Spanish PeriodSpanish PeriodI. PoliticalI. Political““Hunger to govern themselves”Hunger to govern themselves”II. Socio CulturalII. Socio Cultural““Racial Discrimination ( savage, indios, Racial Discrimination ( savage, indios, chonggos etc. )”chonggos etc. )”Outlook in life (fatalistic)Outlook in life (fatalistic)III. Educational Level 95% illiterateIII. Educational Level 95% illiterateIV. EconomicIV. EconomicGalleon Trade introduce Galleon Trade introduce Cash Crops Cash Crops (abaca, (abaca,

tobacco, sugar cane, palay)tobacco, sugar cane, palay)

Effects of Cash Crop Effects of Cash Crop EconomyEconomy

1.1. Encourage land grabbing.Encourage land grabbing.2.2. Decline of communal lands.Decline of communal lands.3.3. Loss of income of native inhabitants.Loss of income of native inhabitants.

““All economic policies implemented by the All economic policies implemented by the Spaniards were exploitative”Spaniards were exploitative”

V. Religion V. Religion The friars hold the educational system asThe friars hold the educational system as well as the Board of Censors (lives of thewell as the Board of Censors (lives of the saints, the passion of Christ, prayer books,saints, the passion of Christ, prayer books, novenas, moro-moro and corridos)novenas, moro-moro and corridos)

““The Filipinos became a people intellectually The Filipinos became a people intellectually bankrupt, educationally backward and bankrupt, educationally backward and economically stagnant”economically stagnant”

Motives of the United Motives of the United States for Annexing the States for Annexing the PhilippinesPhilippines

1.1. To pursue the a “Manifest Destiny” for To pursue the a “Manifest Destiny” for America as a world power;America as a world power;

2.2. To use the Philippines as a source of raw To use the Philippines as a source of raw materials for US manufactured productsmaterials for US manufactured products

3.3. To use the Philippines as a military and naval To use the Philippines as a military and naval basebase

4.4. To have a refueling port for American ships To have a refueling port for American ships servicing their interest in Chinaservicing their interest in China

Political Policies Instituted Political Policies Instituted by the USA in the by the USA in the PhilippinesPhilippines

1.1. Pacification Period (1898-1913)Pacification Period (1898-1913)A. Sedition Law (1901)A. Sedition Law (1901)Declared that during the duration of the warDeclared that during the duration of the war it was treasonable for any Filipino to it was treasonable for any Filipino to advocate independence.advocate independence.B. Brigandage Act (1902)B. Brigandage Act (1902)Which made the membership in an armed band, Which made the membership in an armed band, even if proved only bty circumstantial evidence,even if proved only bty circumstantial evidence, punishable by death or long imprisonment.punishable by death or long imprisonment.

C. Reconcentration Act (1903)C. Reconcentration Act (1903)Empowered the governor general to Empowered the governor general to authorize the provincial governor to authorize the provincial governor to ““reconcentrate” the residents of town reconcentrate” the residents of town ””infested with ladrones (robbers) and infested with ladrones (robbers) and outlaws” in the larger barrios within the outlaws” in the larger barrios within the municipality.municipality.D. Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act)D. Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act)United States Congress enacted a lawUnited States Congress enacted a law creating a bicameral legislation in the creating a bicameral legislation in the Philippines.Philippines.

2. Filipinization Period (1913-1935)2. Filipinization Period (1913-1935)The appointment of Francis Burton Harrison The appointment of Francis Burton Harrison paved the way for the rapid Filipinization of the paved the way for the rapid Filipinization of the civil service. The Filipinos gained greatercivil service. The Filipinos gained greater autonomy and authority in practically all autonomy and authority in practically all branches of the government. branches of the government. A. Jones Law (1916)A. Jones Law (1916)The first American formal and official commitmentThe first American formal and official commitment to grant independence to the Philippines as soon to grant independence to the Philippines as soon as a stable government can be established. as a stable government can be established.

B. Tydings – Mc Duffie LawB. Tydings – Mc Duffie LawProvided a ten-year transition period, at the Provided a ten-year transition period, at the end of which the United States would grant end of which the United States would grant and recognize the independence of the and recognize the independence of the Philippines.Philippines. 33. Commonwealth Period (1935-1941). Commonwealth Period (1935-1941)The 1935 Constitution was enacted with The 1935 Constitution was enacted with the approval of President Roosevelt. the approval of President Roosevelt.

Economic Policies Instituted Economic Policies Instituted by the USA in the by the USA in the PhilippinesPhilippines

1. Trade1. TradeA.A. Tariff Act Tariff Act (1901) Reduced the rate on some classes (1901) Reduced the rate on some classes of goods coming from the United States.of goods coming from the United States.(1902) Allowed the Philippine goods to (1902) Allowed the Philippine goods to enter the United States with a 25% enter the United States with a 25% reduction and eliminated the tariff on reduction and eliminated the tariff on American exports to the PhilippinesAmerican exports to the Philippines

B. Payne- Aldrich Act ( 1909)B. Payne- Aldrich Act ( 1909)American goods of all kinds and in unlimited American goods of all kinds and in unlimited quantities could enter the Philippines free of duty.quantities could enter the Philippines free of duty.Philippine exports ,however, were allowed to Philippine exports ,however, were allowed to enter the United States under specific quota.enter the United States under specific quota.C. Underwood-Simmons Act (1913)C. Underwood-Simmons Act (1913)Abolished the quota limitations on Philippine Abolished the quota limitations on Philippine exports to the United States exports to the United States

Effects of Free TradeEffects of Free Trade1.1. Flooding of American products in the Philippine Flooding of American products in the Philippine

MarketsMarkets2.2. Destroyed the undeveloped Philippine industriesDestroyed the undeveloped Philippine industries3.3. Developed Philippine economic dependence on Developed Philippine economic dependence on

agricultural products.agricultural products.4.4. Prevent the industrialization of the Philippines.Prevent the industrialization of the Philippines.

““The Filipinos lost their creativity and self-reliance.”The Filipinos lost their creativity and self-reliance.”

2. Friar Lands2. Friar LandsReligious corporations sold to the Religious corporations sold to the government 166,000 hectares of their government 166,000 hectares of their landholdings for seven million dollars.landholdings for seven million dollars.3. Mining Act (1935)3. Mining Act (1935)

Filipino Reaction to Filipino Reaction to American RuleAmerican Rule

1.1. Pacification Period (1898-1913)Pacification Period (1898-1913)A.A. Elite CollaborationElite CollaborationB.B. Theaters and Newspapers were used to Theaters and Newspapers were used to

criticize the Americans ex. El Nuevo criticize the Americans ex. El Nuevo Dia, El RenacimientoDia, El Renacimiento

C.C. Guerrilla Movements/Armed Guerrilla Movements/Armed Struggle for common Struggle for common taotaoEx. Macario Sakay, Simeon Ola Ex. Macario Sakay, Simeon Ola

2. Filipinization Period (1913-1935)2. Filipinization Period (1913-1935)A.A. Independence missions were sent to the Independence missions were sent to the

United States headed by manuel L. United States headed by manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmena asking for Quezon and Sergio Osmena asking for “Immediate and absolute“Immediate and absolute Independence”Independence”

B.B. Communist Party of the Philippines was Communist Party of the Philippines was founded in 1930 by dissatisfied Filipino founded in 1930 by dissatisfied Filipino workers. Sakdalista spearheaded by workers. Sakdalista spearheaded by Benigno Ramos was also established.Benigno Ramos was also established.

3.3. Commonwealth Period (1935-Commonwealth Period (1935-1941)1941)

Radical movements flourished. SocialRadical movements flourished. Socialinjustices were the battle cry of the injustices were the battle cry of the massesmasses