distil at ion

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DISTILLATION SYSTEM


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Distillation - a process in which a liquid

orvapour mixture of two or moresubstances is

separated into its component fractions of

desired purity, by the application and

removal

of heat.

ISTILLATION SYSTEM


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For any liquid, the individualmolecules within theliquid are continuously inmotion

A small percentage of thesemolecules attain enoughkinetic energy to leave

the liquid phase

This exerts an opposingpressure on theatmosphere above the

solution known as thevapor pressure, P

Atmospheric pressure, P atm

Vapor Pressure, P

ISTILLATION SYSTEM


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P P atmP < P atm

When enough energy, in the form of heat, isimparted to the solution the vapor pressurebecomes equal to the atmospheric pressure and

the liquid begins to boil

ISTILLATION SYSTEM


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Separation of one liquid from another

A + B C + D

bp 60 oC bp 100oC

C + D

Pure C?

Pure D?

Mixture of C + D?

ISTILLATION SYSTEM
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TYPES OF DISTILLATION SYSTEM
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TYPES OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS

YPES OF DISTILLATION SYSTEM

Batch Columns In batch operation, the feed to the column is introduced

batch-wise.

Continuous Columns continuous columns process a continuous feed stream. No

interruptions occur unless there is a problem with thecolumn or surrounding process units.


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COLUMNS

Nature of feed Binary column

Multi component column

Number of product streams Multi product column

Feed exits Extractive distillation

Azeotropic distillation

Column Internals Packed columns

Tray columns



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OTHER TYPES Simple Distillation

Vapors produced areimmediately channeledinto a condenser whichcools and condenses the

vapors Used only to separate

liquids whose boilingpoints differ by 25C



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OTHER TYPES Fractional Distillation

Utilizes two or more vaporizationcondensation cyclces, in succession,to effect separation

The fractionating column causes thevaporization-condensation cycle torepeat by providing multiplesurfaces for the cycle to take place



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Vapors from theDistilling flask

As the hot vapors leave the distillingflask,they condense on the first cold surface,

completing one vaporization-condensation cycle.

Fractional Distillation


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Vapors from the

Distilling flask

This cycle will continue until the top of the

column is reached

Each vapor-condensation (or mini-

distillation) cycle is known as one theoreticalplate

The length of distillation column requiredto provide one theoretical plate of

separation is known as the height equivalenttheoretical plate (HETP)

TYPES OF DISTILLATION SYSTE

Fractional Distillation


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OTHER TYPES

Steam Distillation

Methods for distilling compounds which are heatsensitive

Involves a process using bubbling steam throughheated mixture of the raw material

Applied for aromatic herbs and flowers

Vacuum Distillation For compounds that have high boiling points

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OTHER TYPES Air-sensitivevacuum distillation

For compounds thathave high boiling pointsas well as air sensitive

Perkin Triangleapparatus can be used

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OTHER TYPES

Short Path Distillation

Use for compounds which are unstable at hightemperature

Heating temperature can be considerably lower

Destructive Distillation involves the strong heating of solids (often

organic material) in the absence of oxygen (toprevent combustion) to evaporate various high-

boiling liquids



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OTHER TYPES

PervaporationDistillation

method for the separation of mixtures of liquidsby partial vaporization through a non-porousmembrane.

Dry Distillation a chemical reaction known as pyrolysis in which

solid substances are heated in a strongly reducingatmosphere and any volatile fractions arecollected.

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OTHER TYPES FreezeDistillation

analogous method of purification using freezinginstead of evaporation

It is not truly distillation, and does not produceproducts equivalent to distillation

Codistillation distillation which is performed on mixtures in

which the two compounds are not miscible.

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