dispozitive optoelectronice avansate
DESCRIPTION
Dispozitive optoelectronice avansate. • Integrated Optics– Optic ă integrat ă CIO − Circuite Optoelectronice Integrate − OICs – Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits specifice comunica ţ iilor optice • Dispozitive cu fibre optice − Fiber Optic Components - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Dispozitive optoelectronice avansate
• Integrated Optics– Optică integrată CIO −Circuite Optoelectronice Integrate − OICs – Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits specifice comunicaţiilor optice
• Dispozitive cu fibre optice − Fiber Optic Components
• CIO integrate împreuna cu diverse componente realizate cu fibre optice
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Ghid plan cu stratul de ghidare îngropat
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Repartitor cu opt ieşiri ( repartitor x8 ) cu divizoare în Y ( cu două ieşiri )
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X din ghiduri stripe pe substrat plan
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Etapele de fabricaţie ale ghidului optic cu ‘miez’ îngropat
Miez – Stratul de ghidare a radiaţiei, denumit film de ghidare sau peliculă de ghidare
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Alinierea f.o. cu un ghid plan : ideea procedeului
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Reprezentare schematică a distribuţiei de putere optică în amplificatorul cu fibră
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Controlul automat al nivelului de ieşirea unui amplificator optic cu fibră dopată
( AGC Electro-optic )
AGC – Automatic Gain Control – Controlul Automat al Amplificării
Circuitul AGC nu numai că supraveghează (controlează) puterea optică gene-rată, dar o şi stabilizează (Pout = const. ) reglând continuu puterea de pompaj
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Diagrama tranziţiilor pentru Erbiu
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Caracteristica amplificare-frecvenţă a unui amplificator cu f.o. dopată cu Er ( caracteristica amplificare – lungime de undă )
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Caracteristica amplificare – λ a unui sistem de transmisie
cu mai multe amplificatoare cu fibră dopată
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Saturarea caracteristicii de transfer a unui amplificator cu fibră dopată, în funcţie de nivelul puterii optice de ieşire
Puterea optică generată la ieşirea amplificatorului este scoasă din cavitateşi contează în bilanţul energetic ca pierderi ( diminuă inversiunea de populaţie, adică sărăceşte mediul activ de atomi excitaţi ( “pompaţi”, deci inversaţi), prin urmare resursele de amplificare scad când Pout creste.
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Diagrama stărilor de energie în amplificatorul Er -Yb
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Alte procedee de pompare ( în afara celui codirecţional )
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Pompaj în învelis cu laser multi-stripe (arie laser )
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Pomparea a două amplificatoare optice cu aceeaşi pompă de energie
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Amplificator EDFA insensibil la polaritate
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Pompare la distanţă
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Sistem intrinsec-robust : căderea unui amplificator din lanţ nu întrerupe transmisia
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Calea de măsurare cu OTDRul într-un lanţ de transmisie cu amplificatoare optice
OTDR – Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry – Reflectometrie în domeniul timp ( reflectometrie prin retrodifuzie – Rayleigh back scattering)
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Formula Rhodaminei B material cu care se dopează fibra de plastic pentru a deveni mediu activ
( pentru ai conferi capacitatea de a amplifica, CÂŞTIG )
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Repartitor activ x 16 cu refacerea nivelului prin amplificare în ghiduri dopate cu Er
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Comparaţie Laser / SOA
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Schimbător de frecvenţă cu SRS − − Stimulated Raman Scattering
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Schimbător de frecvenţă cu FBG – Fiber Bragg Grating
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Schimbarea lungimii de undă în mai multe trepte /etaje
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Amplificator optic Raman în banda de 1320 nm realizat cu reţele In-Fiber
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Dublor de frecvenţă (în lungimi de undă divizor cu 2 ),
pentru obţinerea unei radiaţii albastre din infraroşu (850nm )
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Principiul cuplorului rezonant
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Omologie : Cuplorul rezonant mecanic
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Perioada / distanţele care caracterizează schimbul de puteri în cuplorul rezonant,
depind de lungimea de undă a semnalului transferat
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Principiul reciprocităţii
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Tipuri clasice de cuploare
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Cuplor rezonant cu ghiduri plane
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Mai multe divizoare / etaje pentru asigurarea necesarului de ieşiri
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Multiplexarea, respectiv separarea lungimilor de undă
Lungimea cuplorului determină factorul de divizare, iar factorul de divizare depinde de λ ; dacă λ este fixat ( 1310 nm, 1550 nm ) ajustând lungimea de cuplaj putem obţine funcţiile din figură (suprapunerea, respectiv separarea) lungimilor de undă).
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Divizor în două căi : Y , 1 → 2 sau x2
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Cuploare în stea
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Cuplor prin fuziune 4 x 4
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Cuplor planar multiport
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Cuplor multiport
Cuplorul conţine o cavitate în care radiaţia nu e ghidată. Propagare neghidată = (aici) Free Space radiation
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Cuplor de 8x8 căi sintetizat din cuploare de 2x2 căi, de 3dB
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Divizoare de fascicol cu prisme, cu polarizarea fascicolelor( divizor-polarizator )
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Separator de polarităţi folosind un material birefringent
Pentru a avea separare, fascicolul incident trebuie sa cadă pe faţa posterioară a cubului la unghiul Brewster
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Birefringenţă : cele două polarităţi sunt refractate la unghiuri diferite faţă de axa optică a cristalului
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Funcţionarea izolatorului
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Circulator cu patru porţi
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Multiplexarea pe o singură fibră a două căi cu propagare în
sensuri opuse, utilizand circulatoare cu trei porţi
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Calea de la portul 1 la portul 2 într-un circulator
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Calea de la portul 2 la portul 3 într-un circulator
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Buclă cu fibră optică
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Controler de polaritate cu bucle de fibră
Proiecţie longitudinală Vedere laterală
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Controlul polarizării prin compresia fibrei
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Lentile cu profil gradat de indice
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Reflector cu reţea de difracţie
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Profile tipice ale striaţiilor reţelele periodice
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Multiplexor cu reţea de difracţie Littrow
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WDM cu o oglindă sferică şi reţea de difracţie
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Compresor cu reţele de difracţie şi dublă trecere
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Îngustarea impulsului luminos cu un compresor cu reţele de difracţie
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Reţea de difracţie Bragg
în miezul unei fibre optice : FBG
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Principiul unei reţele FBG
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Parametrii reţelei
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Reflexie cu selectivitate în bandă
în cazul unei reţele FBG
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Reţea cu pas variabil
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Banda reflectată de reţeaua cu pas variabil
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Puterea reflectată în cazul unei reţele cu pasul
puternic variabil, cu apodizare
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Întârzierea introdusă la reflexie de o reţea cu pas variabil
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Reţea cu striuri înclinate
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Fibră FBG cu defazaj unic
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Fibră FBG cu multiple defazaje
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Variaţia lungimii de undă cu temperatura
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Închiderea FBG într-un manşon pentru compensare termică pasivă
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Înscrierea FBG pe miezul fibrei optice – tehnica interferenţială
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Înscrierea FBG în miezul fibrei folosind mascarea
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Aspectul reţelei de difracţie înscrise în miezul fibrei optice
–– In-Fiber-Grating – proiecţie laterală
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Router cu ghid optic şi reţele de difracţie Principiul de funcţionare
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Router cu reţea periodică
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Repartiţia puterii optice în primul FSC
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Funcţionarea FSCului de ieşire
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Router cu reţea, cu un singur port de intrare
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Caracteristica pierderilor de inserţie la un router cu reţea de tip Early, cu 8 porţi
Fiecare lob corespunde unui canal optic
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WGR cu placă de intârziere în λ/4 pentru insensibilitate la polaritate
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Caracteristicile de transfer în domeniul lungimilor de
undă pentru un FTB ideal şi respectiv un FOB ideal
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Caracteristicile de transmisie ale filtrelor acusto-optic şi electro-optic (stânga) şi respectiv a unui lob din caracteristica unui filtru Fabry-Pérot
cu oglinzi cu R=40% (dreapta)
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Filtru Fabry-Pérot
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Caracteristici de transmisie ale filtrului Fabry-Pérot
Se observă îngustarea benzii de trecere odată cu creşterea reflectivităţii oglinzilor
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Conectarea în cascadă a unor filtre Fabry-Pérot cu FSR diferit
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Filtru Fabry-Pérot cu oglinzi dielectrice
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Filtru acordabil Fabry-Pérot cu fibre optice
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FTB – Filtru Trece Bandă realizat cu o fibră FBG
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Rezonatoare în inel cu fibră optică
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Rezonator în inel cu amplificare
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Mutiplexor/demultiplexor WDM bazat pe un filtru dielectric
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Comutator optic 1 → 2 căi, digital
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Comutator 2 x 2
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Circuite în X bazate pe cuploare rezonante
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Circuit X, sau “în X”, bazat pe o configuraţie de
Interferometru Mach-Zehnder – MZI
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NOLM – Reflector neliniar cu o buclă de fibră optică
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Puterea optică de ieşire a unui reflector neliniar NOLM în funcţie de puterea optică de intrare
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Rejecţia zgomotului cu un reflector neliniar NOLM
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NALM – Reflector neliniar cu buclă de fibră activă ( cu amplificare )
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Demultiplexor de semnal TDM – Time-division Multiplexed
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Reflector NOLM configurat ca poartă ŞI
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Multiplexor pentru injecţie / extracţie de semnal – principiul de funcţionare
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Dispozitiv pentru injecţie / extracţie de semnal cu interferometru Mach-Zehnder
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Modulator acusto-optic bazat pe difracţia unei reţele Bragg
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Modulator acustic / Efectul Debye-Sears
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Comutator selectiv in domeniul lungimilor de undă
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Filtru acusto-optic acordabil – Structura de bază
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Funcţionarea unui filtru acordabil acusto-optic – AOTF
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Funcţionarea unui filtru acordabil acusto-optic – AOTF
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Modulator de fază electro-optic
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Interferometrul Mach-Zehnder
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Modulator bazat pe un interferometru Mach-Zehnder
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Principiul undei progresive
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Modulator cu celulă Pockels
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Modulator bazat pe efectul Faraday