dna unit: learning outcomes it is expected that students will: name the four bases in dna and...
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DNA UNIT:Learning Outcomes
• It is expected that students will:• name the four bases in DNA and describe
the structure of DNA using the following terms:
• nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) • complementary base pairing • double helix • hydrogen bonding
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DNA UNIT: Learning outcomes
• describe DNA replication with reference to three basic steps:
• "unzipping" • complementary base pairing • joining of adjacent nucleotides
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FOUR DNA NUCLEOTIDES:
SUGAR
PHOSPHATEBASE
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DNA is a polymer:
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STRUCTURE OF DNA:
• Base pairs are bonded in a complementary fashion: A-T & C-G
• Bonds are hydrogen bonds
• Sides are made from phosphate and the sugar: deoxyribose
• Single sugar,phosphate and base unit are called nucleotides
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DNA REPLICATION• DNA replicates
in a semi-conservative manner: each new helix contains one older (parent) strand and one new strand.
Enzymes help the process:DNA Polymerase,Helicase, and Ligase.
Replication occurs in three steps:
1.Unzipping of parent strand
2. Complementary pairing of new nucleotides
3. Hydrogen bonding between bases
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•DNA being unzipped and copied:
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DNA Unzipping:
1. The enzyme helicase unwinds the parent strand.
2. The enzyme DNA polymerase binds to each strand.
3. New nucleotides are matched in a complementary fashion A-T and C-G.
4. Ligase seals up the phosphate sugar bonds, hydrogen bonds form between nucleotides.
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DNA REPLICATION VIDEO
DNAreplication.ram
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Recombinant DNA
• DNA that has been recombined through genetic engineering is called Recombinant DNA.
• Often human DNA is combined with bacterial DNA to get the bacteria to make human proteins for medicine.
• This process of making Recom. DNA requires special enzymes: restriction enzymes (cut DNA); ligase glues DNA together and DNA polymerase copies DNA.
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Please click here to launch the animation.