital input/Digital output): Module m rng cc
cng vo/ra s. S cc cng vo/ra s m rng c th l 8
vo/ 8 ra, 16 vo/16 ra tuthuc vo tng loi module.
d) AI (Analog input): Module mrng cc cng vo tng t.
Vbn cht chng chnh l nhng bchuyn i tng ts
12 bits (AD), tc l mi tn hiu tng tc chuyn thnh
mt tn hiu s (nguyn) c di12 bits. Scc cng vo
tng tc thl 2, 4 hoc 8 tutng loi module.
e) AO (Analog output): Module mrng cc cng ra tng t.
Vbn cht chng chnh l nhng bchuyn i stng t
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(DA). Scc cng vo tng tc thl 2, hoc 4 tutng
loi module.
f) AI/AO (Analog input/Analog out):Module mrng cc cng
vo/ra tng t. Scc cng vo/ra tng tc thl 4 u
vo/ 2 ra, hoc 4 vo/4 ra tutng loi module.3) IM (Interface module): Module ghp ni. ay l loi module
chuyn dng c nhim vni tng nhm cc module m rng li
vi nhau thnh mt khi v c qun l chung bi mt module
CPU. Thng thng cc module mrng c g lin vi nhau trn
mt thanh gi l rack. Trn mi mt rack ch c th g c
nhiu nht 8 module m rng (khng k module CPU, module
ngun nui PS). Mt module CPU S7-300 c thlm vic trc tip
c vi nhiu nht 4 racks v cc rack ny phi c ni vi nhau
bng module IM.
4) FM (Function module): Module c chc nng iu khin ring, v
dnhmodule iu khin ng cbc, module iu khin ng
cservo, module PID, module iu khin vng kn
5) CP (Communication module): Module phc v truyn thng trong
mng gia cc PLC vi my tnh.
2.3 Cu trc bnhca CPU.Bnhca S7-300 c chia lm 3 min chnh:
1)
Vng cha chng trnh ng dng. Vng nh chng trnh c
chia thnh 3 min:
OB (Organisation block): Min cha chng trnh t
chc.
FC (Function): Min cha chng trnh con c tchc
thnh hm c bin hnh thc trao i dliu vi chng trnh gi
n.
FB (Function block): Min cha chng trnh con, c
tchc thnh hm v c khnng trao i dliu vi bt cmt khi
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chng trnh no khc. Cc dliu ny phi c xy dng thnh mt
khi dliu ring (gi l DB-Data block).
2) Vng cha tham s ca h iu hnh v chng trnh ng dng,
c phnchia thnh 7 min khc nhau, bao gm:
I (Process image input): Min bm cc d liu cngvo s. Trc khi bt u thc hin chng trnh, PLC sc gi tr
logic ca tt ccc cng u vo v ct gi chng trong vng nh I.
Thng thng chng trnh ng dng khng c trc tip trng thi
logic ca cng vo sm chly dliu ca cng vo tbm I.
Q (Process image output): Min bm cc dliu cng
ra s. Kt thc giai on thc hin chng trnh, PLC schuyn gi tr
logic ca b m Q ti cc cng ra s. Thng thng chng trnhkhng trc tip gn gi trti tn cng ra m chchuyn chng vo b
m Q.
M: Min cc bin c. Chng trnh ng dng s dng
vng nhny lu gicc tham scn thit v c thtruy nhp n
theo a chbit(M), byte(MB), t(MW) hay tkp (MD).
T: Min nhphc vb thi gian (Timer) bao gm vic
lu gi gi tr thi gian t trc(PV-Preset value), gi tr m thi
gian tc thi(CV-Current value) cng nhgi tr logic u ra ca thi
gian.
C: Min nhphc vbm (Counter) bao gm vic lu
gigi trt trc(PV-Preset value), gi trm tc thi(CV-Current
value) v gi trlogic u ra ca bm.
PI: Min a chcng vo ca cc module tng t (I/O
External input). Cc gi trtng tti cng vo ca module tng t
s c module c v chuyn t ng theo nhng a ch. Chng
trnh ng dng c thtruy nhp min nhPI theo tng byte (PIB), tng
t(PIW) hoc theo tng tkp (PID).
PQ: Min a ch cng ra cho cc module twong t (I/O
External output). Cc gi tr theo nhng a ch ny s c module
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tng t chuyn ti cc cng ra tng t. Chng trnh ng dng c
thtruy nhp min nhPQ theo tng byte (PQB), tng t(PQW) hoc
tng tkp (DBD).
3)
Vng cha cc khi dliu, c chia thnh 2 loi:
DB(Data block): Min cha cc d liu c t chcthnh khi. Kch thc cng nhslng khi do ngi sdng quy
nh, ph hp vi tng bi ton iu khin. Chng trnh c th truy
nhp min ny theo tng bit (DXB), byte (DBB), t(DBW) hoc theo
tng tkp (DBD).
L (Local data block): Min d liu a phng,c cc
khi chng trnh OB, FC, FB tchc v sdng cho cc bin nhp
tc thi v trao i dliu ca bin hnh thc vi nhng khi chngtrnh gi n. Ni dung ca mt sdliu trong min nhny sb
xo khi kt thc chng trnh tng ng trong OB, FC, FB. Min ny
c thc truy nhp tchng trnh theo bit (L), byte(LB), t(LW)
hoc tkp(LD).
2.4 Vng qut chng tr nh.PLC thc hin chng trnh theo chu k lp. Mi vng lp c gi l vng
qut (scan). Mi vng qut c bt u bng giai on chuyn dliu tcc cng
vo sti vng bm o I, tip theo l giai on thc hin chng trnh. Trong tng
vng qut, chng trnh c thc hin t lnh u tin n lnh kt thc ca khi
OB1 (Block end). Sau giai on thc hin chng trnh l giai on chuyn cc ni
dung ca bm o Q ti cc cng ra s. Vng qut c kt thc bng giai on
truyn thng ni bv kim li.
Thi gian cn thit PLC thc hin c mt vng qut gi l thi gian vng
qut (Scan time). Thi gian vng qut khng cnh, tc l khng phi vng qut
no cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nhnhau. C vng qut c
thc hin lau, c vng qut c thc hin nhanh tuthuc vo slnh trong chng
trnh c thc hin, vo khi dliu c truyn thng trong vng qut .
Nhvy gia vic c dliu ti tng xl, tnh ton v vic gi tn
hiu iu khin ti i tng c mt khong thi gian trng bng thi gian vng
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qut. Ni cch khc, thi gian vng qut quyt nh tnh thi gian thc ca chng
trnh iu khin trong PLC. Thi gian vng qut cng ngn, tnh thi gian thc ca
chng trnh cng cao.
2.4 Kthut lp tr nh.
Chng trnh cho S7-300 c lu trong bnhca PLC vng dnh ringcho chng trnh v c thc lp vi hai dng cu trc khc nhau:
Lp trnh tuyn tnh (linear programming):Ton bchng trnh iu khin
nm trong mt khi trong bnh. Loi hnh cu trc tuyn tnh ny ph hp
vi nhng bi ton tng nh, khng phc tp. Khi c chn phi l khi
OB1, l khi m PLC lun qut v thc hin cc lnh trong n thng xuyn,
tlnh u tin n lnh cui cng v quay li lnh u tin. Khi nyc h
iu hnh gi theo chu klp vi khong thi gian khng cch u nhau mphthuc vo di ca chng trnh. Cc loi khi chng trnh khc khng
tham gia trc tip vo vng qut. Cc khi OB khc khng tham gia vo vng
qut m c gi bng nhng tn hiu bo ngt. S7-300 c nhiu loi tn hiu
bo ngt nhtn hiu bo ngt khi c scngun nui, tn hiu bo ngt khi
c scchp mch cc module mrng, tn hiu bo ngt theo chu kthi
gian v mi loi tn hiu bo ngt nhvy cng ch c khnng gi mt
loi khi OB nht nh. Mi khi xut hin mt tn hiu bo ngt h thng s
tm dng cng vic ang thc hin li, chng hn nhtm dng vic thc hin
chng trnh xl ngt trong cc khi OB tng ng.
Lp trnh c cu trc (structure programming): l k thut ci t thut ton
iu khin bng cch chia nhthnh cc khi chng trnh con FC hay FB vi
mi khi thc hin mt nhim vcthca bi ton iu khin chung v ton
bcc khi chng trnhny li c qun l mt cch thng nht bi khi
OB1. Trong OB1 c cc lnh gi nhng khi chng trnh con theo thtph
hp vi bi ton iu khin t ra.
Hon ton tng t, mt nhim v iu khin con cthcn c chia nhthnh
nhiu nhim vnhvcthhn na, do mt khi chng trnh con cng
cth c gi tmt khi chng tr nh con khc. Duy cmt iu cm kta
cn phi trnh l khng bao gi mt khi chng trnh con li gi n chnh n.
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Ngoi ra, do cshn chvngn xp ca cc modul e CPU nn khng c t
chc chng trnh con gi lng nhau qusln mmodule CPU c sdng
cho php.
PLC S7-300 c bn loi khi cbn:
* Loi khi OB (Organization block): Khi t chc v qun l
chng trnh iu khin. C nhiu loi khi OB vi nhng chc nng khc
nhau, chng c phn bit vi nhau bng mt snguyn i sau nhm k t
OB, v dnhOB1, OB35, OB40
* Loi khi FC(Program block): Khi chng trnh vi nhng chc nng ring
ging nhmt chng trnh con hoc mt hm (chng trnh con cbin hnh
thc). M t chng trnh ng dng cthcnhiu khi FC vcc khi FC ny c
phn bit vi nhau bng nhng snguyn sau nhm k tFC. Chng hn nhFC1,
FC2
* Loi khi FB (Function block): L loi khi FC c bit ckhnng trao i mt
lng dl iu l n vi cc k hi chng trnh khc. Cc dl iu ny phi c tchc
thnh khi dl iu ring ctn gi lData bl ock. M t chng trnh ng dng cthc
nhiu khi FB vcc khi FB ny c phn bit vi nhau bng mt snguyn sau
nhm k tFB. Chng hn nhFB1, FB2
* Loi khi DB (Data block): Khi cha cc dl iu cn thit thc hin chng
trnh. Cc tham sca khi do ngi dng t t. M t chng trnh ng dng cth
cnhiu khi DB vcc khi DB ny c phn bit vi nhau bng mt snguyn sau
nhm k tDB. Chng hn nhDB1, DB2
Chng trnh trong cc khi c lin kt vi nhau bng cc lnh gi khi, chuyn
khi. Xem nhng phn chng trnh trong cc khi nhl cc chng trnh con th
S7-300 cho php gi chng trnh con lng nhau, tc l tchng trnh con ny gi
mt chng trnh con khc v tchng trnh con c gi li gi ti mt chng
trnh con th3 . Scc lnh gi lng nhau phthuc vo tng chng loi module
CPU m ta sdng. V dnhi vi module CPU314 th s lnh gi lng nhau
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nhiu nht c thcho php l 8. Nu s ln gi khi lng nhau m vt qu con
sgii hn cho php, PLC stchuyn sang chSTOP v t cbo li.
Hnh 1.5: Lp trnh c cu trc.
Hnh 1.6: Thc hin gi khi FC10.
Nhvy, khi thc hin lnh gi mt khi con, hiu hnh s:
Chuyn khi con c gi tvng Load memory vo vng Work memory.
Cp pht cho khi con mt phn bnhtrong Work memory lm local
block. Cu trc local block c quy nh khi son tho cc khi.
Truyn cc tham trtkhi mcho bin hnh thc IN, IN-OUT ca local
block.
Sau khi khi con thc hin xong nhim vv ghi kt qudi dng tham
tru ra cho bin OUT, IN-OUT ca local block, hiu hnh schuyn
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cc tham trny cho khi mv gii phng khi con cng local block ra
khi vng Work memory.
2.5 Ngn nglp tr nh.Cc loi PLC ni chung thng c nhiu ngn nglp trnh nhm phc vcc i
tng sdng khc nhau. PLC S7-300 c ba ngn nglp trnh cbn. l: Ngn ng lit k lnh, k hiu l STL (Statement list). y l dng ngn
ng lp trnh thng thng ca my tnh. Mt chng trnh c ghp bi
nhiu cu lnh theo mt thut ton nht nh, mi lnh chim mt hng v u
c cu trc chung
tn lnh + ton hng.
Ngn nghnh thang, k hiu l LAD (Ladder logic). y l dng ngn ng
hothch hp vi nhng ngi quen thit kmch iu khin logic. Ngn nghnh khi, k hiu l FBD (Function block diagram). y cng l
kiu ngn nghodnh cho ngi c thi quen thit kmch iu khin
s.
Mt chng trnh vit trn LAD hoc FBD c thchuyn sang c dng STL,
nhng ngc li th khng. Trong STL c nhiu lnh khng c trong LAD hay FBD.
Step7 l mt phn mm htr:
-Khai bo cu hnh cng cho mt trm PLC thuc hSimatic S7-300/400.
- Xy dng cu hnh mng gm nhiu trm PLC S7-300/400 cng nh th tc
truyn thng gia chng.
- Son tho v ci t chng trnh iu khin cho mt hoc nhiu trm.
-
Quan st vic thc hin chng trnh iu khin trong mt trm PLC v gri
chng trnh.
Ngoi ra Step7 cn c cmt thvin y vi cc hm chun hu ch, phn
trgip online rt mnh c khnng trli mi cu hi ca ngi sdng vcch
sdng Step7, vc php lnh trong lp trnh, vxy dng cu hnh cng ca mt
trm cng nhca mt mng gm nhiu trm PLC
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I I I.
IV.
V.
V.
VI .
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
CHNG IV: XY DNG M H NH M PHNG THANG MY
XI .
XC NH CC VNSM PHNGv trn thc tc y cc thit bnn ta c thxy dng bi ton m phng vi
y cc chc nng ca thang my.Nhng khi m phng trn m hnh ca em viiu kin hin c ti phng th nghim v trn thtrng.M hnh thc tca em cthkhng thm phng c ht cc tnh nng ca thang.Mt scc thit bkhngging thit btht, cc cm bin c thay thtng ng
XII.
XY DNG KT CU CHO M H NH M PHNG
XIII. XY DNG KHOCH M PHNG V K IM NGHIMTRN THC T.
Vi hthng l thuyt c nghin cu cc chng trc, chng ta thit lp
c hthng thang my trn l thuyt nhng c mt im l tt cu chc m ttrn
l thuyt v cha c a vo kim nghim. tng thm tnh st thc ca n v tng
thm tnh thuyt phc.
Xut pht t nhng im chnh , em i vo xy dng m hnh thang my ch
ngi 4 tng n gin c n gin ho bt cc chc nng so vi cc tnh nng xy dng
trn. Mc d khng m tc ht cc tnh nng ca thang my nhng n cng phn no
m tc nhng tnh nng iu khin bung thang.
Vi m hnh ny chng ta c th vn dng phng php tng hp cc hiu khin
logic.
Cu trc chi tit ca m hnh c m t:
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Svth: Do n H ong Mai 58 L p: Trang bin-in t K 44
+ Bn trong bung thang c 4 nt iu khin ( tm gi l cc nt yu cu n tng - DT:
DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4) v 4 n tng ng minh hocho trng thi yu cu ca mi nt n.
+ Bn ngoi bung thang c 6 nt n v 6 n tng ng m ttrng thi yu cu ca 6 nt
n :
- Tng 1 c 1 nt n yu cu ln cc tng trn ( 1GTL), v c 1 n trng thi
(DENL1) minh hocho yu cu ca nt n : khi nt 1GTL c nhn th DENL1 s sng,
n khi no bung thang dng tng 1 th DENL1 s sng nhp nhy, sau 1 khong thi
gian thit lp n stt i.
- Tng 2 c 2 nt n gi tng (2GTL, 2GTX) v 2 n trng thi.
- Tng 3 c 2 nt n gi tng (3GTL, 3GTX) v 2 n trng thi.
- Tng 4 c 1 nt n gi tng (4GTX) v 1 n trng thi.
+ Ccu truyn ng nng, hbung thang y dng 1 ng cin 1 chiu v hp
gim tc, bung thang c ko bi 1 cp gn puly trc hp gim tc qua dng dc gn
trn nc ca ccu.
+ Mt ccu ng mca tng khi bung thang n tng cn phc v( dng 1 ng c
1 chiu c o chiu).
+ iu khin cp in cho 2 ng c: 1 ng ctruyn ng nng - hbung thang, v
1 ng ctruyn ng ng - mca tng, y dng 4 rle iu khin cho 2 ngcng vi 2 chiu chuyn ng(nng-h, ng-m).
+ Tng ng trn mi tng c gn 1 cng tc tng (cm bin tng) xc nh v tr ca
bung thang.
+ Ngun in sdng cho m hnh :
- Dng ngun 5V DC hoc 12V DC cp cho 2 ng ctruyn ng (I
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- iu khin thang my bng 4 nt n tng (DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4) trong bung
thang v 4 nt gi tng tng ng trn mi tng (1GT,2GT, 3GT,4GT).
- C 4 cng tc tng btr 4 tng xc nh vtr ca bung thang.
- Minh hotrng thi c chn ca cc nt yu cu bng cc n tng ng.
- Cc nt yu cu iu khin (DT v GT) c thc chn lin tip v c lu gi,
khi chng c xl u tin theo hnh trnh.
- Khi bung thang c iu khin n tng yu cu n sdng li trong vng 5s,
lc ny n bo rtng thi ti tng cng sng nhp nhy. Sau 5s n stt, nu cn yu
cu n cc tng khc th thang my tip tc, cn nu khng n sdng li ti vtr .
3. Cng ngh3.
Xy dng chng trnh iu khin thang my chngi 4 tng n gin.
- iu khin thang my bng 4 nt DT trong bung thang v 4 nt GT ti mi tng.
C 4 cng tc tng btr ti mi tng.
- Cc yu cu iu khin c thc la chn lin tip, minh hobng n trng thi
sng. Cc yu cu ny sc x l u tin theo hnh trnh ang chuyn ng. Khi bung
thang di chuyn ti tng yu cu, ca bung thang smra ng thi n trng thi ssng
nhp nhy, sau khong 5s ca bung thang ng li, n trng thi tt. Nu cn yu cu iu
khin th bung thang tip tc c iu khin, nu khng n sdng ti vtr tng .
4. Cng ngh4.
Xy dng chng trnh iu khin thang my chngi 4 tng n gin.
- iu khin thang my bng 4 nt DT (DT1, DT2,DT3,DT4) trong bung thang v 6nt GT (1GTL, 2GTL, 2GTX, 3GTL, 3GTX, 4GTX) ti cc ca tng. C 4 cm bin tng b
tr ti cc tng xc nh vtr ca bung thang.
- Khi nhn cc nt DT hoc GT , cc yu cu ny sc lu giv sc xl
u tin theo hnh trnh.
- Khi bung thang ti tng yu cu, n hu yu cu c x l, dng li trong
khong 5s, lc ny n trng thi nhp nhy vi tn s0,5Hz. Sau khong thi gian ny n
trng thi tt, nu cn yu cu n tip tc xl, nu khng n sdng li ti vtr tng .