distributed developers and the non-use of web 2.0 technologies
DESCRIPTION
In this paper we sought to understand the role that Web 2.0 technologies play in supporting the development of trust in globally distributed development teams. We found the use of Web 2.0 technologies to be minimal, with less than 25% of our participants reporting using them and many reporting the disadvantages of adopting them. In response, we sought to understand the factors that led to the use and non-use of these technologies in distributed development teams. We adopted a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze data collected from 61 interviewees representing all common roles in systems development. We discovered six factors that influenced the use and non-use of Web 2.0 technology. We present a proclivity model to frame our findings as well as our conclusions about the interrelationships between the results of our qualitative and quantitative analyses. We also present implications for the design of collaboration tools, which could lead to greater support and usage by distributed developers. This paper was presented at the 2012 ICGSE, Porto Alegre, Brazil, on late August 2012.TRANSCRIPT
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Distributed Developers and the Non-Use of Web 2.0 Technologies
A Proclivity Model
University of California, IrvineBan Al-AniYi WangErik TrainerDavid Redmiles
PUCRS University, BrazilSabrina Marczak
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Trust
• Which factors influence trust in distributed development teams?
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Assumptions
• Tools adopted by developers to support their collaboration would play a role in the development of trust
• Web 2.0 technologies would be amongst the tools adopted
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Our intended goal
• To understand the role that Web 2.0 technologies play in supporting the development of trust in globally distributed development teams
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Surprising finding
• Less than 25% of our participants reported using Web 2.0 technologies
• Many participants reported the disadvantages of adopting them
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
New goal
• To understand the factors that led to the USE and NON-USE of these technologies in distributed teams
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Research questions
• Why do developers NOT use Web 2.0 technologies?
• Who DOES use these technologies?
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Six factors
QUALI
• Non-alignment
• Lack of support
• Mistrust of information
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Six factors
QUALI
• Non-alignment
• Lack of support
• Mistrust of information
QUANTI
• Age
• Experience
• Communication tools
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Our empirical approach
• Mix of QUALI and QUANTI methods
• 5 fortune 500 multinational organizations
• 61 interviewees
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
The profile
• 18 female, 43 male
• 34 US
• 18 Brazil
• 2 Mexico
• 1 Costa Rica, Ireland, Israel, Poland, China, Taiwan, Malaysia
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
The profile
• 21 managers
• 35 developers
• 5 support staff
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
The profile
• Working experience
• 11 years with global teams
• 12 years in the organization
• 21 years in the market
• 6 months working in the project
• 13.5 months experience in their team
• Knowledge about Web 2.0
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
The interview protocol
• Based on a single distributed project
• Participant and project background
• Scenarios
• Experience reports
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
The analysis
• Coded references to tools
• Categorized the codes
• Quali and Quanti analysis
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• Focused on identifying the causal reasons subjects revealed for NON-USE of Web 2.0 technologies
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The non-alignment of the technologies to the work practices (Qual.1)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The non-alignment of the technologies to the work practices (Qual.1)
“the use is not billable”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The non-alignment of the technologies to the work practices (Qual.1)
“the use is not billable”
“it is extra paperwork”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The non-alignment of the technologies to the work practices (Qual.1)
“the use is not billable”
“it is extra paperwork”
“does not extend current communication”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The lack of support for these technologies (Qual. 2)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The lack of support for these technologies (Qual. 2)
“not available to some members”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The lack of support for these technologies (Qual. 2)
“not available to some members”
“not adopted by some sites”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The lack of support for these technologies (Qual. 2)
“not available to some members”
“not adopted by some sites”
“prohibited by the organization”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The participant’s mistrust of information provided through these technologies (Qual. 3)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The participant’s mistrust of information provided through these technologies (Qual. 3)
“information is not accurate”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The participant’s mistrust of information provided through these technologies (Qual. 3)
“information is not accurate”
“many times it is not useful”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Qualitative findings
• The participant’s mistrust of information provided through these technologies (Qual. 3)
“information is not accurate”
“many times it is not useful”
“anyone can write anything to everyone”
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Quantitative findings
• Focused on 8 potential influential demographic variables
• Language
• Education
• Gender
• Age
• Exp@GSD
• Managerial job
• Technical job
• # Commun. tech.
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Quantitative findings
• 3 influential variables
• Language
• Education
• Gender
• Age
• Exp@GSD
• Managerial job
• Technical job
• # Commun. tech.
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Quantitative findings
• Older participants are less likely to use Web 2.0 technology (Quan.1)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Quantitative findings
• Those who with more experience in distributed development are more likely to use such technologies (Quan. 2)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Quantitative findings
• Developers who reported the use of diverse communication tools are more likely to use Web 2.0 technology (Quan. 3)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
The Proclivity model
Group Factors
Individual Factors
Age (Quan. 1)Exp@DSD (Quan. 2)
Usage of Other Tools (Quan. 3)
Organizational Use Policy (Qual. 2)
Tool Work Alignment (Qual. 1)
Trust on Tools (Qual. 3)
Use�������� �������
P1
P2
P3
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Conclusions
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Conclusions
• The work-technology alignment is positively associated with distributed developer’s trust towards collaboration tools (P1)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Conclusions
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Conclusions
• The experience of being exposed to distributed development is positively associated with distributed developer’s trust towards collaboration tools (P2)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Conclusions
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Conclusions
• The encouraging organization policies on collaboration tools are positively associated with distributed developer’s usage of traditional collaboration tools (P3)
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
Limitations
• Recruitment process
• “Traditional” teams
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
What have we learned?
• Previous factors
• that motivates
• in-house development
• small teams
• that inhibits
• non-adoption by a “critical mass”
• time needed to explore the technology
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
What have we learned?
QUALI
• Non-alignment
• Lack of support
• Mistrust of information
QUANTI
• Age
• Experience
• Communication tools
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
What is new?
• In-site study
• Team dynamics
• Role independent
• Availability does not mean adoption
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B. Al-Ani, O. Yi Wang, S. Marczak, E. Trainer, D. Redmiles
So what?
• Horizontal integration
• Integrating Web 2.0 mechanisms across tools can influence team member’s attitudes towards these tools and increase usage
• Vertical integration
• Future designs need to consider non-developers’ needs also
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?Comments?Suggestions?
Sabrina [email protected]
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Main contact for this work