AD/A.-003 221

LESS LETHAL LIQUID BALL

Jo'h n k S ci rv i s

Ary Land War'far'e LdjborltoryA*,,rdoen Provinqj Ground, Maryla-d

M.av 1974

DISTRIBUTED BY:

National Technical Information ServiceU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

REPOR1 DOCUMENTATION PAGE .(~Al) P I ITHCI'NSp(.)V. IUFIF A, Cuv A IsIN I.,) I *tA 1ALU'O', 1Jm[It 1.

Teh:ni)ccl Repor t No. 7.1- 1:i ~

Less Leti'oi L;Gauid Bol: Firral ývport

A PE 6). oRMN( OP-, RI POflY NrUMBF

0I.O4. b CONýJl ' kN NUMHLH-- IUS' A-,s Lanld Warfrar Loborcltor>

A 'c-dcer' P, oviryý Ground(, vD 21T .. IT' 2~T

AIýI A 1 'ý-N-A,N (.

r6 :S -e.. A~ s . 1,M N I - ,.R.p..

_o I, ,~ r-in td

u* s s n dehl We ocr) ,' 1 2 -gauge

40mm amImunition

Tihrce Sizes of liq~jld-filced balls were tested for voriou~s al 5 tcCI'OraCte!'ýtiC5 1o

d0 termine the best s~z for nootentjal IUse as a less lethal !O-,runIton). Tt-s t~resnIt5 anddrajwings or Photograph-, are presented.

Previous attempts have Leen rru de to ernIploy supoosedly nonlethalI weaonors 1 quel;l qCivil disturbance. Tl~e use of fire hoses has beern tried bu~t 11aS led to Injury andl to. an

L Can't on ReverseDD JA 731473 EDITION OF 1NV I O0r~\V~

SCURITY LLASSIFICATION Or TlrilS TA-CO (117-

I 1-1 T ICL AS% FI L~ A I I ON OF T IMS$ I Ad 7,.P**

RLOCI. 20. AB IRACT CON 'I

, .nfovorable image cast or, fiteiizjhters. The Arrm> Lfldei'nol 1( tudy the use. of botho Utei nomon (not ;dnntif lobU . with f ief~ghtin jri!9 s) and watci -' I l..d launched

zcf"tolocirs for the purpose of t ndring an acceptablu ess-e~ ru n Tb s report

Jrc hles thev genesis developriiýt, and test irvj of I ;,!d -lr I d brwal able spher~co,7) r ftcyns ir l2--gouge, 4Omrr anid 3-i-cll diamet#or si,'es.

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3

INTRODUCTION

In responding to a domestic confrontation situation, Army pLrsonncl armea witil

conventional munitions ;ncui a certain risk that their intended restrained responsemay, tlhrough either happenstance or isolated malevolence, he uncontrollably es-

calated. There is, therefore, tie necess;ty to hove a less diast;c response coapbility(one purposefully less-than -lethal) for those situations fo, %Aiich death would not bean appropriate deterrent.

The obiective of this pro'grom was to develop spherical proicct;les containing wateror other liquids for less lethal applications. Addit'ional effo.rt on the less lethalarea was o'so cond.cted under LWL Task 01-F-72, Less Lethatl /Ammunition for Small

A'ms. This development effort is described ;n LWL Technical Report No. 74-17.

•_ DC•VELOP&ENTI.In the beginni ig of the US Army Land Warfare Lob, atory's (USALWL) study to findan acceptable means of cijelling civil disturbance, personnel of Mobility Branch,USALWL, en% is;oned the use of discrete encapsulated slugs of water launched atmoderate vekocitý to accomplish a relatively noninjurious desirable effect.

3-Inch D;amneter Liquid Roal

Both Government and contractor personnel pursued the concept of discrtte slugs ofwater in frangible spheres. A child's toy boil, the "Biue Bird" boll, availablelocally, was chosen for the candidate sphere. Under fund;rg from USALWL Task

0-M-71, the contractor, AAI Corporation, Cockeysv;ile, MD, prosecuted develop-m-nt of a less-lethal projectile using the 3-inc~' diameter toy ball as a basis. Tileball material was ethylene vinyl acetate. The ball, having '1 skin thicLkness of from0.030 inch to approximately 0.090 ;r.ch at the seam, was scored to a depth of 0.025;rch,, filled with water, and glued to a cupped cylindrical styrofoam and homosotesabct for retention purposes (See Figure 1).

This assemblage was designed to be fired from an existing laL.nching system venidedby the service contractor for firing their 3-inch diameter riot agent dispensinggrenade (See Figure 2). This existinj system is composed of a standard 12-gaugeriot gun, an L-1 10 launcher, and a tangent sight mounted on the riot gun. Thelatinckh '- Por ed, by. uC-0--OQ -......, ,, vcrijuj by AA; Corporot;rn.

In 1971 USALWL requested the then-operational US Army, Small Arms Systems Agency(SASA) to have the Biophysics Laboratory at Edgewood Arsenal terform comparativehazards studies to assess the probable worth of furLyer effort on the 3-inch doameterLiquid Bali (at that time referred to as the Water Boll). The Edgewood Arsenal studyconsisted of a series or shots at gelatin filled skulls and liver and lung organs of goatsand baboons. Test projectiles were tie Rubber Bullet, a device used by the UnitedKingdom; the Stun Bag; and the USALWL Water Ball. The UK Rubuer Bullet appearedhazardous to a range of approximately 63 feet (difficult to pinpoint exactly du", toerratic velocities). The MBA Stun Bag appeared hazardous to a range of 85 feet.The results from the USALWL Water Ball, however, were more encouraging andindicated hazard to only about 7 feet. (Refer to Edgewood Arsenal Biophysics Labor-ctor> Report EB-TR 73056, by Heieck and others.) SASA recommended further workon the liquid-filled frangible sphere due to its relatively low hazard.

The concept was pursued furt! )y Munitions Branch, USALWL, which was thnengaged in evaluation of salient commercial less-lethal munitions and certain othernew concept items. To determiie quickly that optimum size of Liquid Ball whichwas most effective and least damaging, it was decided to investigaie the tactical,flbght, and impac; characteristics of three different s;zes. The sizes, corresponding

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to ovailable launch mechanisms, were thouse which would fit 12-gauge, 40mm arid3-inch guns or launchers. Because of the eriv~ionmental considerations associatedwithi military itftms, the filler material (100%0 water) hod to be ieplaced by ali~qlid which would not become solid (and lethal or unusable) when stored at ex-tremely low temperuture prior to use in a northern CONUS location. Of tire variouscandidlatt fillers., a mixture of glycerine and water appeared best to permit lowtemnperature storage and tactical employment, to insure a mrinfimumn of public obiec-

ti~n topreentharmul hys~loical effects to user anid target, ad to minim'zcertain risks if the munit~on were a candidate for- adoption ;info thle Army inventory.

A work assignment under an ex~stiirý contract withi AAI Ccrrporation was executedfor fabrication of 500 of the 3-inch diameter Liquid Balls buying thle improvedfi~er. The controctcr provided a 60'o glycerine arid 40ov wattvr f~llI~ng for theserroted balls. Specific gravity of tire mix was about 1.2. Tile weight of thre filledboll was 265 grams -3 grams. Tile contractor also provided drawinqs (sue AppendixA). Thie depth of the two normal diameirrl serratio~ns was kept at 0.025 inch. Tiebur-st energy of sample pro jectiles was about 3,5 foot-poundls. Becaus-'. of tire largevariation in skin thickness in tile ballIs, this burst energy figure waý; variable.

Lood',ng end tiring the Icunch system for tire 3-inch diameter is clirnsy ond timle-

consuming -- u tactico' disadvantage. The sequence is cs follow-s:

1 . Place thle butt of the aunl on the arondir onrA __ t- L!L-, 1 L.-ccm he Flul yun baurrel to steady it with one hand, insert a Liquid Boll into tile moLuth of

the laornchier with tire other hand. Press firmily down on tire Liq-,id Bell forc ing t1re

sabot to engrave into the rifling of the [a inchcr bore.

2. After raisi-g tire gun to warst height anid hroldirrg tire gunr koriz ontal or tile

balance withr tire left biand, place a blank cartridge into tire clam~ber with thre r ;gilthand. (Tihe shori biank C-200 cartridge must be monuall> loaded f-,r reliableoperation.)

3. Shoulder the louded and charged launrchrer and riot 9,,-1 and dlren s'glit arndfire.

BeLOUSe Of tile care required to ovoid r-uprUrinr tire bali whrile torcing 'lire sabot tcengrave into the rifling, r, rate of fire of only about 3 shiots per minute WaS experfCiec-ed.

40mmn Liquid Ball

Anotiher work. assignment under lie same R? & D contract proy Wed for d -',clopmlzrrnof o 4Ornm version of the Liquid BallI. Tire final design is sirowir as or: assenibbcr

cartridge kCsee Figure -3). Tire bell itself is a serrated glycerin and water-filldping-pong ball. This celluloid typ.ý ball mraterial is O.0 15-incr thilck arid is

serrated on t-wo normal diamneters to a depth of O.O1O-irrcii for easy fracture upon

Figure .'. 4 0 -imx ].iqIii i Cal irtridge (cutaway)

torget impact. Impact fracture cons.umes about 0.7 foot-pounds of energy. (Refer todrawings ini Appendix B.)

12-Gauge Liquid Ball

A 12--gauge Liquid belil vies designed, fuabricated. and tested by USAALWIThe projectile bad the following characteristics:

lengNli 1.08 inchdiameter -0.67 incl,

jacket thickness - 0063 incl,

basepluglengh -0.25 inichjacket mater~ol -si~icore elostomoere RTV-602filling glyce in & waterweight 5.5 grarr-s

ik lu lou% Iri 1101-C il;:1.iry test',. it 6,a% ctr~ itd t i . t~~'i I iAi I.un1,ol i;ark 1ng pel let C(udILd h N,' NCJ TO VC0eii0lo l.'AlN ptI tie I.

Vt I.- I di' .1 "1 1C C 1 1 :1t ' - 1 : ;id 11 1tf 1! 1~ 11 cI.rPIpose :11 11 P I 'I'1 L c rI ý

.ued, tiieý icre fii led ut itoi i lie-re uiltac pn 1 pe~ig~ra'it.% ot tne p'aint 1.~ 2, vi rtwuil IY ideut, *C1! to tha~t -) t 1( W 1U.1-1

)-vc~i/'ae n:i\ i'c in U'c othier 1 ipaid WtI IA hC' I,( lt '?C

:,ttI utirred I rou I lie .\el'tw I'ainlt '.orrparnt I ron ýhoiwt air-, ii chlyi ta l'~ Icu*e \ I~ N .114~inýz l'vl lts" were fired fror' i 12.1 itie :H2(- ri-i4 vi'if

.ind truc A ".\c I -.spot oi'u7 (A), narl injk pi stol.

turgel- impact. Impact fracture cor,!umes about 0.7 foot-pounds of energy. (Refer todrawings in Apposidix B.)

12-Gouge Liquid Bu.1ll

A 12-gauge Liquid Ball won desig~ned, fabricated. noid tested by UJSALWLThe projectile had the following characteristics:

!enyth -1.08 inchdiameter -0. 67 inch091 ye -sphericaljacket thiclkness - 0063 Inchbase plug length -0.25 inchjacket material 5- sl*cone elcstornere RTV-602filling -glyceiin & waterWeight - 5.5 grams

ii ol lolim, jrcliiiiii~ry tust., i t %%:i% dcterrrili'd tI.It t i L 'PIPvc .IC I~-i.ii lao le j;:.rkin,ý vel le, cuiild he 1i-ed Tk' eCOlloflh .;,l 1% 'I'l-vid~e Itust da~t3. lhcie pze illet" :iad a thin '.Iri rlpo~cJ! of, i.4ill n :11.!w111I tilv% ('re filIled VIril a j cad -freec' i I - ased 1rij :it . fie spel1 1iCgravitV 01 the 1,aint uha" .2, vi rtwti IlIv adenyti cal t') th-It oft tF' ue/V-1%vc~rle/%,atvr r;i% w-vdc~ in tile other liqiiid hal Ic. llhwe In-I let'" %,( wP'rut-tired troui thil e L'.or: i'u t Lomlpan%, I ron lurt; 1- 1i : 1 in J~

IýisQ Ne rri i;r~ n, I'e i lets were ti red from :112- *m wc :;1c'( ' nit l~tunland trow,: a "NelI-5,pot U'7 vlrarkini, IlistoI.

WEAPON SYSTEM FIRING TESTS

Firing tests by the H. P. White Laboratory, Gelair, MD performed under contractDAAD05-73-C-0532 y'elded information on the following:

1. accuracy at ranges of 6.4, 20, 35, 50 and 70 meters2. stress-condition accuracy at 35 meters3. cold temperature storage and firing characteristics4. gross effect of cross-wind5. maximum range

Ccotractor reports on results of firing tests of the 3-inch diameter, 4 0mm, and12-gauge Liquid Ballo are located in Appendixes C, D and E.

IMPACT TESTS

Munitions Branch, USALWL, funded physiological testing of th- three Liquid Ballsthrough Biological Sciences Branch, USALWL to AA! Corpcration. Physiologicaltesting was completed in September 1973. Refer to LWL Technical Report No. 74-79"The Effecis of Less Lethal Projectiles. " This report, which is in preparation at thistime, will provide information on impac-t damage done by various projectiles.

RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS

1 Weapon systems firing iests indicate that the accuracy characteristics of theLiquid Balls in ex~stin', launchers would permit consistent hits on a designatedindividual at a range no greater than about 20 meters.

2. Poor accuracy appeared to be in part due to viscous shiear of the Iiquidfiller in the larger balls. At low temperature when tihe filler became relativelyinviscid, the accuracy improved.

3. Maximum range for employment in volley fire against crowds would beslightly over 100 meters for the 40am and 3-inch diameter l iquid Ball systems astested. Maximum range for the 12-gauge Liquid Ball system tested was about 65meters.

4. The present launch system for the 3-inch diameter Liquid Ball is operationallyunacceptable due to its low reloading rate. Use of a more rapidly reloadablelauncher, several preloaded throwaway launchers, or Use of the balls in a multiple-shot launcher (possible vehicle mounted) could overcome this problem; however itsutility would still be limited by aiminj and accuracy considerations.

5. The present hard nylon sabot for the 40mm Liquid Ball makes this particularconfiguration hozaraous.

6. Impact test results availablc to date indicate the 3-inch Liquid Ballexhibits less hazard to test targets than the smaller sizes of balls for the same levelof energy.

ri

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. When additional evaluOted information on damage phenomena associatedwith blunt trauma for the Liquid Balls and certcin other items developed underThsk 01-F-72 becomes available, ;I is recommended that the Parent Agency (ARMCOM)consider thit and ether data and devcIop a program to piovide the US Army with aless lethal munition, system which will maximize desired safe effects (possibly thosecssociated with the 3-inch boll) and min;mlze those undesirable tactical, safety,and phys;cal charocteristics (some noted in this report) which preclude successfulsystem use.

2. Should the parent ocac>, dctermine (upon availability of this evao!uatedinformation) that a 3-inch liquid-fill-d sphere would present tlhe best combinationof desirable effects and minimum undesirable characteristics, it is recommendedthat a projectile be designed witl-, ;rternol ribbing to immobilize the liquid andthereby provide better accuracy.

3. Use of a softer bcll material such as si!icone elostomei R1V-602 (or ot".erinerf 'rangible elostome, having hardncss of around Shore A20) is recommended tc.preclude unr'ecessary laceration of sensitive tissue.

I

I I I II I I II I II

APP'IENDIX A

3-Inch Liquid Ball

(Drawings)

NOT

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APPLICHEAT TPEATMI NT J'1COA'ePO/fAToN________A~iN __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ C A SV/1LE z f NO SCALE i~ IA9

Figure 1. Thiree~-Inch Less Lethal Liquid Ball Projectile Assenihly

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APPENDIX C

3-Inch Liquid hal

(Te'st Firing,)

"I]T.ST RITIOcRT

L.LS, 1,1A1IIAI. 3-INCAIlIQIPI I) B Il., - I

([as•k () -1:-73 ContractNL. I•kim( -7 3-C-os325_

W ORK )l : No. 1I)

P rcpia red For

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Ihi- repori~t piUcltits t~h !'> ri-its of, tCtSt- mjIs- chI3Ii~~~ii ]~I1 ;.1111i it i01flS III'.-, :CO rd. 11C li ZiI th fi prm i I, l1 ill Cont l"IC

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t. 'TABLE- OF CONTENTSPage

Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- i

Table of Contents ----------------------------------------------------- ii

Section I. Scope of Work

Objective ------------------------------------------------------------- 1Mtaterials ------------------------------------------------------------- 1Scope of Tests -------------------------------------------------------- 1

Section IT. Procedure

VclocitN --------------------------------------------------------------- 4Projectile Energy ------------------------------------------------------ 4Accuracy -------------------------------------------------------------- 4Impact Characteristics------------------------------------------------ 4Effect of Shooter Stress on Accuracy ---------------------------------- 4Mtaximum Range ---------------------------------------------------------- 5MLaximum Effective flitting Range ------------------------------------- SCold Temperature Firing ---------------------------------------------.Muzzle Exit Phenomena ---------------------------------------------- 6Safety ---------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Section III. Results

Velocity -------------------------------------------------------------- 7Projectile Energy-------------------------------------------------- 7Accuracy•-------------------------------------------------------------- 8Impact Characteristics --------------------------------------------- 8Effect of Shooter Stress on Accuracy --------------------------------- 9Maximun Range ------------------------------------- ---------------- 9\aximnum Effective Hitting Rangc----------------- ------------------- 10(Cold Temperature Firing-------------------------------------------- 10Muzzle Exit Phenomena ------------------------------ --------- 11

List of Tables

Table I Scope of Tests ------------------------------------------ 3Table 1I Results of Velocity Tests -------------------------------- 7Table III Projectile Ermrgy------------------------------------ 7Table IV Results of Accuracy Tests -------------------------------- 8Table V Indentations of llomasote ------------- -------------------- 8Table VI Sumtmary of Stress Test Results --------------------------- 9Table VII Maximum Range ------------------------------------------- 9Table VIII Maximtm Effective flitting Range -------------------------- 10

List of Figures

Figure 1. 3-Inch Liquid Ball and Model C-200 Blank PropellingCar ridge ----------------------------------------------- 2

Figure 2. Muzzle Exit of Round No. 25 ------------------------------ 12

Appendices

Appendx A. Observe Data --------------------------------------------- 13Appendix B. Calculated i)ata ------------------------------------------- 26Appendix C. Instrumentation --------------------------------------- 32Appendix D. Label on Box of Model C-200 Blank Propelling Cartridges- 34

7I ,I

SHIB 1. SCII: o- M

11ce1 oh ict ive of these te~st:s was to pray ide the ext ('l-li 1 halliist ic dataliece-sa Iv :10 e thle hI 11 1sti C wrfonnance of thli 3)-hi ne Li.iquid Ball lesslet hal Mauiliunit ion.

TheIL foillowingý 1nat c i A1> 1iCere Used Ill t he CoiwlueII- 40 thiiis test prcgrauii

3- 1Inch lIJ11ii1 ill WII ; letal prljci , ties ( 'c'igirc lj.

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e) Nl , MI 1 2 ;1g riot -.1111 Serial \. 17 ~

di Launiclir, \kw~k I 1.- 11lii.I

"se 11 ;nte Illious i-;ini. e and lliot OgrpQ 1,ic cIp poen IJHIlt (-sCC Appendh i X C)

I ."n I I fon I2 I ouw' ol 2- 1 )ic I~ Indt 0 1 1 11 ;ucti i I Jn -crcI I !red m

c ute inloor I- rInge To deterni ne XCI c i :tN , aICCuraZcV, Ii:: I xtliei~~~F1 It i\ i1lxie I C li t 'r isic- andt the e1W feet 01' 'f)0ho tlT e Stl"eS; Oil ALCHZCi V.~~

11)) irtiulll n~e m i red On an oitt toor r: inge to0 dcetn(niinc maximi nun range a nil\iý INIII A I.1C I Ib I t t 111 0, t I W. ir1d. j L'kr I L,'n 1o1d l~kie 1~ i Ciciý,l to d"Ilk. ii 1.11 theIl j ff ctIV Il I Ii ertt1 re i rý %I [i. jf( Ise 1: 111h 1) I i1ý!t()u~C11W I f t O)c r t l'C I -11.1' . -CU ih IL'I

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SL'CIHION I 1. IROCII)URt.

E1. VIiLOC ITY

a) The velocity of twenty-four (24) rounds of the 3-Inch Liquid Ballprojectiles was derived front data collected by erecting lumilinescreens 5.06, 8.00, 14.9 and 17.9 feet (l.4, 2.40, 4.54, and 5.46meters respexctihely) from the muzzle of an N11200 riot gun (withlauncher attachment) fired from the prone/rest position. Theoutputs of these screens activated time interval counters fromilich the velocities at 2 and S meters from the riuzzle were

calculated.

hj Velocity of two (2) of the 3-Inch Liquid Ball projectiles was calcu-lated from data e\tracted from high speed mot ion pictures of themuzzle and initial few, feet of proje-ctile flight recorded by l6numFastax motion picture c~uaeras positioned 4 feet 8 inches to the rightof the line of fire and 9 inches in front of the muzzle. The filmspeed, used to c,•mpute the projectile velocity, was determined fromtiming marks on1 the film created by a time pulse generator.

2. I'R.JI:CI 1lL lNFR;Y

Proji cct i le energy of the 3-Inch Liquid Ra]ll projectile was calculated bypplyiu•, the unfired projectile weight anrd the velocity data derived per 1,

ahove, to the standard encrgy formula--

Kinctic Lnergy - (1/2) WV•

3. A\:CIURA.CY

lhe accuracy of the -)-Inch 1.iqiid Bail aimunition t,'as determined fromimqract data on a target constructtd of 2' x 4" wood Nacking, 1/2-inch thickiloinasote aind faced with tpaper. The accuracy of the armmunition was determinedhYe mcasuring the horizontal and vertical dispersion from the aiming point onthe target. Standard deviations in the x imld y directions and the mean radiuswere caIcula ted.

4. 1 NP' CIT CI(LAV.XCFLRII.RISIICS

Indentations in the lionuasote, produced by each project ilc. impac' , weremeasured u,, ing a depth micrometer and the average inldentatiOh Was cilculaited.Indications of projectile attitude at imqact were observed and noted. Thesedata were collected from the target when positioned o.4, 201, 35, gad 50 metersfrom the mNzZleA of the prone/rest fired NM11200 riot gun and laulncher.

5. I1',.F',CI" OF 1ilI•LTFLR STRESS ON ACCUPACY

Three (3) shooters fired five (5) rounds "ach at an anthropometricsilhouette target positioned 35 meters from the shooter. In order to inducestress, each shooter was told -cat he would have an average of 4 seconds(varying from 3 seconds to . seconds) to shoulder the '41200, sight and fireat the target. This timring was accomplished by utilizing a cai-dboard shieldwhich obscured the shooter's view of the target before and after each shot.No warning was given before the shield was raised and the time intervalstarted. The coordinates of each slot in relation to the center of thechest area of the silhouette were recorded. Whether or not a hit had beenscored on the jmn-size silhouette was recorded and any hits in critical areas(groin and eyes) were noted. Standard deviation of the x and y coordinates*uid the mean radius were calculated from these data.

0. 1\XNlM. \NGLI

The M1200, with its barrel elevated 300 from horizontal, was fired from abench rest on a 400-meter outdoor range. After each shot, the distance theiurojectile traveled! before its initial iipact with the ground was measur-edas well as the deflection right or left of the line of sight.

7._AXI>.IIN jFFj:CI\. II)T-Nt; 7 NGLG

tic launcher equipped MI200 was bench rest fired at ai anthropometricsilhouette target positioned 3S meters from the muzzle. After four (4)

;irings without scoring a hit on the silhouette, the target was ;iaovcd to2u m;oters from the mu::le for the remalaing 3 firings. Wind velocity ateacd fi ingi m wa. measured using a iOer "H etnd ,cter." Silhouette targethits and misses, inj)act coordinates, and flight time from muzzle to target(ti mcd hy stop watch) werreccorded. Estimate of maximun effective hittingrange was the average of three (3) observers opinion of range at whichtactical hits could he ex)ected under test conditions.

CO LD I T" fl'j.'RAIlJPJ. FIRING

lhrCe (3) of the 3-Inch Liquid ];all 'uid three (5) power charges were storedat -4-'1: for 24 hiours. Tey were tien stored for one additional hour at t0'iMnedi ;telv beforc being fired from the machine rest motuatcd X11200 riot gln andlauncher. LIacih shot was remotely fired. The fired cartridge case, M.1200, and1auncher Were exa•jined for damage after each0 shot. lmpact coordinates alndthe indentation ill the "'aloamasote'" faiced target were ameasured and recorded.

kII II'

rThr11ce (3) 3-Inch Litiuid ball projectiles were photographied as thecy exited

the muzzle of the laiuncher. Two (2) rounds were photographedti using two (2) 10iutiFastaix High Speed M*otion Picture czu~ieras simultaneou'sly. ()ne Fastax ca~mera was

pos tioel prpedicuar o ad 4 feet 8 inches 'roLl thle liue of fire, 9 inchecsfon~lird of the muzzle. The other Fastax camera was posit ioned 38.3 fect forwardof the muzzle, 3 feet to tile left of the linec of fi-c and focused on the muzzle.Bloth c;uner,-s ran at a nominal 400i) framles per second. Thie thii d roumid wasjihiotogralied using a Lin~hof 4' x S" came;'u pos it ioned 4 fee't to tile right andI fcyt in front of the muzzle. Fouli (4) 6enera 1 Radio ''Stroboslave'' recyclinugf lash unit-, were pulsed ait .00]13 second intervals for a flash duration of .0000U3)SWConds each. These strobes provided for(4) exp~ostircs of the projectile winiuij11 171in0he of thle mu:: le. ITO ' jc~tlieC InU:IZle exit Was studied. by eXam1ining thle1 Jun hiigh speed muot ion p~icture 1 111I1 and en~largemenC1ts u 1 Uthe 4'' x S"' microf lash

piloogran)' see igure' 2).

1! add it ion to nion:i:il I sa tety procet'lres; folIlowed duiring firing,OC ISSiurle 1 wecre requ ired to INL;Il r epi it rv prect ion durin rg conduict oftheL test to pe lodeC1~l iulll~i, t iouj Of anyW sulwI 11 drop] ets Of thle gly \cerin aIndw: itcl m Iix iil tilt proj ect ii c wilich i ighit have been iers IizdU601 targeti ;i;vi& t.

SECTION III. RESULTS

1. VELOC ITY

Table II is a sumury of the velocity data contained on the data sheetsof Appendix A.

TABLE II. RESULTS OF VELOCI1Y TESTS (f.p.s.)3-INCM LIL(.JII) BAIA,

Muzzle** 2me SOn(2 rds) (21 rds) (21 rds)

Maximum 110.0 145.8 143.6

Minimrnm 108.0 110.7 93.2

Average 112.0 129.8 125. o

*Lmniline screens/time interval counter(accuracy t 3 f.p.s.)

"**High Speed Motion Pictures(accuracy ± 20 f.p.s.)

2. PROJECTILE ENERGY

Table III is a summary of calculations based on the data contained inAppendix A.

TABLE III. PROJECTILE ENERGY (ft-lbs)3-1\NCI1I LIq ID AI.I

N4izzle 2m Sm(2 rds) (21 rds) (21 rds)

Maxinmim 127.2 200. 19 4.

Minimum I 10.3 11]5.9 82A 1

Average 118.8 100.3 150.7

C-12

II3. ACCUJRACY

Table IV is a sumnary of calculations based on the data contained inAppendix A.

TABLE IV. RLSULTS OF ACC1IJACY TESTS3-INCtt L1(•JI) BALL,

Group Center Ex treme StandardTarget (from point of aim) Spread Deviation Mean

Distance (in.) (in.) (in.) Radius(meters) x -x x y (in.)

.-. 2 -1 .S 3.8 112.1 27.0 21.3 3.o

20 -8.1 -o2.ol -7.0) 24. 3. 9. q 8.o 0 1 1:

33 l-rajCfdcctr)y h~ttld nd liot flue ihts ixi S'XX ta'gel .

4. INPACT QIARACTERISTICS

Table V is a suirnary of calculations based on the data contained inAppendix A.

TABLE V. INDENTATIONS 01: lO'[\%t)ll3-INCH 1.IQ{II) BAI..

Target Average Mininmnm REIxmumDistance Indentation Indentation Indentation(meters) (in.) (in.) (in.)

(0.4 .014 0 .t)59

20 0 u

35 zlTjector" woult not pennit hit.s n 8'\x81 taret.

______________ ________________ I________________ _______________

cI

S1:1C' O)F SII I1'OIR S'I'RUSS )N ACCURACY

I J11 IV VI is a suLItiarvN of the ualculatiolj- based on the data contailned inykpillndi x A.

N•II: The clevaition required of tile M1200 iil Collj wict ion with thelarge diwueter ol the launcher attachment obscured the target

troii tile shootcr. lcrefore, all subsequent firing at rangesof .0 mltcrs or miort, •wel conducted bw usinug at point of aimwell ahove the taLr'gct.

1 t\I.1. V I . SH1,• ,I'J& 0F SHLiTSS ITES1 T RIl ( I.3-1:CII lo BAII,, 'I,.W (;. 1 31 1 I ) iRF•

('roup centcr Fxt renie Stanhin rd(f'Olni point of aim) S)[Icad lcxiation A-k1in1 Jotal flits flitS ill

t in.) (ill. ) (ill.J R,d i u., oil Critical>,,,21xr v x Sx (11.) . ilhouct te Arca

S -3.4 3 . 1 . ).

"6 + . - )I4. Ji 1 1 ),. I 20.5 41.o, 34.8 1 0

-47.0 -85 1 9 2, 0

28.~1 3I_ u)~

o. \t\NX IA (.\R 1.

1abl \ 1 1 II a swnilarx 1 :f tO i ft, i cont; 1 i,,ed A. . i 1dix A.

IABI I. VI I. , \MDIMM RiW\C:3-N1 LOH!)l•Jl BAI 1

,listanice 0 L f I lc t ionUi;icters j Oai' tur C

Ni.ixiin n l(17. lt, i-n t

%'li[n i)n U .0 2- I- t

-\tw )':.ge 103).5 O . 7-n"xght ]

Ir im l

lab le. VAIII is a suiviiariy of U ie data contauned minqppndix A\.

,L\ I___ WAt \ T.G VIO~ t\ I IIjTINtKA

________ dl INC1. I 1(sec1) KA I, iii

F.M'CI 1: F DIS IA:NCI. 35 41-l1hJ(S (4 R~ I INS)

K14.o* -4o.* ki ý .0-1.5 0. 9* 3t ti 4 pro-jectiles.imp tod ground at

3-31 me1Lters.

ch ctica iiitson nr eo hibe xpetedioi ~mrouliimat 18I 2f meters.

Iill)i j ClI. ih0VClox tile' 1 IuOr ;It 3S ie tc'rs f roml thu m;izz-1c2. All thrPee ( 3)rowll'is i iiipact ed the( f'loor beforeO rLead )ii g thle targei~kt At N 0 ees-Saohno 111a1 lt I uýS hC re' ObSe rued regaird injg tile lalulehe r , 111 M) t I.,tI! klf, or

P r j ct i e f i l l e r (l1- J O :.'ij * 1 "It: t'I) h Cei U i K ill .I 51 `ý ) I I

>'taitc at imnp;ct . DilspersaI~iaiee I sties aI;peirJc to 11", .lh1ppoX ril;tci 335).S;iW. 1 eICY tha t' s III th0Si 01'i at rol'mll tiillUtlr .ln to the p)00r

acu~c. it -.\i met los, 110 ;pe&il 'diffClt-i'Ale~ 'OHIl h1)(e del uC ted hkwelt Ile 1) 1-0 (A tile CýAt VOOMf T ellipe 1,a1t ure, 111,1 t hoimsu AtrdiIdt iieXtoe

9. .IIZZlEI iFXI" PtlWN(•I-NA

The muzzle exit of three (3) rounds wa-, recorded photographically--two (2)1,ith lrrim high speed motion pictures and one (1) with recycling microflash.1,nalvsis of the high speed motion pictures revealed;

a) The projectile of Round No. 20 assuined a 90 yaw attitude jimnediatelyafter clearing the muzzle.

h) The projectile of Round No. 27 was distorted throughout the field ofview of the camera (approximately 18 inche, of linear travel).

c) The velocities of the projectiles from Round Nos. 26 and 27 were116.0 and 108.0 feet pvr second, respectively.

M1le projectile from Round No. 25 which was photographed with microflashequipment is obscured in what appears to he a combination of muzzle gas andtihrticles of the styrofoan portion of the projectile. Thle degrec of distortionand/or yaw (if any) is, therefore, not discernable (see Figurc 2 ). (Note:Lxteading the interval between the strobes of the microflash system andincrcas4ing the field of view, of the cawnera in any subsequent firings of thisproject ile at this velocity should result in one (1) or more exposures of theprojectile after it has cleared this muzzle opacity.)

" II

44.0

N"41

C-17

I

,\l'lli~l~ X ,I

0.)

-zl

S.• V.S0 0 QO .0 0

r -E

1;j"

AD C)

-- 0.,. 4.

I .

S0 I ,CD

I. ,I, "--.--". -

--1' 'I ''-+

"0 C..-: "., 4 V . 4 . '

I - II

-I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I t¶.-

_ I

cz

-I P-

I f)

44-

00~1 0w0 0 0 00 0

CJ i: .

Iall. 0 0

cua) ,

CIO)

to o

I7s

IVI

- --.

- I+ . _ •

-' ' i

S-, •_ %I - -

j 7

1- .

* , I•- L+.

I' + .,i. ,-

0 - '

-- I .-+ ',"I

"1 I U- '] C.- C.I -.,•

,..+; E+ *- .* - +,

.. , - F -,.- _

2 'J

w --

C 4,

o x C

1. 1. L. 0A '

I~ ~) s~ SIti.-~ Q C I

IC

CIIO

-' " I

K .,-,, . "

CC

o ~ - ' ,--

I.. • • ... .

0 CD

- - .o

"! "• . ..."('-. .-.-IlZ';

m a

ejIJ

I 'U4,

-I

'f. q. 'A q� 'A

-� �-' -� -� -�

9� A 'A A

I I - -. --< �. .-.ii

- 4�

* �G)DOI.-. �z- I -

cL

DO .- - -.- -*

I *�'�i -� z� a

I r' 'A AP 'A A

.- � >�c: - .,- - - -,

I I H

I I-.oI -. -. 'H -t "H

-' + I + 4'

I.

1�*,.�.�

IH-..�

-''IjO K�c�i______ _________

Lf� -',

'I-'--I

I 1a �-H

-� Ii-.-'I I - ____________________________________________________ _______________________

I I

E I-.4,)I �

H,'' � IH,*II,. *H� I -___________ ____________________

('� 'I'�

'U, *-� *-' ---- - __________'U' Q

- ,-.' I H

H "-� /1

0- .- "K 0

I:..: 79w 0 -.

I *'- t-"-

" o 5..7 o • & : • .

C- 9 . - 0 -

S. 00

I I I

S.. ..:, • ; _ = --.

.2-_____ I I - --

SIi

1I--

C- 27

OBSERVED DATA

MAXIMUM RANGEM1200-Launcher 3-inch Liquid Ball

Barrel Elevated 30'

Bate: 5 February 1974

fo;,•perature: 300F, variablecross wind (left to right)

RouJid No. PRange Deflectioll Remarks! (mnet~ers) ýmeters)l

43 91.0 0,. -right Broke on impact with ground.

2.0- left Broke on impact with ground.

SlOS.m) it'.G- right Broke on im)act with ground.

L-28

UOiSLWDJ LATA

COLD TESTA1200 Launcher 3-inch Liquid Bal I

Dfate: 12 F:ebruary 1974

lunulljntioyl: Stored at --13O1 tol 24 hotIrs.Stored at 001. for 1 hour inunediately before firing.

.ach ine rest, lanyard fi rdlargct : 33 metersAimi ng pe mt: 100 inches high

R~ound I ndentat ionl

No. (in.) Lill. ) (ill. Rew iI lt

.lo ..... Hit flooro .it 23- JIV,,c -'

47 H...iit floor it . me)nters.

38 [...ltit floor at 35 meters4,oIItLICC'i to target.

I _____________ L ___________

I

C-. 'i

V\XIt -LFFECTIVE H'TTIlNG RAlJGL

A't: INirch 1974

right TO lILt1

.\~iI i i .t- t YV~ l ilt, I gilt

- -iu ~NLI ~ ~ u ~7S.ý I I It a~uuid ;t loi

1 L) 4(, 'd ~ I 1 -1 s *

I >ci I II -VL~ 20 It It

*.\~~ ~ lil -ýoul -'Ii' i ' 'ij +~

AIiI.NUI.\ ii

1. s

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY

3-Inch Liquid Ball(. 4 Meters

Round No. Coordinates ('i, I CýI 1., t ions Radius(in.)

-_ _._ _y (x - -

+ ÷j. 5 -o. S 2.89 25.0 5.3

2 -. 3 -3.4 4.41 3.61 2.8

U I -3.8 (o.04 5.29 2.3

4 +0.8 +5.0 l.U 50.41 7.2

5 -0.8 (1 0.30 2.25

t, -1i • ' l.0(.1b• .

S -1.1 0.4

S. .. 12 t _i_~~ ___ _. i .

M a. . I 3.

Extrcme Spread 1 " -----

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY3-Inch Liquid Ball

20 Meters

ftowd No. Coordinates Calcuilattions Radius-in.) ... -~(in.)

x y (x- X)r (y ___)

9 -2.0 -57.0 37.21 25.0 7.9

I0 -7.6 -57.6 0.25 19.36 4.4

11 +1.7 -59.0 96.04 9.0 10.2

12 -17.8 -58.6 94.09 11.56 10.3

15 -25.3 -61.0 2q5.84 1.0 17.2

15 0 -59.6 65.61 5.76 8.4

lo -6.0 -81.3 4.41 372.49 19.4

x(in.) (in.)

Standard Deviation --- 9.9 8.6

Nzan X= -8.1 \- -o0.0 --- --- 11.1

Extreme Spread 27.0 24.3 --j-C- 3 •

CALCULAIED DATA

ACCURACY'rimed Fire

3-Inch Liquid Ball

Round No. Coordinates Calculotions Radius__in.___ x-)(in.)xy (x- W) (y. Y )2 1

-44.5 6.25 1.21 2.7

29 -210.7 -46.1 118.81 7.29 11.2

30 -17.0 -40.3 51.84 9.01 7.8

31 -12.5 -44.5 7.29 1.21 2.9

3 +13.7 -4).7 552.25 2.89 23.0

x v

(in.).)

Standard cvyiation --- 13.6 2.4 ---

•ca~n -9.8 v= -43.II"McanI .4----.

Extreme Spread 34.4 5.8 ...-

C- 34

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY

Timed Fire3-inch Liquid Ball

Rownd No. Coordinates Calculations Radius

yx (x-i)2 (y ) ;7

33 +19.0 -44.0 278.89 400.00 2o.1

3.1 -9.3 -45.3 134.50 453.09 24.3

35 -2S.5 -46.1 1 772.84 488.41 35.5

30 +24.5 +50.0 492.84 5476.00 77.3

37 +2.9 -34.8 0.30 1lo.4 0 10.8

i xtocSra 00 9.

II I

II

Standard I)ev iat ion ...... 2-. 41o I --

.•1can Ix = +2.3 ;y - -24 0 ! .... 34.8

I II

u n u i - i n u n- 35

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY'I ined Fire

3-Inch Liquid Ball

Round No. Coordinates Calculat iuns R

I - (y .- 2 (in.)I I ' I .. - )°

18 -20.3 -42.0 2361.96 25.00 48.9

79 -7.1] -41.1 1.4-1 34.81 6.0

40 +44.3 -40.0 256.00 49.00 i17.5-11 +,f.(J o -70.0* 13o.89 529.00 25.8

42 *t50.5 -41.9 492.84 26.01 2.8

c -3t,

i *I I"

* I

II I

I

APPEND I X C

C-37

'HES' I NStURIMJIiI'A'I'IONIa~ l,'~fl ~N1ANI l\YI 'RIALS

1 - Oehler Model 41B Chronotach, calibrated at factory in M-iy 1973

1 - Electronic Counters, Inc. Model 4010 Velocity Comiputing Chronograph,calibrated at factory' in June 1973

4 - i')ehler Model 35 Lutmiline Screens

2 - FastaX 16mmn High Speed -Motion Picture Crneras

- Wol lensak Model 31016 Time Pulse Generator

2 -Colortran 1000 Watt Lights

Sol len:;ak , 1000 lIitt LightL.

2 100-foot Rolls Kodak Ilktachrome (7242) lrmn Iligh Speed Film (GIE)2 - 10-ufoot Rolls Eastman llouhle-X Negative (722) 1lm Ili Igh Speed Filim

I- Vanguard Model 10C .M1ot i An 0 ailyzer

4 - (e;Nrai Radio lype 1539 "Strohoflash" Microflash

- Geeral Radio MAodel 1541 Multi-Flash Generator

i Linhof 4x7) Cwiera with Kodak f4.5, 135im Lens

1 - Royal Pan 4" x 5" Cut Film, Tl)c 4141

a rious darkroo~i and p, uotographic equipment

1 10-meter indoor range having ceiling height of 12 iect

400-meter outdoor range

Mliscel laneous range supplies and equipment

- Specially constructed target (llomasote faced), Ilomasote Company,)Lnwer Ferry Road, Trenton, N.J.

1- lu' Ice Freezer Unit

1 - Roctiester flermomncter

1 - Plywood Anthropometric Silhooette Target based on 19t0 1)revfus data

1 - Dwyer Wind Mieter, F.hW. Dwyer Mfg Co., Michigan City, Indiana

C~-38

tIL

AIPL,\n]\ 1)

Mi

AM COR~P. -MOOIZL C-Zoo

' Blank• PropeilinigCarntridges,

MME-L L-1 1LAL3C-i-MRS

C-40

APPE',:IDI N I)

•40)nhn i Liquid Ball

(s iriing)

!'-!

LI

TrLST REPORT

L1SS LiITIIAI. 401M LIQIi I 11 11A1I,- I

(TASK t)24:-73, .ON9AC'fi'NO. I)AAID5-73-C-1532

INURK ORDEIIR NO. I10)

Prepared For

tIlnitcdI States Arm,Land Warfare ILaboraton'

.\bcrdeen Iro: i ng Groumd, Mary land

By

I1.1'. h•lite LaboratoryBel Air, Mlaryland

Fchruary 1974

Preceding page blank

I

\Itq I1• \L: r

\ I . I k L

-10h10l1 1. i (IItIi d I I I.( 't I II.'- Ill wi.c' ItltlkC 11 h " it~ ' pro1" I\ I: ItlS ok kt)III r It: ,t ) N I AI\ )(.\ i - -- -t o- , 3 '• , '1 '1.l {sk 0 ,- 1 - 7.3 !IC II I It'l I ct 1W' I t I

thlct' I1. . .\lmi I ý11, lu.r 1.1Iv< I . t.aborat or'v ,iik Id I l. I I W <• Iabl -J t ol':t 'V.

TABLL 01: Co(NTIS iPaJge

Abstract ------------------------------- -----------------............ iTable of Contents ---------------------------------------...... ------ i i

Section 1. Scol)c of Work

OhJ ccttiee ............................................... ----------- I,M at er ia ls ------------ ---- --------------------- --- --------- -----------SOpt Of Tests ------------------------------------------------------- I

Sect ion It. Procedure\'c lo t itv .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Pro-jecti le Energ .-----------------------------------------------------A cC Lr:Lcv\ .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . --- -- - 3

I 1iupac t 0 h a rIctO lr i S t ics .............................................. 3.ffeckt of Siloot(r ýStrss Oil Accur-ac) ------------------------------- 4

\ L ix im m i R a n g e - - - - - - - I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 4l?1al:, imLli i.ft-cctive hiittilig - -i'- - - --gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--

(,old l' IpCr~ltJ'1 L ire ig - 1,'10:2 1c ] lx it Phenomena -................... ............................Sal etv -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Section IIl. Res-ult s\e lo c itv .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P rojct iIc lo n ergy --------------------------------------------------- 0Accuracy-------------------------------------------------------------7Impact Chanacteristic:s --------------------------------------------- 7

i.1fect of Shooter Strcss on Acurac) c....................... --------- 8Max imiun Range .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I,Alzinuji Iffectiv Hitting Rang .------------------------------------- 9Cold lemperattur Firing --------------------------------------------- 9Ma:z:le Exit Phenomena ------------- ---------------------------------- 10

List of Tables

lTble I Scope of Tests ------------------------------------------ 2Table II Results of Vclocit,. Tist 3--------------------------------"l'able III Projectile lnerg) ---------------------------------------- oTable IV Results of Accuracy Test ---------------------------------- 7"l1able V Indentations of Itomasot --------------------------------- 7"Tlahle VI Sujmary of Stress Tlest Results --------------------------- 8Table VII Maximum Range --------------------------------------------- 8Table VI I Maximum Effective Hitting Range ------------------------- 9Table IX Cold Tcmperaturc Firing ---------------------------------- 9

Appendices

App•di ix A. Observed i)ata ------------------------------------------ 11Appendix B. Calculated D)ata ----------------------------------------- 29Appendix C. Instrumentation ---------------------------------------- 57Appendix 1). P'hotographs -------------------------------------------- 39

"D-5

SEiUPION 1. SCOPE 0.F WORK

1. OBJLCITVL

The objective of these tests was to provide the external h)allistic datanecessary to assess the ballistic perfennance of the 4011111 Liquid Ball losslethal ammunition.

2. INUthRIALS

The following materials werec used in the conduct of this test programi:

a) 40mm LiqJuid Bial S les lthal prIojc~tiles (sueC FigureC 1).

h)) (Thc~iladc launcher, 40irnn, 1N179, Serial No. 47637.

c) Miscellaneous range and photographic equLipmenC~t (sue Appendix [)'.

S. -SCOPL: OF TESTS

.Seventy-eight (7,S) rotunds of' 4i':rnn Liquid Ball ajiununit ion Were firedloni an intrumiented indoor range to determine velocity, iCCurac-'y, muILzzleexNit phetinowi 11, relativeo inqract characterisi ics andI( thu' (u ffucr of shIoototstressý on accuracy,. Ten HO(1 rounds were filred on1 an1 ou1tdoor ranlge to dter-liný,ii fu i;\ un range and max imiun uCffQCtj ye hittingi range Mien the project iles suhcj ected to) emiX-,onmen'Ital varab LIssch as winld. Seven (7) roun~d.s wereV firedtodtnun thL' effect. of cold temperature firing. (see '[able 1)]

LLL)

X u 9z4J

Xcz

-. j 4.9

CC) d

CJ C)- -

-~0 -o

H- 0)r 00

mI rrn .CC

fl 0rUlC r- co 0

C4 ~ O 0 r ~ ~ - *

SECT ION 11. PROCELDUF.

1. VELOCITY

a) The velocity of twenty-one (21) rounds of the 4ram Liquid Ballprojectiles was derived from data collected by erecting ltunilinescreens 5.06, 8.0b, 14.9 and 17.9 feet (1.51, 2.46, 4.54 and 5.46meters, respectively) from the muzzle of an M79 Grenade Launcherfired from the prone/rest position. The outputs of these screensactivated time interval counters from which the velocities at 2 and5 meters from the muzzle were calculated.

b) Velocity of eight (8) of the 40rm Liquid Ball projectiles wascalculated from data extracted from high speed motion pictures ofthe muzzle and initial few feet of projectile flight recorded byl6mm Fastax motion picture cameras positioned 4 feet 8 inches tothe right of the line of fire and 9 inches in front of the muzzle.The film speed, used to compute the projectile velocity, wasdetermined from timing marks on the film created by a time pulsegenerator.

2. PROJECTILE LENERGY

Projectile energy of the 40nmm Liquid Ball projectile was calculated byapplying the unfired projectile weight and the velocity data derived per 1,above, to the standard energy formula--

Kinetic lncrgy - (1/2) LMV'

3. ACCURACY

The accuracy of the 40mmn Liquid Ball aimmnnition was determined fromthe ipqxact data on a target constructed of 2" x 41" wood backing, 1/2-inch thickIlomasote and faced with paper. Pic accuracy of the annimiition was determinedby measuring the horizontal and vertical dispersion from the aiming point onthe target. Standard deviations in the x and y directions and the mean radiuswere calculated.

4. IMPACT CI IRACTiERI STICS

Indentations in the Hlomasote, produced 1y each projectile impact, weremeasured using a depth micrometer and the average indentation was calculated.Indications of projectile attitude at impact were observed and noted. Thesedata were collected from the target when po.:tioned 6.4, 20, 35, 50 and 70meters fronm the muzzle of the prone/rest fired M79 Grenade Launcher.

I-

|., |1 i i ii~fll |i il l i i i+||1 i i i•'i] ' i1 j)- . . .8 . .. ....

S. FIPICT OF SHOOTERZ S1IUSS ON ACCURIACY

Three (3) shooters fi red tell (10) rounds each at anl anthropometricsilhouette target posit ioiied 35) meters from the shooter. In order to induceStress, each shooter was told that hie would have an avoiage of 4 seconds(varying from 3 sccondls to S seconds) to shoulder the \179, sight and fire atthle target. This timing was accon~lished by utilizing a cardboard shield whichob~scured the shooter's view of' the target before and after each shot. iowirning was given bcfore the shield wa~s raised and the time interval started.Ine coordinates of each shot ini relation to the crotch area of the silhouettewvere recorded. Whether or not a hit had been scored onl thle man-size silhouettek\as recordedu and any hits in critical areas (groin andj eyes)were noted. Standard.ILk at ionl of the x and y coordinates and the mean radius were calculated fromthese data.

0. MA-\AIM UtMTR\C

T11e M-1), with its barre- CIelTvated 30' f-rom,. hon zonta i , was fired from ah)Jcnch rest onl ;I 400-meter outdoor range. After each shot, tilc distanice thleprojectile traveled before its initial iimpact with the grourJ was measuredas well as the deflection righit or left of thec line of Sight.

The M,19 G;renade Launchecr wa~s bench rest fired at an anthropormetricsiilhouette target poCsitioneLd 50 e~ter-s froml th;W muzzle. After two (2)

fiings w thout scoring a hit eni the sýi hotiette , the ta iov' rget MaS moved tonict mtrs. :\fter throe (3) firings without Scoring a hit On h il houette

thle target was moved to 20 meters for thec remaining two ()firings. Windvelocity at each firing was meiasured using a Diwyer Wind NHeter. Silhouette

taget hits atnd misses, impact coordinates, and flight time from muzzle totairget (timled b~y stop watch) I~erCe ICreIcrde. Estima-te Of thle MaxiMUM effectivehitting raage was the average of thrte (3) observers opinion of ran~ge at whichtaictical hit.s could he expectud under test conditions.

8. Col.) Th~IIAIRXPIAI' :1Ri. IRNG

Seven (7) of- the 4011111 Liquid M~ll projectiles were -Stored at -4SOF for24 hourIIs. '11ey were then stored for one additional hour at 01' inrmiediAtelv,before being fired from time machine rest mounted ri'7 (;renade Latuncher. Eachshot was fired remotely. The fired cartridge case and thle 7GradLauncher were exaiunincd for damiage after each sh]ot. Impact coordJinates andtheC indentation ½n thle H~omas(.te fa'ced tMargct were eaIC'sured anid recorded.

tI

N9. UZZLE EXIT PIEN()1NA

Twelve (12) 4U(nm Liquid Ball projectiles were photographed as they exitedthe muzzle of the launcher. Light (8) rounds were photograpqhed using two (2)

Wall Fastax high speed motion picture cmneras simultaneously. One Fa'taxcamera was positioned perpendicular to aid 4 feet 8 inches from the .. '. ¢f fire,

9 inches forward of the muzzle. Thle other Fastax cuatn.ra was positioned 38.3feet forwar d of the muzzle, 3 feet to the left of the line of fire and focusedon the muzzle. Both cameras ran at a nominal 40001 fram,.s per second. Four(4) rounds were photographed using a Linhof 4" x 5" ctametra positioned 4 feetto the right and I foot in front of the muzzle. Four (4) General Radio"Stroboslave" recycling flash uni-s were pulsed at .0013 second intervalsfor a flash duration of .000003 seconds each. These s trobes provided four(4) exvo:ures of the pro ectile within 14 inches of the ,nuzzle. Projectile

• muzzle exit was studied by c.;wiining the lo6mm high speed motion picture filmand enlargements of the 4" x S" nicroflash p1lotographs (see Figures 2 thru 5).

10. SAFlf

In :iddition to normal safe'v procedure-; followed durini, firing,personnel were required to wear r,_,spiratory protection during conduct of

tthe test to preclude inhalation of ;'my sinaill droplets of the glycerin and

water mix in the pr.jectile which might have been aerosolized upon targetimnpac t. I

I'- J('

h..|

1 . V1IWCI-I)-

I',ihic I1 is a suimilary of' I h velocity dat., coiit; i ticd oni the data shccts

4Oiiun Liquid Bal I

(, ri) 21ud) (21 i ds 1

:.kL~iliuml 30.270. i 2u2 ,.o

Alnilmull 253 . 223.ý8 220.2

Average 2.1 245".9 5.

*Ltzlni ILi fe scp,(Cels/t jime initerval cotuiter

"Ji gi Speud V'lt im PicturesI .icai~C~20 t.p.s.J

iah Ic I I is a suu-uiary of calculatiow; hased oni the data conitained inl

TNBI.II: I1I1 . PROJI Cli i.L1 ILNRGY (ft-lbs)LMI.I iU Jid Ba11

Thuz-le 2unSi

ixiuan 9. 74.5S 7(1.S

AvvrapgL 77.9 o2.0 58.0

I3. CURACY

Table IV is a stumury' of- calculations hased on the data contained in

A.pcilndix A.

'A11I.iN. R\ PSJ,'TS OF ACC1I.f CY '1i1i;] S4(hfin Liquid Ball

Croup Center FxtrOel, StancL "lrdTarget (from point of aim) Spread lkeviatioi Nieart

oiStance (iI.) (ini.) ( in.) Radius(rectors) x v x y x y (in.

-0.2 S.. 3.2 5.0 1.3 2.0 1.9

lo *4o.5 tI1.2 52.8 04.9 33.,1 222 31.0

3 -21.3 +lo.t). 5o.. 75.8 18.4 . 21.8

=+39.3 -1(1.0 .Q.4 85.5 -11.0 259.0 25.6

70 +14.8 -3.4 25.8 48.4 8.0 15.]- 12.8

I . I.YI'AtA 1G AEl• : 1R l IriS

lab lc V i:, a slu•loarv of calculation-s based on the data contained inAppendi x A.

l \ VI.i.V. I0.I)I;YI,\II()NS I. IL ).,I•\S ii

.11nun lI iquid Ball

T1 argct .\veriage A 71i Mn I mumax i mum

i1 'ýt~incc' Indent at ion I Ide'ntatt i on i ndentat i on-,__ ___et e ___s _ ( ill. ) - ( tn . ) ___ ___. __

I-

o.I I(A) .190

20 .0)19 I1 .151

3.-1 8 .,031 .1.

10 . )12 (0 .10T

IL-JJ

hi. IiCT OF~ N10iJi LR STIu .~S ON Au'.010~CY

laýb I k V I i .1 Slu~llhiir>' of Ilk-%il' .1 11 id oil' bilS ) eSd oil the datl.A Containetd in.\pjwnIjdx A.

lABIA1. VI . SUMMJ{Y OF STIU~ss lII A S11 I ISlonmll Liquid Hall, larget 3S Meters

Group Con, ier I.Xtrenic 'SWiwhrdT(frol poinlt of aim) Spread Deviat i on :l'U lotal Iit.tS fitS '

tin.) in.) tn.) fRadiuls on Ciia>y0ZV x ~~y (ill.) SilhouettC Area

A I-4.2 + "7.9 !I41 j3. 3A.1.0 0 1..2 0 0

+ 17.8 +8.3 l. I 1 3. 20.2 23.o 25 2

I.+10.() +8.9 ss , 1 o. is 1 122

"ibl()e VI I is a sujaaarv of the data contained in Appendix A.

TI'JLi. V1 I . NMAXDUM PA\GL:4 (bulm L.iqui d Ba I1

I~~D fitac I DeLect ion1

j (Imeters) j (meters)

ivrg 1n8.1) 11n line of sight

Average___L i iL 4.tV-riglit J

il- 13

7. LXItJUI EHIhCTIVl; MIT~IIN4 pkANLI;

Table V111T is a sivinary of the data contaiiiied inl Appendix A.

4ABhi: V I 11 . MANA 1.1 LTFECTM:Ci v 1.171:Nt, JtXUi.4Mfl iun lqid BallI

Grolip (.entrr stantdard IverageIrnpoint of 1ev i ati on Mci Wind Fligh~t

i II Lll (ll a-dilis VelIoc itv lmevi) tl. x'' l~l;i Il 1Hits i (sec.) Renuarks

0 - 6.-. - - round broke illflight

SAk-i, I Ii I ANLA: 20 D 11

-1.2 -l2. ~ 21 .~ 2 i11.0- 12.U 0~

kiý;i tict. ujili ion W, the, three (3 OlhSOI'XTlS tiiat tielt'M;.INIM111o effl.ct 'l'C

FI IIý AILt WhiLCHtil L ti L IlIiitS Oni a manl could heC W,1', ted ~t j ipprXiImate 1

* II , IIk~IR.i

IlL \ s 0$tuU~IMAI-Y (1 tilL' oa,*t a C01nt i ned inl *\pilid i N.\

i'tW1.1. I X. COtILD T1l2'fLk'tV11JRI; FiRIM'

1(halii Liquid hall

*3rcids- onlyh

ITOjet leJ I 'i le1r (off: giveem iii, I1) Wate) aperdto he inl a 1 S~idStilt C at iImipacLt. a pra u icteri s ppeare'd to bie relluced to approimNiatelIy

1/3 the size of those fired at roomt temperature. Two (2) of the seven (7)rouads did not reach the target--one was observed to break in flight and wewere unable to account for the other. The mean radius of the five (5)

measureable impacts (20.4 indces) cwinot be directly compared to the meanradius of 21.8 inches from the room temperature firing.

9. N•fZZLL EXIT PIUENCJMENA

The muzzle exit of twelve (12) rounds were recorded photographically--eight (8) with high speed motion pictures and four (4) with multistrobedmicrof'lash.

,Vnalysis of the film revealed:

a) Rounds number 34 mid 36 show the projectile spilling its liquid

filling near the muzzle.

h) Ten (10) of the films show the sabot opening and no apparentabnormalities.

C ) [-o,,r (4) of the films were ruined in development.

d) One of the four microflash (Figure 4 ) shows the projectile spillingliquid.

D-I

I I I I I I I I I I I I -15

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CCIO

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________________________________________

.1~ ~ __-0u2

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-4

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0 0x 0

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OBSERVED DATA

MAXIMUM RANGE,179-40mm Liquid BallBarrel Elevated 300

Date: 5 February 1974

Temperature: 30'F, variable wind(left to right)

Round No. Range Deflection Remarks(meters) (meters) __-

79 108 S.u-right

80 122 4.0-right

81 1ii On lineT

D- I

UBSiWE) DATA

COLD TEST

4riun Liquid Ball

l),te: 12 February 1974

..Jl IIIi it ion: Storcd at -45°O1: for 24 hours.Stored at (]°1F for I hour inmicdiatcly hbtore firing.

.lA,:hi nc rest, lanyard fired,iwt 3.; meters

\iming Paoint: 47 1/2 IinchIs high

I IndentationV). (in.) (in.) (in.) Remarks

_ +12•.2 ,.7 .025 hvcn spray on target.

83 +732 4,.3 .030 liven spray on target.

8-8 +29.oU -7.5 .0 3 Little sprly on target.

5 -.19..3 3 .010 No spray on target.Round ipact mark.

so -14.1 j +23.7 .043 No spray on target.Round impact mark.

87 Unk [ilnk, rnk

I -8 Ball hroke in flight at approx35 meters, sahot found wetinside aid out.t

____________________________________________________________________ I

3 *

I 0MSEWVD •IAJN!

MAXIl4JI EFFECTIVE HITTING RANGE

40rm Liquid Ball

Date: 1 March 1974

Temperature: 450F, vari.!ýhe cross wind

right to left

Impact 1Coordinates SilhouettV Wind Flight

Round (in.) hIit/ Velocity T imeNo. x v Missed (m..h.) (sec. Remarks

""ARGLT !)ISTANCr" 50 ,UTI'RSi I I189 - Missed 6.0 I Broke in flight. Hit! ground at 30m.

90 1 Missed 9.5 - llit ground at 4Om.

TAR'.GET DI STANCE 33 bII.'ERS

91 - - Missed 9.5 - lit ground at 28m.

92 -39.7 +17.6 Missed 11.0 0.3 Iapp rox I

93 -120.0 0 Missed 12.0 0.3

TARGE!T DISTANCE 20 kI1:FERS

94 -7.31 -14.2 Hfit 11.0 0.2

95 +5.4, -11.3 flit 12.0 0.2

APPI:NniI X B

!•.,!

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY40iwi Liquid Ball

6.4 Meters

Round No. Coordinates Calculations Radius(ir ._,_(in.)

x y (x- X)2 (y_-)

1 -0 3 +7.0 0.01 2.56 1.6

2 0 +8.9 0.04 0.09 0.4

3 +1.5 +10.4 2.89 3.24 2.5

4 +1.3 +7.4 2.25 1.44 1.9

S -1.7 +6.1 2.25 6.25 2.9

6 -1.3 +8.8 1.21 0.04 1.1

7 -1.1 +11.7 0.81 9.61 3.2

X y(in.) (in.)

Standard Deviation --- 1.3 2.0 ---

Mean X= -0.2 y-- +8 . 6 --- 1.9

Extreme Spread 3.2 5.b --- ...

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY4•nin Liquid Ball

20 Meters

Round No. Coordinates Ca lculit ioils fu us1in.)________ (in.)

x y x ( - X) (y - 2-

8 +24.5 -35.9 570.00 212S.21 52.0

9 +9.5 +15.7 81.00 30.25 10.5

it) -10.9 0 129.9 9 179.56 17.6

11 +17. " +21.9 278.89 10..09 22.212 +. +29.0 1521.00 353.44 44.3

13 -13.3 +10.4 190.44 0.014 13.8K.1

1- - .( +3. 8 40 ... 5 4S.91. 63.8

x V( t*.) (in.)

Standard Deviation 33.7 )).2 ---

Meain X"' +0.5 v= +10.2 . .. 31.9

lixtrenie Spread 52.8 04.9 -- ---

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY40rm Liquid Ball

35 Meters

SNo. Coordinates l Calculations xadiusGi ) _. (in.)

I2

_ _ (x - X-)L2 (y _Y) 2

15 -26.2 +5.9 24.01 114.49 11.8

16 -41.7 +54.5 41-. 16 1436.41 43.0

17 +14.8 +24.2 1303.21 57.76 36.9

18 -17.4 +18.7 15.21 4.41 4.4

19 -37.5 +17.1 262.44 0.25 16.2

20 -19.0 +17.1 5.29 0.25 2.4

21 -22.4 -21.3 1.21 1436.41 37.9

x y(in.) (in.)

Standard Deviation ...... 18.4 22.5

Moan x= -21.3 y-- +16.6 --- --- 21.8

Extreme Spread 56.5 75.8 ------

0-37

77 CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY( ~40ram Liquid Ball4 So Meters

Round No. Coordinates Calculations Radius_____ i_.__.,._ (in.)

_ _ _ _ _x y (x-i) 2 ()- ___)1

24 +72.0 -63.0 1069.29 2809.00 62.3

25 +35.1 -7.3 17.64 7.29 S.0

+32.4 -13.6 47.61 12.96 7.8

27 +54.9 -5.5 243.36 20.25 16.2

38 +12.6 +22.5 712.89 1056.25 42.1

41 +28.0 +7.0 114.49 289.00 20.1

x y(in.) (in.)

Standard Deviation ...--- 21.0 29.0 ---

Mean x= +39.3 Y-10.0 25.6

Extreme Spread 59.4 85.5 ---

I)- 38

r

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACYT1TEJD FIRE

40um Liquid Ball

Round No. Ccordinates Calculat ions Padius(ii o.(in.)

(x - X)- (y ->)2

49 12.04 +19.5 4.00 112.36 10.8

50 +1(). -0.o 0 90.25 9.5

31 0 +28.5 112.36 3,4.16 22.3

+21.0 +27.9 108.10 3ul.O0 21.7

53 +16.9 -0.7 39.69 243.30 1b.8

5S4 -25.8 -0.0 1324.90 240.25 39.0

SI 1 +33.1 +20.5 50o.25' 134.SO 25.3

36 -(0.S +3.9 123.21 12.2

+19.4 -12.7 77.44 46(. So

+18.8 +14.8 07.24 34.81 10.1

x(in.) tIn.)

Standard Deviation ..... 16.2 15.2

Mcan X= +10.o 6 +8.9 -.. 19.2

Extrcmc Spread S8.9 41.2 --- ...

1,- 39

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACYTIMED FIRE

40mm Liquid Ball

Rwnd No. Coordinates Calculations Ra.iusCi_ i. - (in.)

(x -x) (y -Y) _)2

59 +53.0 -25.0 1239.04 1108.89 48.S

00 -11.1 +40.8 835.21 1056.25 43.5

W1 +11.6 +28.# 38.44 404.01 21.0

02 +12.2 +7.7 31.36 0.36 5.6

03 +27.3 +16.5 90.25 07.24 12.5

04 +27.1 +10.1 86.49 3.24 9.5

(5 -- -- -- -- --

00 +33.6 +18.5 249.6-1 104.04 18.8

o7 -8.2 +10.6 676.00 3.29 26.1

68 +15.O -32.9 7.84 10.97.44 41.3

x y(in.) (in.)

Standard Deviation --- -- 20.2 23.0 ---

Mean x= +17.8 Y= +8.3 --- 25.2

Extrcose Sprcad 64.1 73.7 --- -

U-40

T

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACYTIMM) FIRE

40rmr Liquid Ball

Round No. Coordinates Calculations Radius

(n . - (in.)

x y (x 0), (, ___-_2

)9 +11.8 +17.4 25o.00 90..25 18.6

70 +4.2 -30.0 0 1482.25 38.5

71 +17.4 -o.7 460.56 213.10 26.1

+ - t... 1 +9.1 1030.41 1.44 32.1

-24.0 +84..0 392.04 5791.21 78.0

74 +19.5 +34.4 S51 .o9 702.25 35.0

+13.9 -37.5 327.oi 20o1(.lo 48. 9

7o -47.1 +-35.7 1840.41 772.84 51.1

+11.8 +21.4 250.00 182.25 2.9

78-77.0 -48.0 5299.84 3124.81 91.8

(in.) _________

Stindard I)eviat ion --- --- 34.0) 40.0 ---

xian= -4.2 y= +7.9 --- --- 44.2

Extreme Spread 104.9 132.o ----. j_________________________________________________ _______ --__ ________________ __________________ _________________

tUPPLN1IX C

TIST I NSTRIJMI-iPJFAT 1ONEQU I PIMENT AND MATERIALS

I - Oehler Model 41B Chronotach, calibrated at factory in. May 1973

I Electronic Counters, Inc. Model 4010 Velocity Cojipiting Chronograph,calibrated at factory in June 1973

4 - ochler Model 35 Ltunilne Screens

2 - Faz.tax 10ir High Speed Mot ion Picture Cameras

1 - Wol lensak Model 3100 Tim" Pulse Generator

2- Colortraw 1000 Watt Lights

2 - W ollensak 1000 Watt Lights

14 - 100-foot Rolls Kodak Fhktachrome (72.42) lomm High Speud Film (FlT)

2 - 100-foot Rolls E-astmanU lknUble-X Negative (722) elign High Speed Film

1 - Vanguard Model IOC Motion .vialyzcr

-1 - U;flCnral Radio Type 1539 "Stroboflash" \licroflash

1 - General Radio .odel 1541 N1ulti-1:lash Generator

1 - l.inhof .14. Camera with Kodak f4.5, 13SBUiL Lens

. - Roya1 Pan 4" x 53 Cut l:il 1, Type 4141

Various darkroom and photographic equipment

100-meter indoor range having ceiling height of 12 feet

400-meter outdoor range

Miscellaneous range supplies awd equipment

1 - Specially constructed target (Hlomasote faced), Hoinasute Compauily,Lower Ferry Road, trenton, N.J.

1 - Dry Ice Freezer Unit

I - Rochester Thenmometer

1 - Plywood Anthropometric Silhouette Target based on 1960 D)reyfus data

1 - Dwyer Wind Aeter (F.W. Dwyer Nlfg. Co., Michigan City, indiMa)

11-4 3

t . .. .-.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .

,MITENDIX 1)

D)o-44

'pS .

I,,L t, C L Z't Iil OIL f', •, / -" '1 i • Ž.• i : L tl

Figure 1. Recovered Components from a 40mm Liquid Round.

D-45

F

'C

a 1�

0�

C

I.'.'o2.4U

I,-

0

C)

F S.'

LI.

LI-'�b

Il

I=Io

ce

0

.-4

00

U-47

5-1

'-4

, 5.4

,,,4

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0

C4

Co

a.

-.4

L.,

D-48

•0

SD-48

Ul

p!

I I I II I I'

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-4

D--49

'I 1O� It .� - �J�4*f"7 � -.

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-�

- . 1�6)

�--- --- I

I"

-� a.

1.4 I

- - E

I;., -,.f ______ z

- 1.0

*.1 = - 4) 4

.1.4 I£1.

- 1.

= . -

=C4- - i

74

1)-so

i

APPENDIX E

1 2 -Gauge Liquid Ball

(Test Firing)

II-

TEST RE PORT

LESS LETHAL 12-GAUGE LIQIJID BALL-I

('IASK 02-F-73, CONTFRACTNo. 1f,'A1)oS-73-C-oS32

WORK ORIJER NO. 12)

Prepared For

United States ArmyLa•d Warfare Laboratory

.\berdeen Proving (;round, Miaryland

By

11.1P. W\h)ite laboratoryBel Air, M'aryland

February 1974

1 3

Preceding page blank

ABSIR.\ :i

IbiS repor1t psntsthe ILSII tS of- ill it i 1I tet, tS of' Is letha 1I 2-t;auge I. iquidc Ba 1 I nun i t ions in :iccorl;iJCC Wi t I1I thIe I)rovisi onls ofCont ract No. D)AI'U)(S -7 3-ii-053', *1;isk 02-F-713 (ýml agreement bet weentiit U.S. Anny 1L'nd Warfare Lziborit~ory Anid 11.1. Thlite Laboraitory).

1 UBLE OF CONTtnTS

Page

Abstract -------------------------- iTable of Contents ------------ t-----------------t---------- ------ - ii

Section 1. Scope of Work

O b e c t iee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- -------- 1Materials --------------- eri--------------------------l-------------- IScope of Tests ------------------------------------------------------ I

Sect ion II. Procedure

V e lo c it% --- --- --- ----- --- ---- ---- -- ----- --- -- ----------- -- -- --- ---- -- 3Pro jectile I .lnerg)y --------------------------------------------------- 3: \CCLII'CICC--------------------- ---- ---- --- --- --- --- --- --------- -------- 3Impact Characteristics ---------------------------------------------- 31.ffect of Shooter Stress on Accura':v -------------------------------- 4'laxiillur Railge ------------------------------------------------------- 4laximimu Effective flitting Range------------------------------------4Ctold Temperature Firing -------------.------------------------------- 4.Mt::ic Exit Phenomena ------------------------------------------------ 5Saet.---------------------------------------------------------- 5

Secti.on III. Results

\-ocit -------------------------------------------------------- 6Projecti*e Encrgy ---------------------------------------------------- 7Accuracy ------------------------------------------------------------ 8Impact Chaircteristics ------------------------------------------- 8E fcot of S;hooter StLrSs on AL-icLUrC --------------------------------- 9.XkiinUtI Rnge..-------------------------------------------------------- 9.Uximiun IEffective flitting Range ------------------------------------- 10Cold Temperature Firing --------------------------------------------- 10.>l:_le Exit Phenomena ----------------------------------------------- 10

List of Tables

Tabl I Scope of Tests -------------------------------------------- 2Table II1 Results of Velocity Tests ------------------------------- 6l abil Ill Projectile hnergy------------------------------------- 7Table IV Results of Accuracy Tests -------------------------------- 8Table V SumLary of Stress Test Results -------------------------- 9Table VI Maximumn Range -------------------------------------------- 9'iable VII %Lximum Effective flitting Range -------------------------- 10

:\pp•nd ices

Appendix .\. Observed Data 2--------------------------------------Appendix B. Calculated Data ---------------------------------------- 27Appendix C. Instrumentation ---------------------------------------- 35Append-ix I). Lahel on Box of Pellets ----------------------------- 37Appendix F. Photographs -------------------------------------------- 39

Sl I I1ON 1. '-lOPl, 01 W)RJ K

1. O•,.L(.TIVL-

The objective of these tests was to provide the external ballistic datanecessary to assess the ballistic perfonhiance of the ",Nelson \iMrking Pellet"when fired fron a 12 Gauge N1120() riot gun and also from a Co., powered MarkingPistol.

2. ,%\'I'IR 'L.L.;

The folltowing materials Wire used in thu conduct of this test program:

a) 12 Gauge l.iquid Ball NeIson! .arking I'elCts) less lethalprojectiles (see Figure 1).

1.) 12 gauge shot shell cases specially loaded.

c) N11200 12 Gauge riot gira .erial No. 1.571-489).

,I) "Nel-Spot 007" CO, lpistol and CO , pow•r charges. (Se, Figure 2)

el .,Ii.s.c l1;ineoUIs raIuge and photograplhiic eq uipment (sec .\ppendix C).

SC. o '. FII.SIPS

Ftightecn (18) routds of 12 ,;auge 1.iquid Ball aimmrwition ,ere firedon :in instrumiented iindoor r.nge' to deteQLnille Velocity, accuracy, muzzleexit phenomena, and impact charaLteristics.

Forty-five (45) "Nelson Marking Pellets" weure fired from a "Nel-Spot 007"marking pistol (CU)) on an instrumntelcd indor ralrge to dc'telmile Velocity,accuracy, muzzle exit phenomena, impact characteristics, and tlhe effect ofshooter stress on accuracy. "len roumds were fired on ai outdoor range todeternine maximum range and nIlaximnuLJPi eftf'ect iVye hitting range when the pro-jectiles are subject to environment.al varkilalCes such as willd. 'hree (3)rounds were tested to determine die ecfect of cold temperatuie. (see Table 1)

i.. .- a

CJ-

-e44

L) I

0) 0

C) C j4 4 -Z4~ vJ. *f4 -J. *j. '1.

-3 E4 z -:t-.

CL-

ua

C--

LC z C

44 1

S I F; I k A I I . I I 14 )CIJ;IRLZ

I VI 10C~x IFV

a) Th'le v'elocity of' fi fteen (15ý) rounds of the 12 (.au1 Liquid Ball-iiimuiit ion fid f roi all Ml2o) r jot gun andI twenty-one (21) Nc 1 -SpotA'irking Pelletsý fired fromn a ",Ne]-Spot 007" pistol was derived fromldata col C~t ed by ore t ing lum iii liek sceS5.0(1, 8.*00, 14.9 and 17.9feet (1 .54, 2 .16, 1I.S4, anid 5.40 mieters r'.spcct ivel >1 fromi th., muzzleof' the pronc/ rest I ired,, te,- t weaponl. T1w outpuwts of these screensaictivated t imie inltelva I colunters froim whitch tilie Velocit ics at 2 ;Uld5 meters from, thle muzzlei were Cal cilatt ed

b Velocity of- two (2') each1 Of thle 12 Gaauge Likquid RAIl And Ned-SpotMalrkinlg Pel lets uas ca lculate~l fromi daita I~ ra' cted from high speedmo t in pi )ic " Ire S o f t lei'c ' ; L lead miit i;l I~ I eet 1'0Of F.0CiCI "r,ht

recorde ,%- 10iiiiii kast ax mot .ion p ic ture ci Ia s ;it iuioed 4 feet8 iniches to the right of the line of fire ;uuid 9 inches in front of'the muzzl e . *1IC hei i ilwd used to cip ttlie ri"0c~t ii e 'I OCijty,wais deIte on i ned from t iming marks oil tile film crecated 1w a timelic plsegenerator'

2. -CkII I I.1. l.NI.,IW'

Pro jec1t i. Ic, 1ca3c rvwsC eia I'l app 1 ei iii the 11111i red prm ec1t i Icwe i ht and the ye I oc i t y d;ait; a der i veil Pe r I , above, to thle stlanda rd enicrgy

K ine t ic lDiergy I (l.,T 'V

ACCIO.

'111e acclira~cv of thle 12 Gaug I. iq i d BallI alluillunit ion was dete-Mii ned from111)ikpat datl ai oni a trget const ructed of' 2'' x I" wood backing, 1/2- inch thick

I lo11iSLACo e111d fa.ced with papl e r. The accurac v of' t he ;11iiiu init ionl was de t ernlminedby iiias;uriig the horizontal and vertical d isplers ion froii the' a im lil rig iiot 011the target. Standard duv ut ions in tile x and y direc:tions and the mean radiuswere calculated.

I ndcnt at ions iii the H oniasa e , Pod Ie W ec CA roi e)_1ct i1(- iiuIact, weremecasured uising a depth inicroiicter and the avera'ge ilndei ta't ionl WAS calcula'ted.Indications of pruoj ct ile att i tude at imp~act were observed anid noted. Thosedata were collected from the target wheni posit ioned o. 4, 20, 35, -Id 50 metersfrom tile muzzle of the lplone/rest Fired te'st IWel';Ion1.

5 l TFCT OF~ 416MilR si ON ACCURACY

'T1ree (3) shooters fired five (5) "Nel Spot Marking Pellets" each atanl anthropornetric silhouette target positioned 35 meters from the shooter.In order to induce stres.-, each shooter was told that lie would have ail average

of 4 seconds (varying from 3 seconds to 5 seconds) to raise the pistol, sightand fire at the target. T7his timing was accoimpli shed by utilizing a cardboardshield which obscured the shooter's view of the target before and after eachshot. No warning was given before the shield was raised anid thle Vine interval

started.The coordinate,- of' each shot in relation to the center o h hsariea of the silhouette were recorded. Whether or niot a hit had been scoredOil thle 11rkn-Size silhIouette Was recorded anid any hits, in critical areas (groinand eyes) were noted. Standard deviation in the x and y directions a~nd thlemean radius were calculated fr-om these data.

o. M\XAINRJNI RA-\NGT

Ilie ''Nel-Spot 0107'' Gas Pistol with its barrel elev~ated 30' fromlhior i zontal , was; fired from a bench rest onl a 4(i0-meter outdoor range. After

cihshot, the distance the projectile traveled he fore its initial imipact withthe ground was measured as well as the deflect ion right or left of the lineof' sight.

7. NMAXNRM LFFEICTVI ivi:iiLT IM; Itx>N;i:

'11L he 'Ne 1-Spot 007' Ga;s Pistol was bench rest fired at an anthropoinetricýi lhotnottc target posi rionoci 35 mrrters from the muzzle. After three (3)ti rinrgs withiout sc:orin-1 a hiit onl the silhiouette, thle targcet was, mo)'ed to20 mecters- from the muzz!le for the remaining four (4) firings. Mild velocityýait each) firing was Measured using a lh%'yer "Wlind Meter.'' Silhouette targethits arid r& ssos, inq~act coordinates, and flight tir.' from mluZzle to target(timred hy stop watch) were reci~rded. Estimate -. ...-ximumn effective hittingraZnge waýs the average of three (3) observers opinion of rang,, aL, whichtactical hits could be expected wuider test conditions.;

Three-C (.5' of the ''Ne-Spot %Urking Pel lets'' were stor-ed alt -45aI: forI214 h1ours. iliev were then stored I-or one additionail hiour ait WA1 helore- n~i inloadedl into thie m1ach inc rest niou nted ''Nel-1-Snot 007'' C0, p3;stol . It was, plannecdtha~i each" sh]ot MaS to be remoteIN lv ire anld thiat imp:ic t-coourd inates and theindentation in the ''iomasote'' faced target wc ye to he meiasured and recorded.Thiis procedure was a [tered dun ring test inig. (See SVCTION I I. RESULTS)

Three (3) 12 Gfflguo Liquid Wi I Is were photographed as they exitedt tilemuz:zle o1f thle N11200 rilot. gunl. 'No (2) rotuids woef' photographed using, two (2)1Uiii Fas taX Hiigh Speed Motol 101PI ct ire cajlrr si mi 1tIt aeOlls lV. 011C lIStaix

c~'er wa13 positioned perpendIken lLu tO Miid 4 feet 8 i uclies fr-oml ti lt W Uri Of fIc,9 inches forw~ard of the muzi:: c. The other cati amiera was pos it ioned 38.ifec t I or'wa rd o f the mu:z I o , 3fee t to the 1c ft tf 0the I 1 me o10f f ire muid focusokIon thle Imrz z 1e, Bo~th calelicns rnil at a no 10ti na1 ()) 100 rmePIS p' r second. 'liethiird IroLuId WaS phot-)graphed 115 i Ig a;I Li uhOf ''" X Y' camerIV p)osit i oiiCd '1 feetto tile right and 1 foot ini front of the mu:: le. F our (1) 6ncrala 1 Radio"StlrobOSIJaVO' 1LCVC 1 iI'qt;i tunits were.C pulsed at .01013 second intervalsfor a f lash dui at ion of .000003 secondLs ech'd. *1IL'Se st rol w' pro i ded four41) exposures of the p'oj icc t ile within 17 inlches Of te Iuu:l I)IIIZIC. Six (0)

"?\Q - Spot Marking PIlt'weephotographed as t hey C.XitedL tile Inuzzle ofthe 'NeI - Spot 007'' ('L) p st0).ho (2) rounds eico oojupedus in fiigt011 ('l~ll ; 1s ax equi Ilen ta ,s de se i bd above . Four (.1) ironi ii were iii ot ogrtplied

H IS i ru tilie reeVe Iillug flaiSh i iljtsý dese ri lid abOkec. uci i muzzlec exit wa-mst uid ld by exa `in i ri thle 10111 nun Ii ii speed 1hiOt l onp tte iI In and cil laigemu-its

tit tile I"'x' \ uY'ro lash phtograpIhV (See 1iI iVurS thrui 7)

NormalI sa et v proceduri Wces wee sed duin-lg t1L w coI~nc t of' tilieSU te'Sts.

SlICI'ION iI I, liSIJl,'l'S

1. I I.Y I T•'

Table II is a siumary of the velocity data contaijed on the data sheetsof' Appendix A.

'ITABliE It. R-SIU :IS OFi V~iIAI X'Y 'fST'S (f.p.,,. )12-Gauge Liquid BlI 1

12 Gauge Liquid Ball, (Nel-Spot Mtu'kirg Pellets)M1\200 12 UlaugC Riot (m

1\11zzle** lm1* 5111*(2 rds) (15 rds) (13 rds)

Maxiiltuu 471.5 404.9 351.6

Mi n illun 3) L) . S 2 71.6 15S7. 0

Average 431.0 352.g 27o.3

Nel-Spot harking I'clletsN'l-Spot 007 CO., 'Pistol

"Mu:: le** 21n* SM*( rds) (21 rds) (21 rds)

Maximulun 35 .5 288.9 2o5.8

Minimum 335.8 244.4 226.4

Average -40. 2 200.1 2410.84lurmili i screens/time interval counter

(accuracy 3 f.p.s.)"**Hligh Speed Motion Pictures

(accuracy t. 20 f.p.s.)

I -I I

2. PRWICTIIi' ENliRGY

"fable 111 is a stalrmry ol calculations based on the duaIU contained illAppendix A.

"TABLE 111. IP\oJEC'rILI. tNL:R(;Y (ft. -Ibs)12 (Guge Liquid Ba]l

12 (Gauge Liquid ilI (Nv 1-Spot) / 12 (:Ilig, Shotgtu

i It z z 1e 2m Sl(2 rds) (15 rds) 13 rds

Maximum 2 0. 3 15.0 11.3

Minimum 1 .1.) o.8 2.3

Average 17.2 11.5 7..i

Nel-Spot .Marking poellts (Nel-Spot 007 LUA)Xistol)

ý,hiz z. [ 2111 Sill

(2 rds) (21 rds) (21 rds)

ý%Uxfinwln ]1.o( 7.o O. 5

Minimum 10.3 5.5 -1.7

Average 11. 0.2 S.3

I -'

3. ACCURACY

Table IV is a smunary of calculations based onl the data contained inAppendix A.

TBILE IV. IdTSUL'I'S OF ACCURACY TESTS12 Gauge Liquid Ball

Group Center Extreme StandardTarget (from point of aim) Spread Deviation Mean

1 listance (in.) (in.) (in.) RadiusUneters) Y x y x y (in.)

12 Gauge Liquid Ball (Nel-Spot Marking Pellets)M11200 12 Gauge Riot Gun

o.4 ;0.4 +0.2 12.3 13.8 4.2 5.1 5.4

20 Projectiles broke in flight. 2 of 7 reached targot.

Nel-Spot Marking PelletNel-Spot 007 C02 Pistol

0.4 -1.2 +0.9 9.2 6.2 2.9 2.3 2.9

20 -5.4 +3.7 14.0 40.7 6.1 14.2 12.8

35 -22.7 -5.1 47.5 54.7 13.2 19.8 19.5

4. I fl]ACT CI L\PACTIRI STI CS

Xone of the 12 Gauge Loiquid Balls or Nel-Spot Marking Pelletsproduced a miecasurahle impact on the lHomasote faced target.

•:!S

• , I II I

5. EFFECr OF SIOM-ER STRESS ON ACCURACY

Table V is a summary of the calculations based on the data contained inAppendix A.

TABLE V. SJMY OF STRESS TS-F RLSULFSNel-lipot Mlarking Pellets - Nel-Spot 007 CO, Pistol

Group Center Lxtreme Standard(from point of aim) Spread Deviation Mean Total Hits Ilits in

(in.) (in.) (in.) Radius on CriticalShooter x y x . x _ (in.) Silhouette Area

A +10.1 -33.4 22.1 12.6 8.3 4.9 7.1 1 0

11 +22.1 -13.3i 31.8 30.7 19.2 12.7 19.1 1 0

C -242 -29.1 29.99 31. 0 12.7 11.3 14.3 0 0

6. NIAXIMLJX RANGE

Table VI. is a sumnary of the data contained in Appendix A.

TABLE VI MAXIMUM RANGENcl-Spot Marking Pellets -Nei-Spot 007 CO2) PistolT Distance Deflection

L (meters) (meters)

;I 49rst

Maxinlm UM 7. o 21. -l'iht

Averjg. l . 7 r-ihI

_____ ~~,j* 1 fjjjygl'.

7. MAXIMLIM EFFECTIVE HIITING IAGE

Table VII is a stmmary of the data contained in Appendix A.

TABLE VII MAXINDI EFFECTIVE HITTING RANGENel-Spot Marking Pellets - Nel-Spot 007 CO2 Pistol

Impact AverageCoordinates Wind Flight

(in.) Velocity TimeI x Hlits (m.p.h.) (sec.) Remarks

TARGLT DISTANCE 35 METERS (3 ROUNDS)

-70.5 -31.0 0 9.0-9.5 0.8* 2 projectiles impactedground at 25 and 30meters.

"I'ARGLIT DISI'ANJ; 20 METERS (4 ROUNDS-)

-7.9** -1.6** 1 10.0-11.5 0.5** I projeztile broke inbore at firing

*One round only."**Three rounds only.

It was the opinion of the three (3) observers that the maximum range atwhich tactical hits on a man could be expected was approximately 10 meters.

8. COLD "IUIDEPA\TUREL FIRING

I11e Nel-Spot Marking Pellets expanded during the cold storage conditioningso that they would fit into the magazine of tne Nel-Spot 007 CO2 pistol butwould not enter the chamber, No shots could be fired.

9. 5JZ2LtL LAXIT Pi'JI ,,4L-.

Tlhe muzzle exit of three (3) r)unds of 12 Gauge Liquid ball was recordedphotographicai.•---t�o. (2) with 1]bn, high speed motion pictures and one (1)with recycling tic:ofiash. Analysis of the film revealed:

a) Round No. 17 shows poc-i I ic - ',-Iei paint) exiting projectilebeginning approximately 10 inches from .. i.

Li-IS

b) Round No. 18 shows gas exiting the muzzle before the projectileand projectile spilling filler (paint).

c) Round No. 10 (microflash) shows projectile fillur (paint) exitingprojectile. (See Figure 3)

The muzzle exit of six (6) rounds of Nel-Spot %IarJnig Pellets wasrecorded photographically--two (2) with lbrn high speed motion pictures andfour (4) with recycling inicroflash.

a) Round 40 projectile obscured in gas (CO ) during first 8inches of flight--no abnonnalities obseived.

b) Round 41 shows gas (CO2) exiting muzzle before projectile--no other abnonrmlities.

c) Rounds No. 38, 39, and 4(1 the projectile is obscured by gas (CO2)for approximuitely 10 inches of flight.

d) Round No. 20 is obscured by gas (CO2) for approximately 20 inches.

2p

L 1

1:- l?

APPLNDIX AI

It -- --- .-- _ --- - -. - -- - - -.

-T 4:

0)~ r_

00~ m

C4 -~ --------.-

0f~ FI 4 : -i~-

-~~~~~~ ~ C: C ~ - 00 0 0 0U 0AL + +) +) + - - OF

C) ~ -e

--- 400

I U 0 0 In '

- I- '-4 I I~ 0 )

t-rI.'~

o ao C, l

C- -- -ý r- 4

+J 0- - ~(-J F 'j o

* * 4.ý 4-3 * j +j*

.. -4 ~Cho 14- 40~ ~bo t4 %) C-0 -4 -. 00 6 0 ,40- 4J- - .4 -- . 'A - - 1.

r- ~'-4 t4 L.4CI L4. k- J C, t4

#A .9 -4_

V 0 C) C ) 4-W.~ % .) -)e Q) -11 -X. C., -1 _ -

Cý Oce Oco 0 0c OsC 0 ~ co 0 0 lt'J 5C) $-)rdC C - .C

r

> 5"

.C -6 0m ~0~

1 . - J N) ~ 'I Nj 'I 4~J

.i z j- - z Z

C) 0 0 1)>.,

LJ.)+ 4

C-1 eý - -- -i j r-. cNJI ?Ii4J

4:): CIO5

-00-J

4,.'~ 4-)0

04 Uc CIO4 p4 - 4 t

0 4-0 41 - -41 44 r4 -

4.,. -. 4 f- 'I5- zrn s' r- Ln ors-,C

00 o0 00 00U 00 *0 * *

LI~ r- E -s 1 -- -9C

.4

C .- 0 0-

e- ~- c- 75

0044 u44. 0

o C J ' C

00 00

4.1 6 t

41 -4 LA

0 0 .

.0 oGo C -_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Cc~ ~r 20

4) 1u J U ~

4-' cl m' Cli ( ~ C CCj

- "1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- 4-J Q-

j~0 00 0 0 0 0

- -- - - -C -C

4.j -4 - -

o4 4. --14 ~ ,-

'..4 4O .,

C4-

V) C9 -o x 11

>~ Li 00 00 0

CI00 0 aj~j4

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __4_-L- n 4 -

1-4 I. Ul ~ 1-r- C

> 4J 0- Cn u-

0~ XC4 .

0j r= -01

L-2-'

Lfl

w) U u

C"i ca

c-' 0

a)4C. C.) 4-' m4 4 )

0. I-. 0 0i 0j 0 f

'n cX A .

NL. - .0 0 0 -

C))

0. - N

~~j .-. 14 - 'J NJ N

71-1 -0 7 - -r - -

1:6 C4)~ C.' C) C) C

0 00 0 -++ + +

C-- .Ln- +

r C:) $-7t-

CU 0'-) '

__ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ -c Ir f

,i j, r~ '1 -3 - -

C)) Is 0000 . OD GE)-~ f 4 o " t

0 0 J. C) '- .0 -~ C. '- -*Ln, ~'4 ~4 ~ j - 4- '~ .j ~ cj C) C-

- - 22

4-a ~4 4.J C .

0~ 0 0

4-, a -4 4: * .

4., 4-' 0 0 4,a 0

o C:

0 0 0 u 03$. $. C: -)C C)J,-

C: .0 .0 710 t

00 0

0 NQ)

---. c C

-L = C= -8' 0~ 0f r0 +'

0~ X ' ) C) C0) )C0) -4-,C

$ 4. ~ ~ 'r '~ - Q. 0

4-j 4-. r -4 -4

00 1'~ 0 -It r) -I -

- -t - IT %W-

0) Ci) -r _n . .

00 0o U tn-~~ta" '

-q -4 -4+-

at _

4-4 W a .1 11 *n

-~ C- N- - 0 "4 ac

C) C- - e-. ~ r a-i a-n ~ L-23ar i -

44-j

-4-94

0 0 0

4.j

IJ-J

4~424

ý4.

14-

0 0 0

Co I

00 -.4

.0 0) 0 0o0 u -

-4-4L

0) '0

-0 -- l I u u C

00 0 0 -o 3 x Ix )- ýý

4u-4

LJI+~~~~LL - __ ________

I .~ n

V--.

0..~~~ 2_ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _

Oaa

!;~ 0 4C)

zA L +

o 0 (n mr Ln L) VI)o - () LI n fn 0) U

4-. C) F- e.C t)

00 0 0 - aa

-4 0 *+ - N +LL . u

'- +

+

0 0 0.

4-4- ~ 4 7.j C) ~

-. 4,1 *-4 0

W 4 A

C.,.

0 __ ____ ____ ____ ____ __26

4--4

000

iý;j -4

0 0

-n V)U tA t

e Ct

o o

C.) 0. C4) C) '-4

tA ~ J tA L

4J-

* 4-40* c A -

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _4 1 ctu

4 I ~E-27

k; I-

oc..

41h

I' 0 LV) 0 00(A '

C- C-

00 C4 VODOCa) 0 0 - 4-. f- -r4 ~ ~ '

41 S = =m- f. r

o *-0 r . I

14

a) -

m , , 6

I II-- Or- I- I

41~. 0 1 c C

01 'n-f

OBSERVED DATA

MAXIMUM RANGE

Nel-Spot Marking Pellets - Nel-Spot 007 CO2 PistolBarrel Elevated 300

Date: S February 1974

Temperature: 30'F, variablecross wind (left to right)

Round No. Range Deflection Remarks(meters) (meters) _

62.0 4 .L-right Did not break on impact withI ground.

(o2 65.0 1 2 .O-right Did not break on impact withground.

67.0 21.O-right Bid not break on impact withground.

L-29

NSOW [DTA

SAXII4J4 EFFECTIVE H'ITTING RAiN3ENel-Spot Marking Pellets - Nel-Spot 007 CO2 Pistol

Date: 1 March 1974

Temperature: 450F, variable cross windright to left

ImpactCoordinates Silhouett Wind Flight

Round (in.) Hit/ Veloi TimeINo. x •t Missed (m.p.hj (sec.) Remarks

TARGET ISTANCE 35 METERS

64 -70.5 -31.0 Missed 9.0 0.8

65 - - Missed 9.5 - Hit ground at 25m.

66 - - Missed 9.0 - flit ground at 23m.

TARGET I STANCE 20 METERS

67 -13.5 +29.7 Missed 10.0 0.5

68 -18.7 -22.4 Missed 10.0 O.S

69 +8.6 -12.0 flit 1i.0 0.4

70 - - Missed 11.5 - Broke in barrel.

OBSEWE DATA

COLD TESTNel-Spot Marking pellets - Nel-Spot 007 C(2 Pistol

Date: 12 February 1974

Ammunition: Stored at -45'F for 24 hours.Stored at 0*F for 1 hour immediately before firing.

Machine rest, lanyard firedTarget: L metersAiming point: .17 1/2 iIches high

PRurwd x y IndentationNo. (in.) (in.) (in) Remarks

71 lP;ijnt bIIis, wilRO subjectej-7- to cold tciiiprature, exiflnded

73 -oand wolid niot fit into thebore oi tile j)isrt•l.

4

AI'PI NI) IN B I

I

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY12 Gauge Liquid Ball

6.4 Meters

Roud No. Coordiniates (ilcatlilti0IIS Radius(i (in.)

x y (x x) -

+ 4.0 +4 9 12. :96 22 o9 5.9

2 0 0 , . 5 2. 5,ti 0. 09 I . 6

G +9. 53.2 53. 29 10. 3

4 + 5.4 -2. 25. o} '.24 5 3

-2.7 - 6 3 9. 1 42.25 7. 2

6 + (). 5 -5. 2 0. (1 29. 16 5.4

0(.4 +2.} :3. 24 i. 8

X V

II":tll~.ld cvi;Itionl (123 ;;i- - --

Extreme Spread 12.14 1 3"8 ......- -

I __ I I_ _ _ _ _ _ _I_ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _

IlCALCULATED DATA

ACCURACYNelson Marking Pellet

G.4 Meters

Round No. Coordinates Ca lculat ioi- Radius

(i_ _ __ _ (in.)

x y_(x - x) -

19 -6.4 -2.4 27.04 10.89 6.2

1.4 + 2.6 0.t04 2.89 1.7

4+. 1 +0. 7 5.229 0.04 2.3

22 -0. 3 1 0 0.81 O.)1 0.9

+2 8 -1.7 16.00 6. 76 4.8

24 -1. 9 +:3. 8 0. 949 8.41 3.0

25 -2.2 +2.3 1.00. 1.7); 1.7

III

X V

5iit.lnd____d_'__.....___.

Staindrd hjv iation --- - 9 2.-

blclnXý -l. 2 v'= +0. 0 2.i

Extreme Spread 9. 2 6.2 ---

I: - .

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACYNuIHnn Marking Pel1let

20 Meters

Roumd No. Coordinates C 11cu L•t iuui Radius__ __ n.__ __ __ (in.)

i (x - ) () -

-,. -23.0 13.69 712.89 27.0

17 -6. 4 -5 t;. 86. 49 9. 4

28 +1,6 +10,2 49.00 42.25 9.,

-0.9 ,1.2 20.25 h.25 1 5.1

39 +1.6 +11.0 49. 00 53. 2!) 10.1

-11.8 + 14.3 40. 96 112. 3(6 12.4

32 -12.4 +17.7 49.00 106. (10 15.7

x(in.)} ( in. 1

St-irdard liuviat ion --- --- 0.1 14.2Me4an x:-5. - - --- ... 12. 8

Extreme Spread 14.0 40. 7 ---

I:- ;5

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACYNelson Marking Pellet

35 Meters

Round No. Co3rdipates CaIlculIations Radius_ _ __.)(in.)

.x __ _ _(x - x) (y -y)

-10. ) -9.7 265.69 21. 16 16.9

34 -17.8 -15.4 24.01 106. 0 9 11.4

-43.7 •7. 1 441.00 148.84 24.3

3 -15.8 -15..) 47.61 116.64 12.8

37 -16.9 -16.6 33.64 132.25 12.9

58 -17.0 -19.8 32.49 216.09 15.8

;9 -8.5 +34. 9 201.64 1600.00 42.5

inO.n) (i.)

"Stad:i,;rm l)cviat ion ...... 3.2 19.-

an= -22.7 .-. 1 --- --- 19.5

Extreme Spread 47.5 54.7 ---

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY

Timed FireNclsoii Super Spot

r ,1-arkinL. l_ P let

Round No. Coordiaatcs i CaIctII.t ion.i Idiu.i,I in.

; x g I (x - x)Y t\. -

+7.o *36.0 9.61 4.1

47 +11.2 -33.4 1.21 I 1.1

8+23.I -27.5 184.9o 34.81 14.8

19 +7.0 -30. 1 , t 9.01 1]o.89 4.5

) +1.0 -40.1 72.25 44.89 1().8

X V

Standard Dleviation: --- 8. 33 1 .! -

I I

*

Extreme Spread 22 1 ; 12.0( ...

*

I I I I I ! I I I I ! I I

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY

Timed FireNelson Super SpotMarking PelletI I I

Round No. Coordinates Calculations Radius I

___n.I (in.) I-2 -. I

___ x _.Z (x - X) (y- ________

51 1.8 +2,2 571.21 240.2S 28.5

52 +Z4.0 -28.5 3.61 231.04 15.3

53 +50.L -12.0 778.41 1.69 27.9

54 -o.3 -23.4 17.64 102.01 10.9

55 +12.0 -5.0 102.01 68.89 13.1

I(in.)

I

xy

Standard Deviation --- 19.2 12.7.czj x= +22.1 y=-13.3 --- --- 19.1

Extreme Sprcad 51.8 30.7 j ........

•-38

CALCULATED DATA

ACCURACY1 iuled [i re

\r I uji t~1 Sc

Round No. zoward iitc~s L" lcult t ioNis } Iu:,-.. . ... ( I1.> ______ _____ ( in. i

x x-_______v . (x - xV I-

.324,00 20.92 -1• 5 -1. 112.1., " .0 10.7

-" . 10 . 00

-13. 1 8 1. 1)o 20.9- -.l• . 1 I:.• 5 • . . . 41

-- : ~ I',• -- .1l .21 l1,9.t001 .{

I, 5 ) 1 2 . -7 31 8 2. t ,

XIV

I in . )I iii.) }Stat•l ]dri ;)t'vji~it io~ . ..... 1 -. -11.3 -

,\,( •i Iv - -

Ext rc;roe Spread 29.9 31, --

____ __

APPENDIX CJ

E-40

TLST I NSTRI4MLN1AT IONLQUII'MIM AND MATEP.I1LS

1 - Oehler Model 41B Chronotach, calibrated at factory in May 1973

I - Electronic Counters, Inc. Model 4010 Velocity Computing Chronograph,calibrated at factory in JUic 1973

4 - Oehle, Model 35 Lumiline Screens

2 - Fastax 1mm High Speed Motion Picture Cameras

1 - Wollensak Model 3106 Time Pulse Generator

2 - Colortran 1000 Watt Lights

2 -Wollensak 1000 Watt Lights

4 - 100-foot Rolls Kodak Lktachrome (7242) l6mm Ifigh Speed Film (GFQ)

4 - 1O0-foot Rolls Eastman Doublc-X Negative (722) l6ram High Speed Film

I - Vanguard Model lbC Motion Analyzer

4 - General Radio Type 1539 "Stroboflash" Microflash

1 - General Radio Model 1541 Multi-Flash Generator

1 - Linhof 4x5 Camera with Kodak fl.5, 13Snun Lens

6- Royal Pan 4" x 5" Cut Film, Type 4141

Various darkroom and photographic equipment

100-meter indoor range having ceiling height of 12 feet

400-meter outdoor range

Mliscellaneous range supplies and equipment

1 Specially constructed target (Ilomasote faced), lioniasote Company,Lower Ferry Road, Trenton, N.J.

1 -Dry Ice Freezer Unit

1 Rochester Thermometer

1 - Plywood Anthropometric Silhouette Target based on 1960 Dreyfus data

1 - Dwyer Wind Meter, F.W. Dwyer Mfg Co., Michigan City, Indiana

E-41

II

II

:XIPIiNL)IX 1) 1* .1

FO *( .I) Al..

.-HARkIful if (14.1r IIOE

CONTHNTS: 12 -14 UNIT THI(S(161111ET COUNT) -MACE IN U.S.A.

IDLITAS MARCADORAS NR-~SPOT

P*.RA ~ ~~~.A All,'AL(S. ADBOEIS YC.ýSI "DA Cit.~f 1 SUPIRFICIIS US0SE CON LAPISTO[ A I SPO - -2 0 '7')l OU'ttSE I A TAPAPINdADA I INSERIO~SE [AS COLII1AS (N it MACAZIN.pi

DURACION Of AiMACEMAIC LIMITADA..GUARDENSEACONGfLIN NO I"I tct"~11 Al IW(O IINGAVISC

CONrEhIDO- 1? CILENDROS CON 14 IOLITASCADA UNO (158 BOLITAS EN TOTAL)

PRODUCTO OE [U.11.PLMSMARGUEURS NFL-SPOT rG p

PORMAGELADiSTAC , MMAI E RR ~LiLEbFSFT [ARQ~ F`WAq I.(U1LUfCFSU1IUJR jV IPIILTA P[C',!nS hit SPOtG6-7.IOU-?jOPENLEVjR f

1E£ COUVIF,'If COOR(1 INTRODUIRE LES PLOMBS/I-N~S It MACAS:s OU P!STOLET./ AOIDCTSCLO/EMMACASINAGE LIM~rE-CONSIRirR DAhS Uh jN. .

DROIT IRI1S fi SEC hIWR If GER NE PAS APPRO.C14FR DU FIL TEfflR (LO];ht DES IN(AN1S-DAhGER.[UIX A MANGERCONTENU: 1? TUBES AVEL: 14 PLOMBS CHACUN

(TOTAL Of 188 PIOMBS)I

NEI, SPOT MARK IERUNGSPLATICHfIMlots Surellen It~ith die [arbe an)

WT; DR %rý SPOIT *' (,')FR "?07 týAIKICRIgNGSPIST0L"IO FFi~IRY.'Ai;Ki1 VN V0i WREN BAUMEN.L73~IND afll1ST!11 N"ri D~AIIAC4NILI GEOPIUCIIIN- DENWEARBIEN O[Ci~j, 'I`10111MIN JND DIE PLAT.RHENINS WAGAZIN EINZIUSETZEN.9ICWE.1TE LACERZEIT -- KuRi LIND IROCKEN ILILAGERN-VOR FROST ?UJ S~u~NTfl UMCANG BEI OF.FENER ýLAWVF VERWEID(N SICH VON KiNDIR ERIN.ZUHALfEN-GEFAlikiICH ZU ESSEN.

GEHALT: 12 TUBE JEDE MIT 14 PLA71CHEN(168-11 PPCKURSI U.S.A.- [RZEUGNIS.

THE NELSON PAINT COMPANYtNON MOUNTAIN, 041. W8f1

MONTGOMERY, AL. 36111N Mt%1NNVILLE, OIL $11211

E-43

APPLINIIX 1:

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