;dmc yla;sh ueksfï yd ixl%dukh lsÍfï l%u...4 tallh ;dmc yla;sh ueksfï yd ixl%dukh lsÍfï l%u...
TRANSCRIPT
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 61
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï ydixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
4 mßÉfþohfN!;sl úoHdj
ksmqK;dj
;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd iïfm%aIKh lsÍfï l%u Ndú;hg .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgï úIh wka;¾.;h
4' 1' ;dm yqjudrej ksid isÿ jk
WIaK;aj fjkia ùï ukshs'
4' 2' jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm
m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'
4' 3' ;dmc Yla;sh ld¾hlaIu
j fhdod .kshs'
² WIaK;aj ixl,amh
² WIaK;aj mßudK
² fi,aishia mßudKh - (0C)
² *erkayhsÜ mßudKh - (0F)
² WIaK;ajh uekSfï wka;¾ cd;sl tallh (K)
² ;dm m%udKh
² ;dm Odß;dj
² úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj C
² ;dm m%udKh (Q = mcθ)
² ;dmh ixl%duKh jk l%u
² ikakhkh
² ixjykh
² úlsrKh
² ;dmh ixl%duKh jk l%u Ndú;hg .kakd wjia:d
61
fN!;sl úoHdj
62 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
;dm yqjudrej ksid isÿ jk WIaK;ajfjkia ùï
4.1
WIaK;aj ixl,amhl%shdldrlu 1
n÷ka ;=klg isis,a c,h" WKq c,h
iy we,a uereKq c,h f.k
m<uqfjka we,a c,h;a WKq c,h;a
w;a fofla weÕs,sj,ska iam¾Y lr
n,kak' we,a c,fha WKqiqu wvq
nj;a WKq c,fha WKqiqu jeä nj;a
wmg ±fka' bka miq we,a uereKq
c,h iam¾Y l< úg ±fkkafka
ljrla o@
ie'hq( b;d by< WKqiqul ;sfnk
c,h iam¾Y lsÍfuka j<lskak'n÷kaj, c,fhys WKqiqfï fjki wm ±k
.;af;a iam¾Yfhks'
we,a c,hg jvd WKq c,fha fjki ljrla
o@
c,h WKq lr .;af;a hï ;dmlhl
wdOdrfhks' c,h r;a lrk úg tu c,h
fj; ;dm Yla;sh ,eîu ksid c,h WKqiqï
úh'
;dmh Yla;s m%fNaohla nj wms oksuq' ;dmfhka
fkdfhla ld¾h l< yels h' hï jia;=jl
WIaK;ajh by< hkafka thg ;dmh ,eîu
ksid h' hï jia;=jl WIaK;ajh wvq jkafka
thska ;dmh bj;a j hdu ksid h'
r;a jQ jia;=jla iam¾Y lsÍfï § wfma w;g
WKqiqula ±fkkafka thska wfma w;g ;dmh
,eîu ksid h' whsia lene,a,la w;ska we,aÆ
úg iS;, ±fkkafka wfma w;aj,ska whsia
lene,a,g ;dmh bj;a j hdu ksid h'
wjia:d úm¾hdihl § yer hï jia;=jlg ;dmh ,efnk
úg tys WIaK;ajh by< hhs' hï jia;=jlska ;dmh
bj;a jk úg tys WIaK;ajh my< nishs'
WKqiqu yd isis, ms<sn| j wmf.a ±kSu iam¾Y
bkaøshj,g ±fkk ixfõok u; r|hs' WKq
c,h" u|la WKq c,h" we,a uereKq c,h"
isis,a c,h jeks jpkj,ska .uH jkafka
WKqiqï m%udK iei£ula nj by; i|yka
l%shdldrlfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka h'
WKq c,h
isis,a c,h
we,a
uereKq c,h
4'1 rEmh iam¾Yfhka WIaK;ajh ms<sn|
ksjerÈ ñKqula ,nd.; fkd yel'
62
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 63
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
WIaK;aj mßudK
WIaK;aj mßudK lsysmhla we;'
1' fi,aishia mßudKh
2' *erkayhsÜ mßudKh
3' fl,aúka mßudKh
iam¾Y ixfõokfhka WIaK;ajh ;SrKh lsÍu wmyiqnj Tng ±ka meyeÈ,s h' úoHd;aul lghq;=j, §WIaK;ajh b;d ksrjoH f,i uekSug wjYH fõ' tai|yd WIaK;aj mßudK ;sìh hq;= h' WIaK;ajmßudKj,ska ixLHd;au; f,i WIaK;ajh ksrEmKhl< yels h'
4'2 rEmh wekav¾ia fi,aishia
±kg nyq, jYfhka Ndú;d jk WIaK;aj mßudKh fi,aishia ^fyda fikaáf.%aÜ&mßudKhhs'
tu mßudKfha (l w.hka fi,aishia wxYl ^0C& f,i ±lafõ'
iïu; jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh riÈh ñ,sógr 760 hk wjia:dfõ§"l my< ia:djr ,laIHh ( whsia c,h njg m;ajk WIaK;ajh ̂ c,fha øjdxlh&
0 0C
l by< ia:djr ,laIHh ( c,h yqud,h njg m;ajk WIaK;ajh ̂c,fha ;dmdxlh&100 0C
l whsia Èhjk WIaK;ajhg jvd wvq WIaK;aj j, mj;sk øjH fndfyduhlawe;' tajdfha WIaK;aj iDK fi,aishia w.hka .kS'
l fi,aishia mßudKh" ia:djr ,laIH fol w;r mr;rh fldgia fyda wxYl100 lg fnod we;'
l zzfikaáf.%aâZZ hk jpkfha w¾:h jkafka zzfldgia 100ZZ hkqhs'l fmr nyq, jYfhka Ndú;d l< WIaK;aj mßudKh *erkayhsÜh'
fuu mßudKfha (
l w.hka *erkayhsÜ wxYl ^0F& f,i ±lafõ'iïu; jdhqf.da, mSvkh riÈh ñ,sóg¾ 760 hk wjia:dfõ§
l my< ia:djr ,laIHh ( whsia ys øjdxlh 32 0Fl by< ia:djr ,laIHh ( c,fha ;dmdxlh 212 0F
fi,aishia yd *erkayhsÜ mßudK w;riïnkaO;dj
fi,aishia mßudKfha wxYl 100 la iudk jkafka*erkayhsÜ mßudKfha wxYl ^212 - 32& } 180 g h'
4'3 rEmh fl,aúka idñjrhd ̂ú,shï f;dïika&
WIaK;aj mßudKh tallh
fi,aishia
*erkayhsÜ
fl,aúka
0 C0 F
K
fi,aishia mßudK 1000 } *erkayhsÜ mßudKfha 1800
tu ksid fi,aishia mßudKfha 50 } *erkayhsÜ mßudKfha 90
63
fN!;sl úoHdj
64 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
*erkayhsÜ wxYl fi,aishia wxYlj,g yerùfï iQ;%h
0 C = (0F - 32 ) x 59
fi,aishia 400 la *erkayhsÜj,g mßj¾;kh lruq'
fi,aishia mßudKfha 400 } *erkayhsÜ mßudKfha wxYl 40 «9
5*erkayhsÜ mßudKfha my< wp, ,laIHh 32 ksid by; lS w.hg wxYl 32 la
tl;= lsÍfuka *erkayhsÜj,ska WIaK;ajh ,efí'
tneúka 400C } 72 + 32 } 104 0 F
WIaK;ajh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r tAllh
WIaK;ajh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r tallh fl,aúka (K) fõ' th oK f,i ,shkqfkd,efí' fl,aúka mßudKh ksrfmalaI WIaK;aj mßudKh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r"tys wju WIaK;ajh tkï 0 K ksrfmalaI Y=kHh f,i ye¢kafõ' ksrfmalaI Y=kHhhkq ffioaOdka;sl jYfhka wju WIaK;ajh jk w;r" Bg wvq WIaK;aj mej;shfkdyelsh' mÍlaIKd;aulj ksrfmalaI Y=kHh olajd jia;=jla isis,a l< fkd yelsh'tkuq;a ksrfmalaI Y=kHhg b;d wdikak WIaK;ajhka mÍlaIKd;aulj ,ndf.k we;'
cd;Hka;r ms<s.ekSu wkqj 0 K iudk jkQfha fi,aishia mßudKfhka - 273.15 0C fyda*erkayhsÜ mßudKfhka - 459.67 0F hk w.hkag h' fl,aúka mßudKh yd fi,aishiamßudKfha wxYlhl mrdih iudkh wdikak w.hla f,i 0 K = - 273 0C f,i .;yelsh'
tneúka 400C } 40 « 9
5+ 32 0 F
fi,aishia wxYl *erkayhsÜ wxYlj,g yerùfï iQ;%h
0 F = ( « 0C ) + 329
5
*erkayhsÜ 950 la fi,aishiaj,g mßj¾;kh lruq'
*erkayhsÜ 950 } fi,aishia ^950 - 32& «5
9tneúka 950 F } ^950 - 32& «
tneúka 950 F } 63 « } 35 0 C
5
95
9
0C isg K : K = 0C + 273
K isg 0C : 0C = K - 273
fl,aúka WIaK;ajh (K) = fi,aishia WIaK;ajh 0C + 273
c,fha ;dmdxlh
ñksia isref¾ idudkH WIaK;ajh
c,fha øjdxlh
ksrfmaCI Y+kHh
fi,aishia mßudKh0 C
100
36'90
273'15
100
fl,aúka mßudKh
K
373
309'9
273
0
100
*erkayhsÜ mßudKh0 F
212
98'4
32
459'67
180
m%Odk WIaK;aj mßudK w;r ixikaokhla
64
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 65
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
l riÈh øjhla f,i fh¥ WIaK;ajudk by< WIaK;aj uekSug fhda.H jk w;ruoHidr øjhla f,i fh¥ WIaK;ajudk wvq WIaK;aj uekSu i|yd fhda.H fõ'
l úoHd.drj, Ndú;jk WIaK;ajudk yd ffjoH WIaK;ajudk nyq, j Ndú;jk ùÿre øj WIaK;ajudk fõ'
ffjoH WIaK;ajudkfhys ,laIK
l tys WIaK;aj mrdih fláh' ^35 0C - 43 0C&
l flaIsl isÿf¾ A ,laIfhys ishqï keïula we;'
l WmlrKfha ixfõÈ;dj jeälsÍu i|yd mßudKh wkq fldgiaj,g fnod we;'fuu WIaK;ajudkh Ndú; lr frda.shl=f.a YÍr WIaK;ajh uekSfï§ m%idrKh
jk riÈh l| u.ska we;slrk n,h ksid A ,laIh yryd riÈh myiqfjka .uka lrhs'
kuq;a bÈßhg .sh riÈh l| kej; n,anh ;=<g tAu A ,laIHfhys we;s keïu u.ska
j,lajhs' tu ksid WIaK;ajudkh frda.shdf.a isrefrka bj;a l< miqj;a WIAK;aj
mdGdxlh lshùug mq̈ jk' kej; Ndú;hg .ekSug fmr riÈh l| keïfuka wdmiaig
heùu i|yd WIaK;ajudkh fyd¢ka .eiaish hq;= h'
WIaK;ajudkhla Ndú; lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq
l ukskq ,nk WIaK;ajhg .e,fmk" WIaK;aj mrdihla iys; WIAK;ajudkhlaf;dard .; hq;= h'
l fkdokakd WIaK;ajhla uekSfï § úYd, WIaK;aj mrdihla iys;WIAK;ajudkhlska uek miqj jvd ksjerÈ ñkqï ,nd.ekSu i|yd tu WIaK;ajhg.e,fmk WIaK;ajudkhla Ndú; l< hq;= h'
l WIaK;ajudk wêl f;rmqï yd .eàïj,g ,la fkdjk mßÈ Ndú; lsÍu iywiqrd ;eîu l< hq;= h'
riÈh yd uoHidrj, ;dmdxl yd ysudxl
øjh ysudxlh
riÈh
uOHidr
- 39 0C
-115 0C
;dmdxlh
3570C
60 0C
WIaK;ajudk
l WIaK;ajh m%udKd;aulj uekSug Ndú; lrk WmlrK WIaK;ajudk f,i
ye¢kafõ'
l nyq, f,i Ndú;jk WIaK;ajudk j¾.h ùÿre-øj WIaK;ajudkhhs'
l fuys øjh f,i riÈh fuka u uoHidr o Ndú; lrhs'
65
fN!;sl úoHdj
66 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
jia;=jla ,nd .kakd;dm m%udKh .Kkh lsÍu
4.2
jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj
tl u øjH j¾.fha úúO ialkaOj,g iudk ;dm m%udK iemhQ úg tajdfha WIaK;ajh
by< hdu iudk o@ fuh fidhd ne,Su i|yd ir, l%shdldrlula my; ±lafõ'
l%shdldrlu 2
iudk l=vd îlr ;=kla f.k tajd lsrd .kak' bka miq îlr ;=kg ms<sfj,ska c,h 0.1 kg, 0.2
kg iy 0.3 kg oukak' fï ;=kg u WIaK;ajudk oud tl iudk YS>%;djlska ;dmh imhk
odylhlska tu n÷ka r;a lrkak' iudk ld,hlg miq tajdfha WIaK;ajh by< kexù we;s
m%udKh n,kak' wvq u c, ialkaOh we;s îlrfhys jeä WIaK;ajhla o jeä c, ialkaOhfhys
wvq WIaK;ajhla o olakg ,efí' ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka tl u øjH j¾.fha fjkia ialkaOj,
;dm Odß;d wiudk njhs' ñka ks.ukh l< yelafla l=ula o@
hï jia;=jl WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl tllska tkï" fl,aúka (K) tllska by<
kexùug wjYH ;dm m%udKh tu jia;=fõ ;dm Odß;dj (C) f,i ye`oskafõ'
kso( hï n÷kl WIaK;ajh 10C lska tkï" fl,aúka (K) tllska kexùug jqjukd
;dm m%udKh cQ,a 500 la kï tu n÷fka ;dm Odß;dj } 500 JK −1
4'5 rEmh øjhl ;dm Odß;dj tys ialkaOh u; r|d mj;S'
;dm m%udKh } ;dm Odß;dj « WIAK;aj fjki
Q (E) } C θ
66
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 67
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj
hï øjH j¾.hl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj hkq tu øjH j¾.fha
lsf,da.%Eï 1 l WIaK;ajh fl,aúka tllska ̂tkï fi,aishia
wxYl tllska& kexùug jqjukd ;dm m%udKhhs'
kso( c,h 1 kg l WIaK;ajh 10C lska ̂ 1 K lska& kexùug
jqjukd ;dm m%udKh 4200 J ls'
tkï c,fha úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj } 4200 J kg−1 K−1
we¨ñkshï 1 kg l WIaK;ajh 10C lska ^1 K lska&
kexùug jqjukd ;dm m%udKh 900 J ls'
we¨ñkshïj, úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj } 900 J kg−1 K−1
;U 1 kg l WIaK;ajh 1 0C lska ̂ 1 K lska& kexùug
jqjukd ;dm m%udKh 400 J ls'
tkï ;Uj, úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj } 400 J kg-−1 K−1
² øjH j¾. lsysmhlúYsIag ;dm Odß;dj
øjH j¾.h úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj
(Jkg−1 K−1)
c,h
we¨ñkshï
hlv
;U
Bhï
fldkal%SÜ
ms;a;,
whsia
lrosh
;=;a;kd.ï
4200
900
460
400
130
850
380
2100
3900
380
úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj i|yd Ndú; l< hq;= iïu; tallh J kg−1 K−1 h' bka woyia
lrkafka hï øjH lsf,da.%Eï tll WIaK;ajh fl,aúka tllska by< kexùug
jqjukd ;dm m%udKh flf;la o hkakhs'
ta wkqj c,fha úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj } 4200 J kg−1 K−1 ^4200 J kg−1 0C−1&
c,h 1 kg la 10 C lska kexùug wjYH ;dmh = 4200 J
c,h 5 kg la 10 C lska kexùug wjYH ;dmh =5 × 4200 J
c,h 5 kg la 200 C lska kexùug wjYH ;dmh = 5 × 4200 × 20 J
= 420, 000 J
fuu ms<s;=r (420, 000) ,enqfKa [5 × 4200 × 20]
5 × 4200 × 20
ialkaOh ú';d'Od' WIaK;aj fjki
;dm m%udKh = (mcθ)
m c θ
úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj iy ;dm Odß;dj w;r iïnkaOh
úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj hkq hï øjH j¾.hl lsf,da.%Eï 1 (1kg)l WIaK;ajh 1K
^10C& lska kexùug wjYH ;dm m%udKh fõ' jia;=jl WIaK;ajh 1K ̂ 10C& lska
lska kexùug wjYH ;dm m%udKh tu jia;=fõ ;dm Odß;dj kï fõ'
tneúka ;dm Odß;dj (C) } ialkaOh (m) « úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj (c)
C } mc
fN!;sl úoHdj
68 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
^1& c,h 4 kg la 5 0C lska kexùug jqjukd ;dmh fidhkak'
^jqjukd ;dmh& Q = mcθ
= 4 kg × 4 200 J kg−1 K−1 × 5 K
= 84 000 J
^2& ;U 4 kg la 30 0C isg 50 0C f;la kexùug jqjukd ;dmh fidhkak'
^jqjukd ;dmh& Q = mcθ
= 4 kg × 400 J kg−1 K−1 × 20 K
= 32 000 J
^3& ;dm Yla;sh 55200 J la hlvj, ljr ialkaOhlg ,nd ÿka úg WIaK;ajh 20 0C
isg 50 0C olajd kexfõ o @
^jqjukd ;dmh& Q = mcθ
55200 J = m × 460 J kg−1 K−1 × 30 K
m =55 200 J
460 J kg−1 K−1 × 30 K
= 4 kg
^4& fmd,a f;,a 6 kg l ;dm Odß;dj fidhkak'
^;dm Odß;dj& C = mc
= 6 kg × 2 200 J kg−1 K−1
= 13200 J K−1
^5& 1.5 kg l ialkaOhla iys; ;U Ndckhl 30 0C c,h 2 kgla we;' fuu c,fha
WIaK;ajh 100 0C f;la kexùug jqjukd ;dmh fidhkak'
Ndckh ,nd .kakd ;dmh Q = mcθ
= 1.5 kg ×400 J kg−1 K−1 × 70 K
= 42 000 J
c,h ,nd .kakd ;dmh = 2 kg ×4200 J kg−1 K−1 × 70 K
= 588 000 J
jqjukd ;dmh = 42 000 J + 588 000 J
= 630 000 J
.eg¨ - úi÷ï
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 69
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
l ùÿre" c,h" ma,diaála" ±j" jd;h wdÈh ÿ¾j, ;dm ikakdhl fõ'
l hï øjHhla iújr kï o tys ;dm ikakdhl;dj wvq h'
kso ( iújr fldkal%SÜ (aereated concrete) kQ,a" ùÿre fl¢" iaghsfrdf*daï
;dmh ixl%duKh jk l%u4.3
ikakhkh
f,day oKavl hï fldgila r;a lrk úg tu fmfofia we;s ksoyia bf,lafg%dak
pd,l Yla;sh ,ndf.k fõ.fhka lïmKh ùug mgka .kS' tAjd wyUq f,i me;sfrñka
wfkl=;a ksoyia bf,lafg%dak iuÕ .efgñka tAjdg Yla;sh ixl%uKh lrhs' fufia
>k øjH ;=<ska wxY= tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg .uka lsÍulska f;drj ;dmh
.uka lsÍfï hdka;%Kh ;dm ikakhkh kï fõ'
;dm ixl%duKh hkq ;dmh ;eklska ;j;a ;eklg .uka lsÍu hs' ;dmh ixl%duKh
jk l%u ;=kls'1& ikakhkh (Conduction)
2& ixjykh (Convection)
3& úlsrKh (Radiation)
l f,day" b;d fyd| ;dm ikakdhl fõ' ̂ ߧ"
;U" we¨ñkshï" r;arka yd hlv&
l ñksrka kue;s ldnka iajrEmh yereKq
úg wksla wf,day ;dm l=ikakdhl fõ'
tfiajkafka uqla; bf,lafg%dak fkdue;s
ksid h'
l ñksrka uqla; bf,lafg%dak j,g .uka
l< yels neúka thg ;dmh ikakhkh
l< yelsh'
4'7 rEmh f,day ;=<ska ;dmh
blaukska ikakhkh fõ' tneúka
f,dayuh n÷ka blaukska r;afõ'
4'6 rEmh ;dm ikakhkh
øjHhla ;=<ska fl;rï fyd¢ka ;dmh ikakhkh
lrkafka±hs tajd we,a,Sfuka lsj yelsh' ksoiqkla
f,i fodrl f,day w.=, we,a,Sfï§ iS;,la
±fkkafka th fyd¢ka ;dmh ikakhkh lrk
ksidh fodfrys ±j fldgi we,aÆ úg iS;,la
fkd±fkkafka th ÿ¾j, ;dm ikakdhlhla ùu
ksidh'
fN!;sl úoHdj
70 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l%shdldrlu 3
rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ c, mDIaG fmfoi r;a lrk
úg tu c, mDIaG m%foaYfha c,h r;a ù kgoa§;a"
;U lïì ±,a .=,sfhka jg lr we;s whsia lene,a,
Èh fkdù mj;S' ta wehs@ c,fha ikakdhl;dj b;d
wvq neúks' c,h l=ikakdhlhls'
ixjykh (Convection)
øj ;=< ;dmh ixl%duKh jkafka ixjykh u.sks'
c, n÷kla r;a lrk úg ;dmlfhka ;dmh ,nd
f.k r;a jk c, wKqj, >k;ajh wvqjk neúka
c,h ;=< by<g .uka lrhs' >k;ajfhka jeä isis,a
c, wKq my<g meñfKhs' tys m%;sM,h c,h ;=<
ixjyk Odrd ixjyk Odrd ixjyk Odrd ixjyk Odrd ixjyk Odrd (Convection Currents) we;s ùuhs'
îlr m;=f,a l=vd fldkaäia leg ;nd bá
iaj,amhlska th wdjrKh lrkak' bkamiq c,h
r;a lrkak' túg ixjyk Odrd we;sjk wdldrh
o¾Ykh l< yels h' ^4'10 rEmh&
Tn okakjd o@
.skss mE.Sï lrkafka 7000C ys
muK WIaK;ajhl mj;sk
wÕ=re u; h' wÕ=rej, ;dm
ikakdhl;dj b;d wvq h' ;j o
.sks md.k whf.a mdo wÕ=re
u; .efgkafka b;d iq¿
ld,hla muKs' tneúka .sks
mE.Sfï § ydkshla jk ;rï
;dmhla iug fkd,efí'
4'10 rEmh c,h r;a lrk úg c,h ;=< we;s jk ixjyk Odrd
4'9 rEmh .sks f.dvla wi< jd;fha
ixjyk Odrd we;s ùu
.sksf.dvla we;s ;ekla .ek is;kak' .sksf.dfvka
;dmh ,nd .kakd jdhq wKq r;a ù by<g .sh úg
tajdhska fjk;a wxY=j,g ;dmh fohs'
r;a jQ wxY= by<g .uka lr ;dmh ixl%duKh jk
l%uh ixjykh f,i ye¢ka fõ' ^4'9 rEmh&
;U lïì ±,a
.=,shlska jg l<
whsia lene,a,r;a lsÍu
WKqiqï c,h
by<gisis,a c,h
my<g
4'8 rEmh c,h ;dm l=ikakdhlhls'
bá wdjrKh
l< fldkaäia
legh
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 71
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ îlrhl ueo ldâfndaâ
lene,a,la ysr lr ;nkak' ldâfndaâ lene,af,ka
fjka jQ m%foaY fol A yd B hkqfjka kï lruq'
B fldgfia m;=f,a bámkaoula w,jd th o,ajkak'
bá mkaoï ±,af,ka ;dmh ,nd .kakd B fldgfia
jd;h r;a ù by< wefoa' túg iS;, jd; wxY= A
me;af;a isg ±,a, wi,g we§ ths' tys § r;a jk jd;
wxY= tu ia:dkfhka by<g we§ hhs' rEmfha ±lafjk
mßÈ ±,a jQ y÷ka l+rl ÿu .uka lrk wdldrfhka
jd; wxY=j, p,s; rgdj wdo¾Ykh l< yels h'
úlsrKh (Radiation)
ikakhkh iy ixjykh hk l%u foflka ;dmh ixl%duKh ùug hï udOHhla
mej;Su wjYH fõ' úlsrKh uÕska ;dmh ixl%duKh ùug udOH wxY=j, iyNd.s;ajhla
wjYH fkdfõ' ßla; m%foaY yryd jqj o úlsrKh u.ska ;dmh ixl%duKh úh yels h'
iQ¾hhdf.a isg fmdf<djg ;dmh <Õd jkafka o úlsrKh u.sks'
r;a jQ jia;=jla wi, isák úg wmg tys WKqiqu ±fkkafka úlsrKh u.ska wfma YÍrh
fj; ;dmh .,d tk neúks'
Wÿkla <Õ isák úg" tuÕska wmg ;dmh ,efnkafka úlsrKh uÕsks'
r;a ù we;s ´kE u jia;=jla ;dmh úlsrKh lrhs'
;dmh úlsrKh ùu hkq ;rx. wdldrfhka ;dmh .uka lsÍu hs' fï ;rx. wfOdarla;
;rx. (Infra red waves) fõ' my; ±lafjk l%shdldrlu lr n,uq'
4'11 rEmh jd;h ;=< ixjykh isÿ ùu
wdo¾Ykh lsÍu
A
B
l%shdldrlu 4
A,B yd C tl u m%udKfha áka n÷ka ;=kls'
tll (A) msg; mDIaGh l¿ lrkak' fojk
tflys (B) msg mDIaGfha iqÿ ;Ska; wdf,am
lrkak' ;=kajk tfla (C) mDIaGh Tm
È,sfik mDIaGhla lr .kak' áka n÷ka ;=fka
Wv me;af;a tl u m%udKfha isÿr ne.ska
lmd bj;a lrkak' lsr, wen ;=<ska
WIaK;ajudkh ne.ska we;=¿ lr tu wen
by; lS isÿrej,g .id ;nkak' fuu áka
n÷ka ;=k ysre t<sfha tl u ;ekl iudk
ld,hla ;nd Bg miq WIaK;ajudkj,
mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
A B C
4'12 rEmh
fN!;sl úoHdj
72 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
A n÷fka WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh wfkla folg jvd jeä nj olakg ,efnkq we;' B
<Õg B n÷fka WIaK;ajh jeä h' WIaK;ajudkfha mdGdxlh wvq u C ys h'
ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka l¿ mDIaG u.ska úlsrK ;dmh Wrd .kakd YS>%;dj wêl nj;a iqÿ
mdg mDIaG úlsrK ;dmh Wrd .kakd YS>%;dj Bg jvd wvq nj;a Tm mDIaG u.ska úlsrK
;dmh Wrd .kakd fõ.h fndfyda wvq nj;a h'
áka n÷ka ;=k ksfjkakg ;enQ úg blaukska u ksfjkafka l¿ n÷k nj;a B <Õg
ksfjkafka iqÿ n÷k nj;a wka;sug ksfjkafka È,sfik n÷k nj;a ±l .; yels h'
fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka l¿ mDIaGj,ska ;dmh úlsrKh jk YS>%;dj jeä u nj;a iqÿ
mDIaGj,ska ;dmh úlsrKh jk YS>%;dj Bg jvd wvq nj;a È,sfik mDIaGj,ska ;dmh
úlsrKh ùfï YS>%;dj Bg;a jvd wvq nj;a h'
is;kak
jvd blaukska ksfjkafka l¿ yd r¿ mDIaGhla iys; n÷kl ;sfnk wdydr o"
ke;fyd;a È,sfik iqug mDIaGhla iys; n÷kl we;s wdydr o@
l WKq j;=r fnda;,fha l%shdj
WKq j;=r fnda;,fha we;s rn¾
wdOdrl yd mßjdrl wenh ksid"
ikakhkh iy ixjykh uÕska tys
we;s WKq øjfhka ;dmh bj;a ù
hdu wvq ù we;'
oaú ia:r ùÿre ì;a;s w;r wjldYfha
jd;h bj;a lr ßla;hla lr ;sîu
ksid ikakhkh yd ixjykh u.ska
;dmh bj;a ùu j<lajd we;'
kuq;a ßla;h yryd ;dmh úlsrKh
u.ska bj;a j hd yels h' fuh wju
lsÍug rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ oaú ia;r
ì;a;sfha we;=,a mDIaGj, ߧ wdf,am
lr we;' fuf,iska WKq j;=r
fnda;,hla ;+< oud we;s WKq oE
WKqfjka o isis,a oE isis,a f,i o
fndfyda fõ,djla mj;S'
l f,day ;yvqj, ls%hdj
f,day ;yvq fiú,s l< jy,hla r;a j we;s úg tu ksji ;=< fndfyda WKqiqï h' Bg
fya;=j r;a jQ f,day ;yvq ;=<ska ;dmh úlsrKh ùuhs'
4'13 rEmh WKq j;=r fnda;,h
mßjdrl wenh
øjh
ßla;h
ߧ wdf,ams; mDIaG
rn¾ fyda ma,diaála
wdOdrlh
;dm ixl%duKfha fh§ï
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 73
4 tallh ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u
wNHdi
idrdxYh
² jia;=jlg ;dmh ,efnk úg tys WIaK;ajh by< hhs'² jia;=jlska ;dmh bj;a jk úg tys WIaK;ajh my< nishs'² WIaK;ajudk mßudK fufia h'
fi,aishia mßudKh" *erkayhsÜ mßudKh' wka;¾ cd;sl mßudKh ̂fl,aúkamßudKh&
² ta wkqj WIaK;aj tallh 0C, 0F iy K fõ'² jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj hkq tu jia;=fõ WIaK;ajh 1 K lska kexùug wjYH
;dm m%udKhhs'² úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj hkq hï øjH j¾.hl 1 kg l WIaK;ajh 1 K lska
kexùug jqjukd ;dmhhs'
² ;dm m%udKh" Q } mcθ
² ;dmh ixl%duKh jk l%u ikakhkh" ixjykh yd úlsrKh fõ'
l YS;lrKhl ls%hdj
YS;lrKhla ;=< ;nk øjHj,ska ;dmh bj;a j tajdisis,a jk nj wms oksuq' tu øjHj,ska ;dmh bj;ajkafka YS; ldrl øj u.ska ;dmh Wrd .ekSu ksidh' tu øj .,d hkafka" k< moaO;shla Èf.a h' fïk< YS;lrKfha miq mi mDIaGfhys olskakg ,efí'
fï k<j, ndysr mDIaGh l¿ meye;s h' tu l¿meyeh ksid ;dmh iS.% f,i úlsrKh fõ'
l úlsrlh
r:jdykj, úlsrlj, (Radiators) mDIaG o l¿meye;s h' ;dmh fõ.fhka úlsrKh ùu i|yd tajdtfia ilia lr we;'
l r;alsÍu i|yd uq¿;ekaf.hs Ndú; lrk WmlrKj, w;ska iam¾Ylrk fldgia
;dm mßjdrl øjHj,ska idÞ we;'
l uqyqÿ fjr< wdYs%; j f.dv iq<x yd uqyqÿ iq<x we;sùug fya;=j jkafka ixjyk jdhq
Odrd we;sùuhs'
l mDÓú lfnd,g we;=<;ska jQ uekag,fha úh,kh jQ mdIdK ;=< yg.kakd ixjyk
Odrd fya;=fjka N+ ia:r p,kh ùu yd N+ñ lïmd we;s fõ'
úYsIag ;dm Odß;d w.hka (
c,h 4200 JKg− 1 K− 1 " ùÿre 700 J Kg− 1 K− 1" fmd,af;,a 2200 J Kg− 1 K− 1
1' i. úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj hkq l=ula ±hs y÷kajkak'
ii. a) jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj 8000 J 0 K− 1 fõ' fuhska woyia lrkafka l=ula o@
b) fï jia;=fõ WIaK;ajh 30 0C isg 50 0C f;la kexùug jqjukd ;dm
m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'
4'14 rEmh YS;lrKh
úlsrlh
Tfí ±kqu i|yd
fN!;sl úoHdj
74 fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
iii. WIaK;ajh uekSfï wka;¾ cd;sl tallh l=ula o@
iv. wka;¾ cd;sl tallh iy fi,aishia wxYl w;r iïnkaO;dj olajkak'
v. my; ±lafjk fi,aishia wxYl *erkayhsÜ wxYlj,g yrjkak'
a) 37 0C b) 30 0C c) 100 0C d) -10 0C
vi. fuu *erkayhsÜ wxYl fi,aishia wxYlj,g yrjkak'
a) 113 0F b) 131 0F c) 77 0F d) 140 0F
2' i. 7.5 kg ialkaOhla we;s ;U Ndckhl WIaK;ajh 300C isg 800C f;la by<
kexùug wjYH ;dm m%udKh fidhkak'
ii. 100 0C c,h 0'5 kg la 30 0C olajd ksfjk úg ljr ;dm m%udKhla bj;a
jkafka o@
iii. 0 0C c,h 0'75 kg la 100 0C njg m;a ùug wjYH ;dm m%udKh flf;la o@
iv. 1.5 kg ialkaOhla iys; ;U Ndckhla ;=< 30 0C c,h 0.75 kg we;' fuu
c,h kgk f;la r;a lsÍug wjYH ;dm m%udKh flf;la o@
v. 0.5 kg ialkaOhla we;s ùÿre Ndckhl 30 0C c,h 1.5 kg la we;' fï c,h
kgk f;la r;a lsÍug wjYH ;dm m%udKh fidhkak'
vi. ialkaOh 0.5 kg jk ms;a;, Ndckhl 30 0C fmd,af;,a 0.8 kg la we;' fï
fmd,a f;,a 50 0C olajd r;a lsÍug wjYH ;dm m%udKh fidhkak'
vii. 0 0C c,h 2 kg lg 100 0C c,h 2 kg la ±uQ úg ;dm ydkshla ke;ehs i,ld
ñY%Kfha WIaK;ajh fidhkak' Ndckfha ;dm Odß;dj fkdi,ld yßkak'
3' i. hlv iy ;U w;ßka ;dm ikakdhl;dj jeä øjHh fidhd ne,Sug ir,
mÍlaIKhla ,shkak'
ii. ߧ" ;U" we¨ñkshï" r;arka wd§ f,day ukd ;dm ikakdhl jkafka h' Bg
fya;=j myokak'
iii. c,h l=ikakdhla nj fmkajd §ug Tn ie,iqï lrk mÍlaIKhl mshjr
,shkak'
iv. jd;h ;=< ixjyk Odrd we;s ùu fmkajd §ug Tn lrk ir, mÍlaIKhla
,shkak'
v. fudag¾ r:j, úlsrl iy YS;lrKj, úlsrl l¿ meye;s h' Bg fya;=j
myokak'
vi. ;¾fudaia *a,dial=jla fyj;a WKq j;=r fnda;,hlska ;dmh ydks ùu j<lajd
we;af;a ljr l%uj,ska o@