dna – what is it? a rather large molecule that encodes for genetic instruction * deoxyribonucleic...

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Page 1: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made
Page 2: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

DNA – What is it?

Page 3: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction

* Deoxyribonucleic acid

** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells

**Made up of monomer subunits called nucleotides

* Most of your cells have identical DNA but genes are “turned on” according to what proteins are made

*Example: skin cells will not produce proteins for the liver

Page 4: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Nucleotides

**DNA Nucleotides float in the cytoplasm and have three parts:

Phosphate group

Sugar (deoxyribose)

Nitrogenous base

**There are 4 nitrogen-containing bases:

*Adenine (A)*Thymine (T)*Cytosine (C)*Guanine (G)

The Backbone

Page 5: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

For Simplicity Purposes – A Single Nucleotide

A, G,T or C

Page 6: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Nitrogenous Bases Make Up The DNA “Alphabet” – A,G,T,C

Adenine (A) Thymine (T)

ALWAYS Pairs With

Guanine (G)

ALWAYS Pairs With

Cytosine (C)

Purines Pyrimidines

** Make notice that purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines have one.This is what will gives DNA molecules their shape!!

Page 7: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

DNA** All of the rungs of the DNA “ladder “are pairs of

nucleotides, coiled into the shape of a double helix!!**Like a spiral staircase**“rungs” are held together by hydrogen bonds

Nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds

Remember base-pairing rules!!!

A with TC with G

Page 8: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Structure of DNA’s Nucleotides Proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953

Page 9: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

DNA – It’s all in Your Genes

Page 10: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Genes are Found on Chromosomes (We’ll Discuss These a Little Later!)

Page 11: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Genes

• Made up of a series of DNA nucleotides– Only the 4 letters of DNA’s “alphabet”

• All of your genes make up a genome• There are about 21, 000 genes• About 3.2 billion base pair

• It is estimated that in one single human cell, if you uncoiled the double helix, it would be about 6 foot long!

Page 12: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Genes• Can be several hundred to several thousand

base-pair long• Some genes carry the instructions to make

proteins that give you traits, like eye color, hair color and freckles!

• Some genes are regulatory genes that may control other genes

• Some genes are promotor genes, sequences of DNA needed to turn genes “on” or “off”

Page 13: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

On the Next Slide is an Example of Part of a Code for a

Gene and is only one side of the “ladder”

Page 14: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

GACAGACAGACAGACAGACGGACATGCTCATATCGACTCAGGAGGTGATCCTGATCAAGAATATATATACTTTATAGGGTCGGAGATGTCTTCTTCACTGCGTTGCACACTTTTGACCAAAATTATAATACCCTCTGCAAGGGTATAAAAATGAAGCTATACTATATAGTTATTATATATATGCAAAGTCTGGACAAAATTTTGTGCCGATCGGGCCACCACTTTCTTTTTGCCCCATAGAATCCAATGCTCCCTGGGACAAAAATTTACAAAATATTCTTGAAAATTGGGTCAATATATCTAATAAATTATAATCCGGCACTATCCAACCTACTTTTATTCCATGAAAAATGCTAGGTTGAAATTGTTTAATATTCAACTTTACAATATGTATATGCGCTTATACACAAATACACATCACATTAAACAAATATGGAATTAAACACTTAAATTTTACATACCTACACTAATAATTTCCATTTTACGTTGTTTTAAAATATCCAGTATAACATTTGAAATCTTACTTTAAAATGTGATATTATTTAGCGCGCCAAAAAGTCAACGTTTCCGATCAACGAACAGCTGACTTGGGGCATTGGGACCAGTGTGATGTCGAAGGAATCTCACATTAATACTCTGCATAAAAAAGGGAAAAAATCTTACGCTGCCAATTATAGGGGCATTTCTAAATTGTCAGCAAGCCTTCTTGAAAAACGAATTACTCCACATTTTAAACACCTTTATAGTTCAATAATATGATCGTGCCAGCATGCCTTCATGAAGAGCCACTCTACCACTACCAACTTTTTGGAGCTAACATCTTTTGTCACGGATGGGTTCCATTTACACTGACTTTAGTTAAGATTTTGACTCTGTTAACCATCCTACATTTTACATTGTGTATTAACGACTTTCCCCTTGTTTTAACCAATTCACTTTTACTTATGTATATCTGCATTATGGATTCACTTGTGCCGAATCTAAACTTCAATCCGATTTGGCCAGATATTAAAATTGGTGTTTTGAAAATAACCTAAGACTTATTGTATGCAACTGTAAATTCGTGTCATTTTATCGATTTAGAGCAGGGATGGCCCTGTTGTTAGATTGCTCTGTCATATGGGAAGAGCAATGTCATATACGTGTGCTGCTCCCAGTATAGGCGATGAAAATTAATAAAAAAAAATTTTGCGTGGCTCAACAACGTTTAACATAGTTTCATAGTTAACTTAACTTCTTTGGTCTGTCCGATATTTAAGTATCGTGTAGTAGAGCCCTCATTATGGAGTAAACCGAGATCACATCGAATCTGTACAAAAAAATTCCTGATTTTCCTGACGATATTTCCAACATACATATATCTAATAATATAAACTGCCAACTAACTGCAAGCCGGTAAATATCAACTTCGCCTCCGCCCGATGTGGAGTTTTCTTTCTTGTTATAATTTGTTTACGTTAGAAATTAAAAAAATAATTTTTTAAAGAAAAAGATGGAAAGCTACAAAGCCACCACAAAGCCGCTTACAGAAAAGTGAAAAAAATTGTAAATGCCGTAAAAATTGAGAATATCAAGATGTCAATCAATGCGCATTCAATATTATAGTGTTATTAAAGATAAAGAAAGAAATACTTTTTTATAGATATGGTGACTATAACTTTCCAAAAATATAGTGAATGAACATTTTAATACTCCTTGAGCACATTAAGGCATGCGATACGACATTTCAATTCTTTCGAACCGAAGCGCATAAGTGCAAAAGGCAACAACCTTAAAAAGTCAACAACCTTGAAAGCAATTTGAATATTTGTATATAAATTAAATGATAAATGCCAAAAAAATATAACTTTGATCCACTTTCAAGAACGCTTTTACTTTTGTTTGATACTGTTTGTTACTAAGTGATTGTAACTAAATGATTCAACAAAAAGATATTAAAATTTCCATATTATAAGGGTGTGTCCAATTTTCGTGTTTTTAGCTTAATTTGAATTTCCAAATTAATTATACATACAAAATACTTACATTATTGCAATTTCTCATCTATTTACATTTCAATGTTAACCAATTCTTGAATTTACATGAAAAAGCCTATTTACACAGTTCACGATTTTAATTACTTTGGATTGTTTGTGGTCAAAGTATTTTAGGTATATTTTTTTGGAATTGATAATAAAGTCAGTTTTGTTGCAACCGCATATATAAACTCACACTCGAGTATTTACGGGTTAGTTGCCAATTGCTTAGCAATTCGTTAATACGCTTTCAATTTATTTAATGTTAACGCCGCAAACATATACACCGTTTTAAACATCAACGACTTTAAATAATTAGAAATTTAACAAAAACTTAAATGGAGATGGCAAAAAATAAGAAATATTCCCGGTCTCTGCCAGAATCAGACGGAGATGATATAGTAATTTCTGGAATGGCCGGAAAATTTCCAAACTGTAGCAACATATCGGAATACGAGTTTAAACTATATAACAAGGTTAGAAACAAAGTTTAAAATAAAACGTCCAATGGGGAAAACCATCTAATAATACTGATATGAAAAAAATTTGGTGAATAAAACATAACAAGAGCATTTTTAAACTGTGAATTGAAATAAAATAGTTGATTAAAAAGAACAGTACGCAGGAAATGGAAAAGTAAAAAACACAAGAAAGAAAAGATAACTTTGGGCGCAGCCTAAGTAGCAGAAATTTCTTGCGACTTGCCCCCAGAGGCCCCAGACAGAATCTCACTTCCCGTCCAATCGACCGAGGGACGCTGCACATAACGTACTCAAATCGTGGGGATAGATCCGAGAAAGTAGGAGTAAGATATCACGACCAAGAGAGTTGCGGATAAGGCGTTTAGTATAAGGGATTTAGAATTGTTAGTGGAGCAAAGGGACAGGATGTGGTAGAGATCATTGTAGTCCGAACATAATACCCTGAACGGATCGTGTTGGGCAAATGTCGAACTACAATGGCTGAAGAGTAGAGGACGAAAGATTCTAGTCCGCCTACTAGGAACGTTAAAATTTAAACGAGTTAGTAAATGCTAGCTGTCTTCATTACCATAAATAGGATTGTATAGAAACATAACGCTTTATTAATGACGGTAAGTTGATTAATAAAAGTCTACTAATATAAGAGAGGAGGTGGAGATTGGCATCCCAATTAAGTCCACTAAGGGCGAAAATCAGGAAATTTTTTTGAACTGATCTCGGTGTACTCCGTATTGAGGACTCCAGTGACACGAATCATTAAATTCTTTTGACCATCTTTTCATAAAACCAAATACACCCATTATTAACCAGTTATATTAACCATGGTGGATGTATGGTTGGTAAATTTAAGTTTCAAATTTAATATGACCTAGATCGTTACCTGAGTTAATCCTTCTAAGGCGTTCCCATAGAGGAAATACATAGCCTAATGATGACTAGATCGATAAAATGACATTAGTTTACATTTCGATCCATTAAGCGTTAGCTTATTTGCTAAACACCAATTTTGAAATTTATTCAAATAGGATTAAAGTCTAGATTGGGGCACCCAAGATGTAGCGCGCAATAAACGCGAGGTAACATTTTTAAAGAAGACACATTGGGTTCTTTAAGATAAGTAGCTCCAAATCCAGATAAGAAGGTCAGTTGGGAATCCCAAAAAAACTGAGTTTTCTTATAAGAAGCGAATTGTTAACAGAGAAAAATCCTTTACTGAAGTCGGTGTAAATGACGTCTGTTTGTAAGCCATTCCGGAACCAATCGTGACAAAAGATGTTAACTCCTATAAGTTGGTAGTTGCGGAGTGGCGCTTCATGAAGCCATGCTGGCACGGAGATATTACTTACAGAATTAACACTCCTCCTCCCTTTCGCAGGGGTCGACGTCAAAATGTACTTACTTGGAAAAAATTTAGAGCTTAAGATCTCCGGCTTTAACCAAGTTTATGTAAAGAACCTAATGTGAGATGCAAAGGAAGAACTATAAGAATACATTTTGGGAAGTTTACTACGTAACCCTGGAGTATTCTGATAGGTAAATGTTAGTAACAAAAATTAATTTTTTCGAATCTGATGAAGATGAGATTAAAGGTTGTTTAGTGGCTGTAACATCTGGCAATTTTACTCATACAGGTTTGGTCATTTTGTTTTTTTTGACGAAAATGTTCTCTGGCCAAGAACAGGCGAAACAAATCGTCTTGAATATCTGCAAGGGCACACGTATACCTGTGCCTGGTGTATGAATATTTAAATTTTGTAATATACACCACCTTTATGTCGGCTTTTGTTTTGGCTTTGATGTTAGCCGATATATCAATCTCAGAAGTATCAGAGGCAAGCTGGGAAATAAAAATGTGTTTCGATGGAGGAACCACCTGCAACAGTTTCGGTGCCGTCGTAACTAGTTCTGCGACATCAGTTCGTACCGGGGGTCCAGACTTTTGATTACCCTGTTCGGACTTCTCAGGGGTCTTGAATTATTGGGTCTGGAATCACTTGAAGCGATGCCAAAAAGGACATATCAGACAATTGCACATTTATTTTGAGATATTCGGAAGCCGAATTTTTCTCAGGTTCGGCCCTTGGGGTTGCCAGAGATATAAGCGGCTGCATAATCGTCGGTAAAAGAGGATTTCTTCGCTTTGGAGACTTATTTAGTAGTTGAAGACTACTAAACCGTATATCGAGCGCACAGAGTTGGTCATTAATTTTACGAAAACCGCTAATCAACTCGTTGAATCCACTTTTAGCACGACAACCGTCACATTACAAGTAGAGACCGGATCTACGTGAAATAGCATCCGGCACACTTAGCGTGTAAAACGTTTTCACACAGTGAAATGAAAAAGGGAGATTAAAGAGAGCGATTAGTGTGGGTTAGTAAACTGCAAAGAATAGAGATAAGAATCTCTATTGAGAGAGAATAGAAGCATAATCGTAAAAGATGAAGAAGCAGAGCAGGGCTATTTTTGAAAGAAAATTAATTAAGTTATTATTTTACCTCCAAATATATCACTGCACACGCGAAGCAATACGGATGTTTGCGAATGCGAAAGTTTGTTTTTATAAATGTAAATAAATAAAAATAAACACTGGATTGTTAGCTAATAAAAGATTTGATAATAACGCACAAAAATCCGCTTTCAGATAAAGAGAGGCTGTCCTTTTCATAAAAAGATTTGTATTTTATCATACGTTTTTAAAAATTAACGCATTTTACCAAATATTATTATAATTATTAATTAATTTTTAACTTTTAAGATAGATATGGTTGACGATGATGAGCGCAGATGGCGTCATTTTAACCCGGAAATACCAAAACGATCTGGAAAAATTAGTGAGCTTGAAAAATTTGATGCAACATTTTTTGGAGTTCATTTTAAGCAAGCTCATACAATGGATCCCCAAACTCGAATTTTGATTGAGACTGCATATGAAGCGGTCATAGATTCCGGAATAAACCCAAAAAGTCTTCGGGGATCAAAAACTGGAGTGTACATTGGATCTTGTATTTCTGAATCAGAAAAAACATGGTTTTATGAAAAAGTTTCATCTGGTGGATTTGGAATAACTGGCTGCAGTCGGGCTATGATGGCTAATAGAATATCTTACTGTTTAGGACTCGAGGGACCTTCTTTTCTATTAGATACTGCATGTTCAAGTTCAATGTACGCGTTGGATAATGCCTTTAGTGCACTTCGAAATGGAGAAATAGATGCAGCAATAATTGGTGGCTCCAACTTACTTCTTCATCCATTTGTGACTCTTCAATTTGCTCGGTAAGCTTTTTGATTTTTTTAAAATTTTATTTCCTAACAAACTTTAAATTCCATAACATCATAGACTCGGCGTACTTGCTCCAGATGGGTTTTGTCGTCCATTCGATAAAAATGCAAGTGGCTATACCAGATCTGAAACTATCAATTGCCTATTTTTGCAACGAAAACGGGATGCAAAGCGTGTGTATGCTAGTGTTGTGTATTCAAAAACTAATTGTGATGGATATAAGCCAGAGGGTATAACGTATCCATCTGGGGTAGTCCAAGAAAAGTTGTTGGAAAATTTCTATAAAGAGATCGAACTTACCCCCTCAGATTTGGGCTATTTAGAGGCTCACAGTACTGGAACTGTAGTTGGTGATCCAGAAGAATGCAAAGCAATAGACAATGTAATTTGTAGCCAAAGACGCGAGCCTTTATTAATTGGATCTGTTAAATCAAATATTGGACATTCCGAAGCTGCATCAGGAATATGCTCACTTGTTAAAGCTTGCTTTGCATTTGAAACTGGCATGATTGCACCGAATATAAATTTTGCAGAAGTAAAACCAATTATTGCACCTCTAGCAGAAGGAAGATTGCTTGTTGTTAAAGATAAAACGCCTCTACCAAAGCCATACATCGGTATAAATTCTTTTGGATTTGGAGGTGCAAATGCACATGCACTTCTGAAAGGTTTTACCAAATCAAAGACAAATTTTGGGATTCCTGAGGATGATGTACCTCGACTTCTTACATGGGCCGGTAGGACAGAAGATGCAGTGCATGAAATTTTTAGCGACATAGAAAAAAGACCCCTAGATGCAGAATTTATCGGACTACTTCAAAATATTCAAGAGG

Page 15: DNA – What is it? A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction * Deoxyribonucleic acid ** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells **Made

Let’s Make A DNA Molecule !!!

Beads and Demo