DNA for Dummies(and the intellectually astute)

A Dr. Parrott Production

• Secret of Photo 51:

• What organic polymer?

• Made of what monomers?

• Components?

Tour of the Basics

DNA Wrap Basic

DNA Wrap Advanced

DNA Coiling

Replication: DNA NAD• Occurs during S phase of

interphase in reproducing cells only

• DNA template is copied complimentarily and semi conservatively

• Occurs only in the nucleus

Meselson-Stahl Experiment How DNA Replicates DNA Replication

Bidirectional Replication Replication Complete General DNA Workshop

Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following:

DNA1: ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT

DNA2: TAC

mRNA:

Amino Acids:

tRNA:

replication

DNA Replication Basic DNA Replication Fork Rep Fork 2

DNA Replication DNA Polymerase

Tran scription: DNAmRNA

• Occurs continually throughout the cell cycle with the exception of mitosis

• Occurs in the nucleus as messenger RNA copies DNA

RNA Splicing Transcription Transcription Complete

Transcription the Movie Regulated Transcription

Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following:

DNA1: ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT

DNA2: TAC

Transcribe the above DNA template into an mRNA:

mRNA: UAC

Amino Acids:

tRNA:

transcription

Translation: mRNAprotein• Occurs continually throughout the cell cycle• Occurs at the ribosome as it

– reads the mRNA codons

– Matches codons to amino acids

– Prompts tRNA to bring a.a.

– Attaches a.a. with peptide bonds

DNA to Protein 2

PP Synthesis Walkthrough

Translation• tRNA anticodon is

complimentary to mRNA codon

• tRNA is specific to the amino acid it brings

• Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form polypeptide (protein)

Translation Basic Translation Advanced Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis 2 Translation the Movie

Protein Synthesis = Transcription + Translation = DNA proteins

Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following:

DNA: ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT

DNA: TAC

mRNA (codons): UAC

Translate the above mRNA strand into an amino

acid sequence (protein)

Amino Acids: Tyrosine

tRNA (anticodons):

translation

• Watch RNAi Online: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/02.html

Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following:

DNA: ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT

DNA: TAC

mRNA (codons): UAC

Amino Acids: Tyrosine

What are the anticodons on the tRNA for the above strands?

tRNA (anticodons): AUG

To summarize…

Protein Synthesis

Mistakes/Mutations

• Mutation any permanent alteration in the sequence of DNA bases

• Mutagen causes a mutation i.e. chemicals, radiation, spontaneous– Point mutations can result in

frameshifts in the reading frame

– Chromosomal mutations can result in translocations

– Immortal Thread

Mistakes/Mutations• Silent mutation change in

n.t. sequence, but no change in product

• Missense mutation swapping of a.a. (sickle cell anemia, PKU)

• Nonsense mutation insertion of stop codon into sequence– Mutations & Sickle Cell, 2– How Cancer Grows, 2– Evolutionary Arms Race:

HIV Resistance, 2

G

Silent Mutation

DNA Technology & ApplicationsWhat is the GPS & element?

Medicine Agriculture Forensics

What are some uses?

•Finding Disease Genes

•Gene therapy•Drugs•Biological Warfare•Genetic Testing Ethics

•GMOs– The Right to Know– A Silent Forest

•Classical vs Transgenic Breeding

•Bioremediation•Biofuels

•Crime Scene Investigation

•Genealogy

What are some examples

•Bioengineering Body Parts

•RNAi Therapy•Breast Cancer•Alzheimer's Disease•Plasmids & Protein

•Bt Corn•Super Salmon, 2•Harvest of Fear•Babies by Design?•Transgenic Mouse

•The Killer’s Trail•Forensic Anthropology: Immigration

•Laetoli Footprints

What are some pros?

What are some cons?

• DNA Learning Center: 3D Animations• Genetics Movies: • DNA Tutorial: • Bacterial Replication Animations: • Telomere Synthesis (shortening of linear chromosomes): • Gene Processing• Replication Animations: • Gene Expression Animations:• Gene Technology:• DNA the Secret of Life Video• Cracking the Code of Life Video • Beadle-Tatum Experiments (one gene, one pp)• Protein Synthesis Tutorial

Resources