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Diversity and Classification

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Diversity and Classification

Taxonomy

“The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.”

Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms; taxon (singular)

The biological classification of organisms is based on a set of rules.

Page 3: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Classification Systems

• Why classify organisms?

• What are characteristics of a good classification system?

Page 4: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Connection to Natural SelectionNatural selection produces:

1. individuals that are adapted to their environment.2. and new species

This generates biodiversity.

In order to study biodiversity, scientists must organize species by classifying them into groups.

Page 5: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Why classify organisms?

1. Classification assigns a universally accepted species name.

2. Taxonomic groups (kingdom, phylum, etc.) have biological meaning.

Page 6: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Carlos Linnaeus (1707-1778)

• Swedish Botanist & “father of taxonomy”

• Systema Naturae

• Binomial nomenclature

• Genus

• specific epithet

(species)

Page 7: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Systema Naturae

• printed in the Netherlands in 1735. It was an eleven page work.

• By the time it reached its 10th edition (1758), it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants.

Page 8: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Binomial Nomenclature

• Latin• genus• species

• example: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

Page 9: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Biological Classification

Page 10: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

TaxaKing- Kingdom Phillip- Phylum Came- Class Over- Order For- Family Green- Genus Spaghetti- Species

Page 11: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

example

Page 12: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Biological Kingdoms

• Two Kingdoms- Linnaeus, 1758

• Three Kingdoms- Earnst Haeckel, 1866

• Five Kingdoms- Whittaker, 1869

Page 13: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Whittaker’s Five Kingdoms1. Monera- unicellular; bacteria and blue-green

algae (prokaryotes)

2. Protista- unicellular organisms (eukaryotes); both plant-like and animal-like forms

3. Fungi- multicellular, heterotrophs; yeasts, molds, mushrooms,

4. Plantae- multicellular, vascular plants, photosynthetic

5. Animalia- metazoans, heterotrophs

Page 14: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Kingdoms- present day

Page 15: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

What is a species?

Page 16: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Biological Species Concept

A species is a population of organisms that actively or potentially interbreed, producing viable offspring and which remain reproductively isolated from other such populations.

Page 17: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Page 18: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Page 19: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

How many species are there on Earth?

Currently there are about 1.4 million species described.

Current estimates of the total number of species on Earth range from 5 to 30 million (Environmental Literacy Council).

The 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment notes approximately 2 million have been formally described.

Page 20: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Over half of all described animal species are insects, including nearly 300,000 known beetles.

Page 21: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Recently Extinct Species

Dodo Bird Thylacine- “Tasmanian Wolf”

Page 22: Diversity and Classification. Taxonomy “The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups.” Taxa- groups to which Linnaeus assigned organisms;

Extinction Statistics

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