divestive system

7/25/2019 Divestive system

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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System


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Functions of the DigestiveFunctions of the Digestive

SystemSystem Ingest foodIn

gest food

Break down food into nutrient moleculesBreak down food into nutrient molecules

Absorb molecules into the bloodstreamAbsorb molecules into the bloodstream

Rid the body of indigestible remainsRid the bod

y of indigestible remains


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Main Divisions of the DigestiveMain Divisions of the Digestive

SystemSystem Alimentary analAlimenta

ry anal ontinuous! muscular digestive tube windingontinuous! muscular digestive tube winding

throughout the bodythroughout the body Digests and absorbs food "articlesDigests and absorbs food "articles ontains the following organs#ontains the following organs#

Mouth! $haryn%! &so"hagus! Stomach! Small and 'argeMouth! $haryn%! &so"hagus! Stomach! Small and 'argeIntestinesIntestines

Accessory Digestive (rgansAc

cessory Digestive (rgans ontains the following organs#ontains the following organs#

Teeth! Tongue! )allbladder! Salivary )lands! 'iver! andTeeth! Tongue! )allbladder! Salivary )lands! 'iver! and$ancreas$ancreas


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Digestive System DivisionsDigestive System Divisions


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Digestive $rocessesDigestive $rocesses

IngestionIngestion

$ro"ulsion$ro"ulsion

MechanicalMechanicaldigestiondigestion

hemical digestionhemical digestion

Absor"tionAbsor"tion DefecationDefecation


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irculation of the Alimentaryirculation of the Alimentary

anal*)I Tractanal*)I Tract S"lanchnic irculationS"lanchnic irculation

Includes all arteries branching o+ theIncludes all arteries branching o+ the

abdominal aorta and the he"atic "ortalabdominal aorta and the he"atic "ortalcirculationcirculation

Arterial su""ly#Arterial su""ly# eliac Trunk ,he"atic! s"lenic! and left gastric-eliac Trunk ,he"atic! s"lenic! and left gastric-

Mesenteric Arteries# su". and inf.Mesenteric Arteries# su". and inf. Receives / of the blood volume ,(-0Receives / of the blood volume ,(-0

increases after a mealincreases after a meal


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1istology of the Alimentary1istology of the Alimentary

anal*)I Tractanal*)I Tract From eso"hagus to anus! the walls of theFrom eso"hagus to anus! the walls of the

alimentary canal have the same 2 layers#alimentary canal have the same 2 layers# MucosaMucosa ,secretes hormones and mucus! absorbs,secretes hormones and mucus! absorbs

end "roducts of digestion! and "rotects againstend "roducts of digestion! and "rotects againstinfectioninfection

SubmucosaSubmucosa ,contains lym"hoid follicles and,contains lym"hoid follicles andelastic tissue-elastic tissue-

Muscularis externaMuscularis externa ,segmentation and,segmentation and

"eristalsis! contains inner circular layer and outer"eristalsis! contains inner circular layer and outerlongitudinal layer! area where valves are found-longitudinal layer! area where valves are found- SerosaSerosa ,same as visceral "eritoneum! made of,same as visceral "eritoneum! made of

areolar connective tissue-areolar connective tissue-


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1istology of the )I Tract1istology of the )I Tract


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Peritoneum$eritoneum is the serous membrane lining theabdomino"elvic cavity

Visceral peritoneumcovers the e%ternal surfacesof most digestive organs and is continuous with theparietal peritoneum that lines the body wall

Between the two "eritoneums is the "eritonealcavityMesenteryis a double layer "eritoneum0 "rovidesroutes for B3! lym"hatics! nerves

Alimentary canal organs are classi4ed asRetro"eritoneal 5 no mesentery and organs lies"osterior to the "eritoneum ,SAD$67&R-

Intra"eritoneal 5 mesentery and organs lies


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Features and Functions of theFeatures and Functions of the

MouthMouth Buccal*oral cavityBuccal*oral cavity ontains strati4ed s8uamous e"itheliumontains strati4ed s8uamous e"ithelium

Vestibule:Vestibule: area bounded by li"s andarea bounded by li"s andcheeks e%ternally and teeth and gumscheeks e%ternally and teeth and gumsinternallyinternally

Lips:Lips: "osses no sweat or oil glands"osses no sweat or oil glands

Palate:Palate: forms roof of the mouth! softforms roof of the mouth! softand hard "alate! uvulaand hard "alate! uvula


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Anatomy of the MouthAnatomy of the Mouth


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TongueTongue 1el"s grind food into a1el"s grind food into a bolusbolus whichwhich

contains "artially digested food andcontains "artially digested food and

salivasaliva 1el"s form words and is a sensory organ1el"s form words and is a sensory organ

for tastefor tasteThree surface features#Three surface features#

Filiform "a"illae ,roughness and gri"-Filiform "a"illae ,roughness and gri"- Fungiform "a"illae ,contains taste buds-Fungiform "a"illae ,contains taste buds- ircumvallate "a"illae ,contains taste buds-ircumvallate "a"illae ,contains taste buds-


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Anatomy of the TongueAnatomy of the Tongue


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Salivary )landsSalivary )lands Main functions#Main functions#

$roduces and secretes saliva$roduces and secretes saliva

leanses the mouthleanses the mouth Dissolves food chemicals so they can beDissolves food chemicals so they can be

tastedtasted

Moistens food! com"acting it into a bolusMoistens food! com"acting it into a bolus Begins the chemical breakdown of foodBegins the chemical breakdown of food

Salivary amylase# starchSalivary amylase# starch


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Ty"es of Salivary )landsTy"es of Salivary )lands

Submandibular )landsSubmandibular )lands Found underneath the mandibleFound underneath the mandible

Sublingual )landsSublingual )lands Found underneath the tongueFound underneath the tongue

$arotid )lands$arotid )lands Found anterior to the ear between masseterFound anterior to the ear between masseter

and skinand skin

Saliva travels to oral ori4ce via ducts fromSaliva travels to oral ori4ce via ducts from

all three glandsall three glands


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Anatomy of the SalivaryAnatomy of the Salivary

)lands)lands


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om"osition of Saliva# 9:599.;"1 =.:;5:.>

Sodium! "otassium! chloride!Sodium! "otassium! chloride!

"hos"hate! and bicarbonate"hos"hate! and bicarbonate MucinMucin

Salivary amylaseSalivary amylase


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TeethTeeth Break food into smaller "arts!Break food into smaller "arts!

increasing surface area for digestionincreasing surface area for digestion

Ty"es of TeethTy"es of Teeth Deciduous Teeth ,?baby@ teeth-Deciduous Teeth ,?baby@ teeth- $ermanent Teeth$ermanent Teeth

Incisors5 cutting and shreddingIncisors5 cutting and shredding anines5 "iercing and tearinganines5 "iercing and tearing Molars5 grindingMolars5 grinding $remolars5 grinding and crushing$remolars5 grinding and crushing


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Tooth StructureTooth Structure

CrownCrown# e%"osed# e%"osed

"ortion of tooth"ortion of tooth

covered by enamelcovered by enamel

which covers dentinwhich covers dentin RootRoot# internal "ortion# internal "ortion

that is beneath thethat is beneath the

gums ,gingiva- and isgums ,gingiva- and is

anchored byanchored by"eriodontal ligaments"eriodontal ligaments


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Deglutition and the $haryn%Deglutition and the $haryn%

Deglutition swallowingDeglutition swallowing (ro"haryn% and 'aryngo"haryn% are common(ro"haryn% and 'aryngo"haryn% are common

"assageways for food and air"assageways for food and air $haryn% contains strati4ed s8uamous e"ithelium$haryn% contains strati4ed s8uamous e"ithelium

,friction5resistant-,friction5resistant-


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&so"hagus&so"hagus Muscular tube that "ro"els food to stomach0Muscular tube that "ro"els food to stomach0

bolus enters stomach throughbolus enters stomach through esophagealesophagealhiatushiatus

Skeletal muscle ,u""er third for swallowing-Skeletal muscle ,u""er third for swallowing-and smooth muscle ,lower third- for "eristalsisand smooth muscle ,lower third- for "eristalsis

&so"hageal glands "roduce mucus to&so"hageal glands "roduce mucus tolubricate boluslubricate bolus

&so"hageal s"hincter "revents backCow into&so"hageal s"hincter "revents backCow intooral cavityoral cavity ardiac s"hincter5 "revents backCow intoardiac s"hincter5 "revents backCow into

eso"haguseso"hagus


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Anatomy of the &so"hagusAnatomy of the &so"hagus


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Microsco"ic Anatomy of theMicrosco"ic Anatomy of the

&so"hagus&so"hagus


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Digestive $rocesses in theDigestive $rocesses in the

Mouth! $haryn%! andMouth! $haryn%! and

&so"hagus&so"hagus Mouth "rocesses#Mouth "rocesses#

IngestionIngestion Mechanical digestion ,e.g. salivary amylase-Mechanical digestion ,e.g. salivary amylase- Initiation of $ro"ulsionInitiation of $ro"ulsion Mastication# chewingMastication# chewing

$haryngeal "rocesses#$haryngeal "rocesses# Deglutition swallowingDeglutition swallowing

3oluntary Buccal "hase3oluntary Buccal "hase Involuntary $haryngeal5&so"hageal $haseInvoluntary $haryngeal5&so"hageal $hase

&so"hageal "rocesses#&so"hageal "rocesses# $eristalsis ,rhythmic contractions! involuntary-$eristalsis ,rhythmic contractions! involuntary-


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Deglutition and the $haryn%Deglutition and the $haryn%


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$eristalsis$eristalsis


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StomachStomach Tem"orary storage area for food and allows it toTem"orary storage area for food and allows it to

mi% with gastric uice to "roducemi% with gastric uice to "roduce chymechyme Regions# cardiac! fundus! body! and "yloricRegions# cardiac! fundus! body! and "yloric Greater and Lesser CurvaturesGreater and Lesser Curvatures# connected# connected

to greater and lesser omentumsto greater and lesser omentums Rugae foldsRugae folds# longitudinal folds in stomach wall# longitudinal folds in stomach wall

5 mucous b*w folds5 mucous b*w folds Muscle layers arranged circularly! longitudinally!Muscle layers arranged circularly! longitudinally!

AED obli8uely ,aids in digestion-AED obli8uely ,aids in digestion-


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Anatomy of the StomachAnatomy of the Stomach


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StomachStomach Sim"le columnar e"ithelium containsSim"le columnar e"ithelium contains gastricgastric

pitspits that secretethat secrete gastric juicesgastric juices Goblet cellsGoblet cells secrete mucus that coats stomach secrete mucus that coats stomach

and "revents it from being digested itselfand "revents it from being digested itself Parietal cellsParietal cells secrete secrete hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acid

,converts "e"sinogen into "e"sin- and,converts "e"sinogen into "e"sin- and intrinsicintrinsicfactorfactor ,necessary for absor"tion of vitamin B,necessary for absor"tion of vitamin BG-G-

Chief cellsChief cells secrete "e"sinogen which is secrete "e"sinogen which is

converted to "e"sin to aid in "rotein digestionconverted to "e"sin to aid in "rotein digestion Enteroendocrine cellsEnteroendocrine cells release hormones such release hormones such

as#as# 1istamine! Serotonin! )astrin! &ndor"hins! and1istamine! Serotonin! )astrin! &ndor"hins! and

SomatostatinSomatostatin


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1istamine1istamine

5 activates "arietal cells to release 1l5 activates "arietal cells to release 1l

SerotoninSerotonin5 contraction of stomach muscle5 contraction of stomach muscle

)astrin)astrin

5 gastric glands to increase secretion5 gastric glands to increase secretion &ndor"hins&ndor"hins

5 natural o"iates5 natural o"iates SomatostatinSomatostatin

5 sym"athetic n.s.5 sym"athetic n.s.5 inhibits gastric secretion5 inhibits gastric secretion

5 inhibits gastric em"tying5 inhibits gastric em"tying


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Digestive SystemDigestive System


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Digestive $rocesses in theDigestive $rocesses in the

StomachStomach )astric Secretion)astric Secretion

e"halic $hasee"halic $hase Stimulated by the thought! sight! taste! or aromaStimulated by the thought! sight! taste! or aroma

or foodor food In"uts from olfactory rece"tors and taste budsIn"uts from olfactory rece"tors and taste buds

travel to "arasym"athetic enteric ganglia whichtravel to "arasym"athetic enteric ganglia whichthen stimulate stomach glandsthen stimulate stomach glands

)astric $hase)astric $hase Stomach distension activates stretch rece"torsStomach distension activates stretch rece"tors Food chemicals ,e.g. "e"tides! rising "1- activateFood chemicals ,e.g. "e"tides! rising "1- activate

chemorece"tors which activate ) cells whichchemorece"tors which activate ) cells whichsecrete gastrinsecrete gastrin Intestinal $haseIntestinal $hase

$resence of low "1 and "artially digested foods in$resence of low "1 and "artially digested foods induodenum stimulates intestinal gastrin secretionduodenum stimulates intestinal gastrin secretion


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StomachStomach


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)astric Motility and)astric Motility and

&m"tying&m"tying

$eristaltic waves a""roach stomach and become$eristaltic waves a""roach stomach and becomestronger near "yloric regionstronger near "yloric region

$yloric s"hincter allows H m' of chyme to "ass$yloric s"hincter allows H m' of chyme to "assto duodenum and the rest to return to stomachto duodenum and the rest to return to stomachfor further mi%ingfor further mi%ing


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Small IntestineSmall Intestine Receives chyme from stomach0 "erformsReceives chyme from stomach0 "erforms

maority of digestion and absor"tion ofmaority of digestion and absor"tion ofnutrientsnutrients

Regions#Regions# DuodenumDuodenum,u""er region receiving chyme from,u""er region receiving chyme from

stomach and digestive enJymes from "ancreasstomach and digestive enJymes from "ancreasand bile from liver and gallbladder-and bile from liver and gallbladder-

Jejunum/IleumJejunum/Ileum,lower regions where absor"tion,lower regions where absor"tionoccurs-occurs-

Plicae circularesPlicae circulares,"ermanent folds in mucosa,"ermanent folds in mucosaand submucosa that slow movement of chyme-and submucosa that slow movement of chyme-


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Anatomy of the SmallAnatomy of the Small

IntestineIntestine


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Microsco"ic Anatomy of SmallMicrosco"ic Anatomy of Small

IntestineIntestine

VilliVilli# 4ngerlike "roections that increase# 4ngerlike "roections that increasethe surface area of the SIthe surface area of the SI

MicrovilliMicrovilli# tiny "roections on the "lasma# tiny "roections on the "lasmamembranes of columnar cells that a""earmembranes of columnar cells that a""earfuJJy ,i.e. brush border cells-fuJJy ,i.e. brush border cells-

Crypts of LieberkuhnCrypts of Lieberkuhn# secrete intestinal# secrete intestinaluice and s"ecial lysoJymes that "rotectuice and s"ecial lysoJymes that "rotect

against bacteriaagainst bacteria Peyers PatchesPeyers Patches# aggregated lym"hoid# aggregated lym"hoid

tissues containing lym"hocytestissues containing lym"hocytes


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Small IntestineSmall Intestine


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Secretions of the SmallSecretions of the Small

IntestineIntestine SecretinSecretin# released by enteroendocrine cells# released by enteroendocrine cells

when acidic chyme enters SI0 causes release ofwhen acidic chyme enters SI0 causes release ofbicarbonate5rich "ancreatic uicesbicarbonate5rich "ancreatic uices

SomatostatinSomatostatin# slows gastric motility and# slows gastric motility andem"tying and inhibits "roduction of gastricem"tying and inhibits "roduction of gastricsecretionssecretions

Cholecystokinin (CCK)Cholecystokinin (CCK)# released when fatty!# released when fatty!"rotein5rich chyme enters SI0 causes release of"rotein5rich chyme enters SI0 causes release ofenJyme5rich "ancreatic uices and bileenJyme5rich "ancreatic uices and bile

Brush border enzymesBrush border enzymes# "rocess long "e"tides!# "rocess long "e"tides!nucleic acids! and sugars into smaller onesnucleic acids! and sugars into smaller ones

After Digestion#After Digestion#


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After Digestion#After Digestion#

Absor"tionAbsor"tion

$rotein Fats


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Functions of the 'iverFunctions of the 'iver

'argest internal organ'argest internal organ Functions#Functions#

Filters and "rocesses nutrient5rich bloodFilters and "rocesses nutrient5rich bloodof carbohydrates! "roteins! and li"idsof carbohydrates! "roteins! and li"idsfrom intestinefrom intestine

$roduction and regulation of cholesterol$roduction and regulation of cholesterol $roduction of$roduction of bilebile which emulsi4es fatswhich emulsi4es fats Removes drugs and hormones fromRemoves drugs and hormones from

circulationcirculation

Storage of vitamins and mineralsStorage of vitamins and minerals


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Anatomy of the 'iverAnatomy of the 'iver

Right and Left LobesRight and Left Lobes# se"arated by# se"arated by

falciform ligamentfalciform ligament

Caudate and !uadrate LobesCaudate and !uadrate Lobes# found on# found on"osterior side"osterior side

Blood vessels#Blood vessels# "epatic artery#vein and hepatic portal vein"epatic artery#vein and hepatic portal vein

GallbladderGallbladder# found underneath left lobe!# found underneath left lobe!

stores bilestores bile


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)ross Anatomy of the 'iver)ross Anatomy of the 'iver


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'iver'iver

Liver LobulesLiver Lobules# structural unit of liver# structural unit of liver "epatocytes"epatocytes# liver cells contained within the lobules# liver cells contained within the lobules "epatic portal vein $ "epatic %rtery"epatic portal vein $ "epatic %rtery# the# the

circulation of the liver! they bring blood into the livercirculation of the liver! they bring blood into the liverwhere it is 4ltered through thewhere it is 4ltered through the liver sinusoidalliver sinusoidalcapillariescapillaries

&up'er cells&up'er cells# remove debris# remove debris Filtered blood drains into the central vein! then to theFiltered blood drains into the central vein! then to the

he"atic vein! and eventually to the inferior vena cavahe"atic vein! and eventually to the inferior vena cava (ile(ile,"roduced by he"atocytes- drains into the,"roduced by he"atocytes- drains into the bilebile

ductductafter "assing throughafter "assing through portal triadportal triad Bile then shi""ed to gallbladder for storageBile then shi""ed to gallbladder for storage


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'iver'iver


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'iver'iver


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Blood su""lyBlood su""ly

5 receives fresh (G blood from5 receives fresh (G blood from

hepatic arteryhepatic artery ,o+ of aorta-,o+ of aorta- 5 receives deo%ygenated blood with5 receives deo%ygenated blood with

nutrients ,from small intestine-nutrients ,from small intestine-

55 hepatic portal veinhepatic portal vein)) From liver5From liver5 hepatic vein)hepatic vein)inferiorinferiorvena cavavena cava

1e"atic "ortal vein! he"atic artery and1e"atic "ortal vein! he"atic artery andbile ducts make u" thebile ducts make u" the portal triad*portal triad*


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Function and Regulation ofFunction and Regulation of

BileBile Bile ducts are "resent at every "ortal triadBile ducts are "resent at every "ortal triad Bile Cows downBile Cows down bile canaliculibile canaliculi ,tiny canals-,tiny canals-

between adacent he"atocytes towards bilebetween adacent he"atocytes towards bileduct branches at every "ortal triadduct branches at every "ortal triad

Bile enters the bile ducts which drain intoBile enters the bile ducts which drain intothethe common hepatic ductcommon hepatic duct

BileBile emulsiesemulsies fats! se"arating them intofats! se"arating them intosmaller "artssmaller "arts

BilirubinBilirubin# the chief bile "igment! a waste# the chief bile "igment! a waste"roduct of the heme of hemoglobin formed"roduct of the heme of hemoglobin formedduring the breakdown of worn5outduring the breakdown of worn5outerythrocyteserythrocytes


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Regulation of BileRegulation of Bile

$roduction$roduction Bile e%itsBile e%its cystic ductcystic duct

u"on stimulationu"on stimulation

7 released when7 released when

acidic! fatty chymeacidic! fatty chymeenters intestinesenters intestines

auses#auses# )allbladder ontraction)allbladder ontraction

$ancreatic Kuice Secretion$ancreatic Kuice Secretion Rela%ation ofRela%ation of

he"ato"ancreatiche"ato"ancreatic

s"hincters"hincter


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$ancreas$ancreas

$ancreatic Kuice secreted by$ancreatic Kuice secreted by acinaracinar cellscells Islets of angerhansIslets of angerhans releaserelease insulininsulin andand

glucagonglucagon ,im"ortant in glucose metabolism-,im"ortant in glucose metabolism- $ancreatic Kuice contains#$ancreatic Kuice contains#

Sodium Bicarbonate ,bu+ers 1l in stomach-Sodium Bicarbonate ,bu+ers 1l in stomach- $roteases ,break down "oly"e"tides-$roteases ,break down "oly"e"tides- $ancreatic amylase ,digests oligosaccarides and$ancreatic amylase ,digests oligosaccarides and

disaccharides into monosaccharides-disaccharides into monosaccharides- $ancreatic li"ases ,break down li"ids into fatty$ancreatic li"ases ,break down li"ids into fattyacids and glycerol-acids and glycerol-

$ancreatic nucleases ,break down nucleic acids-$ancreatic nucleases ,break down nucleic acids-


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Anatomy of the $ancreasAnatomy of the $ancreas


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Regulation of $ancreaticRegulation of $ancreatic

SecretionSecretion


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'arge Intestine'arge Intestine

Functions#Functions# Reabsor"tion of remaining water andReabsor"tion of remaining water and

electrolyteselectrolytes $roduction and absor"tion of 3itamins B$roduction and absor"tion of 3itamins B

and 7and 7

&limination of feces&limination of feces

Diameter is only : cm but is largerDiameter is only : cm but is larger

than that of the small intestinethan that of the small intestine


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)ross Anatomy of the 'arge)ross Anatomy of the 'arge

IntestineIntestine

+eniae Coli+eniae Coli# bands of smooth muscle that create# bands of smooth muscle that create"ocket5like sacs ,"ocket5like sacs ,haustra,haustra,

CecumCecum# sac5like connection between the small# sac5like connection between the small

and large intestinesand large intestines %ppendi-%ppendi-# small structure containing lym"hoid# small structure containing lym"hoidtissue0 small immune functiontissue0 small immune function

%scending. /escending. +ransverse. and%scending. /escending. +ransverse. and0igmoid Colon0igmoid Colon

0plenic and hepatic 1e-ure0plenic and hepatic 1e-ure RectumRectum# storage area# storage area %nus%nus# regulates defecation with two s"hincter# regulates defecation with two s"hincter

muscles0 internal and e%ternalmuscles0 internal and e%ternal


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Anatomy of the olonAnatomy of the olon


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Sim"le columnar e"ithelium for absor"tionSim"le columnar e"ithelium for absor"tion

e%ce"t in the anal canal where there ise%ce"t in the anal canal where there is

strati4ed s8uamousstrati4ed s8uamous

Eo villi! no digestive5secreting cellsEo villi! no digestive5secreting cells

)oblet cells "roduce mucus for lubrication)oblet cells "roduce mucus for lubrication

ofof fecesfeces

Bacterial Cora synthesiJe vitamin B andBacterial Cora synthesiJe vitamin B andmost of the vitamin 7 needed for bloodmost of the vitamin 7 needed for blood

clottingclotting


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Summary of DigestionSummary of Digestion


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Summary of DigestionSummary of Digestion


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The $rocess of Absor"tionThe $rocess of Absor"tion

li i lli i l


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linical cornerlinical corner $e"tic ulcers 5 gastric and duodenal! caused by$e"tic ulcers 5 gastric and duodenal! caused by

!elicobacter pylori!elicobacter pylori! ESAIDS! 1cl hy"ersecretion! ESAIDS! 1cl hy"ersecretion irrohsis 5 scarred liver due to chronicirrohsis 5 scarred liver due to chronic

inCammationinCammation

1e"atitis 5 A!B!!D! and &1e"atitis 5 A!B!!D! and &

Biliary calculi 5 gall stones 5 crystals ofBiliary calculi 5 gall stones 5 crystals of

cholesterol in bilecholesterol in bile

Borborygmus 5 rumbling noise caused by gasBorborygmus 5 rumbling noise caused by gas

through intestinesthrough intestines

holecystitis inCammation of gallholecystitis 5 inCammation of gall


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holecystitis 5 inCammation of gallholecystitis 5 inCammation of gall

bladderbladder

olitis 5 inCammation of colonolitis 5 inCammation of colon Dys"hagia 5 diLculty in swallowingDys"hagia 5 diLculty in swallowing

&nteritis 5 inCammation of the&nteritis 5 inCammation of the

intestines Flatuation*erucationintestines Flatuation*erucation

divestive system

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