Disintegration and fall of soviet union

Disintegration of the soviet union and the Rise of Unipolar World

Group members

Ali Muhammad

Shoaib Ali Awan Anam

Asma Disintegration and fall of soviet union Andropov and Cherenko in power after Leonid Brezhnev(1982)Agricultural sector failed to improve economic stagnationCommand economy by party bureaucrats failed to cope with shortages Andropov in favor to remove corrupt bureaucrats to modernize the soviet union

Chernenko Yuri Andropov Leonid Brezhnev

Gorbachev A tractor mechanic (1985)Man of decade Superpower status could be retained at enormous cost New ideological framework needed His vision ; Glasnost(openness), Perestroika (restructuring,reforming,and reviving a stagnant economy) and democracy Change oriented

MikhailGorbachev

Soviet foreign policy Had no desire to spread communism Ready to talk on reduction of armaments and destruction of nuclear armaments 1985 Superpower SummitINF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Force) 1987Role against Iraqi invasion of KuwaitReady to end soviet hegemony over eastern Europe CMEA ( Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance) ended, June 1991Allowed European countries to go their own wayGorbachevs failure Difficult to transform market economy Food shortages due to uneven pricingPeople lost interest in perestroika Opposition of Boris YeltsinKazakhstan protestAzerbaijanis and Armenians over Nagorno-Karabakh1989 Uzbeks VS Meskhetian TurksIndependence of Lithuania, Estonia and Lativia on 6 sep 1991Resigned on August 1991Commonwealth of independent states formed, Dec, 21 ,1991

C.I.S(Commonwealth Of Independent States )

Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999)First elected president of Russian FederationDismantled communist system (encouraged by US)Market economy system

Political changes in Eastern Europe (1989-2001)Poland -Gomulka's rule came to end in 1970 -Poor economy -Gierek visited US and Gerald reciprocated (1975) -KOR(committee for defense of workers)formed in 1976 -Many students formed unions for human and civil rights along with that KSS(Committee of social defense) and PPN(Polish independence Compact). Few leaders worked underground -1981 General Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law -How Church received legal status in Poland ? -June elections 1989 -Natural disasterCzechoslovakia 1968 revoltRealistic socialism by HusakOil crisis of 1973Why Husak had to resign in december,1987End of communist regime- Velvet Revolution

Hungary map

Hungary Due to what achievements Janos Kadar received great respect ?New Economic MechanismLimited Liberalization 1968Decentralization in decision makingA more rational pricing systemLet market play its role Rezso Nyres father of the reform of 1968Failure of Kadar1990 elections The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)Founded in 1949Satellite of soviet union and followed her diktat(order)Berlin wall erected in 1961Identity and ideology to GDR- Walter UlbrichtFour-power agreement on Berlin Joined Warsaw treaty WTO,COMECONShoot at sight if observed going west GermanyChanges in Gorbachevs regime

East Germany .

RomaniaRomaniaCentral part of Europe Founded in 1859Romanian communist party(RCP)

Continue..Socialist developing stateNew Economic MechanismCeausescus Dictatorship1990 Election

BulgariaContinue..Southeastern part of Europe Founded in 681 AdSocialist Republic 1944Zhivkov ruledFree 1990 after 4 year of decadesBulgaria admitted EU in 2007

Yugoslavia Composed of six republics (Tito ruler)Introduced decentralized communism Liberal economic policiesAmendments in 1963 constitutionTreated dissidents with tolerance Tito introduced workers self-management systemHigh inflation in 1978 and 1976Five-year agreement with European common market Tito maintained strict neutrality during Cold WarWarned soviet union and Bulgaria to stay away from Yugoslavia's domestic matters US to provide enough assistance in case of invasion by soviet union

Continue..Problems faced by Yugoslavia ;Economy began to fallEight parties in the country enjoyed the power of vetoSerbia wanted Kosovo dominated by Albanians and Albanians wanted Kosovo to become a republic Autonomous provinces ;Slovenia and Croatia to declare independence in 1990Bosnia-Herzgovnia Execution of Bosnians by SerbsIndependence of Kosovo

Rise of unipolar world Cold war Lasted till 1989 Ussr wanted domination through spread of ideology Capitalist west (USA ) did not like this Ussr spread communism all over Asia , Africa , Europe and Latin America Ussr blamed capitalist countries for using resources of their colonies for their own benefit Western allies stopped giving military and economic aid to poor countries of Asia Africa and Latin America . Rendered economic aid to the war torn countries through marshal planContinue..Czechoslovakia,Poland,Hungary,Albania,Yugoslavia,Romania and Bulgaria under influence of soviet union America wanted free world and communism a threat to it Military alliance of western countries Turkey and Greece were protected from communismFormation of east and west Germany (Berlin blockade ;June 24, 1948-May 12, 1949)Formation of NATO(April 4, 1949) and Warsaw pact Atom bomb experiment by USSR(sep 1949) and president Truman to order the scientists (hydrogen bomb 1952)President Truman to protect world war The policy of containment or brinkmanship . SEATO against USSR and china

Stalin's death 1953 change of leadership khruschev Anglo-french attack on Egypt for nationalizing Suez canal company

USSR USA -ballistic missiles up to 10000km same -sputnik (October 1957) -15000km missiles -Polaris missiles -1959,launched rocket to the moon -competing at same level Berlin should be a free city (khruschev 1958)May 1960 U-2 incident Bipolar world

Cuban missile crises 1962Cuba nationalized us companies Allowed USSR to build bases on its soil*US threatened USSR and USSR withdrew from Cuba to prevent nuclear war on certain conditions that 1.Us should not deploy ballistic missiles in turkey to threaten USSR2.Us should guarantee not to invade Cuba And USA agreed upon this Cold war intensified with soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 that compelled us to support afghan mujahedeen to fight against soviet occupation and long afghan war ended in 1989 with withdrawal of soviet forces , same year witnessed demolition of Berlin wall , which marked the end of cold war . Warsaw pact was dissolved Dissolution of soviet union in 1991 brought about end of the communism *Cuba allowed Ussr to build bases on its soil for stationing ballistic missiles that was a proximity by Cuba which made us uncomfortable and then kennedey ordered secret invasion of cuba (bay of pigs war ) that was a failure and then us spy plane detected nuclear bases under construction in cuba 25Unipolar world USA as sole superpower Disarmament -CTBT(comprehensive test ban treaty) . India and Pakistan did not sign this treatyNuclear proliferation treaty (1968)Anti-ballistic missile treaty (SALT1,1972) , SALT2(1972-79)-disapproved by us senateStar wars program START(1982-1991)New START 2010Emergence of the us as the lone superpower

Unipolar

Emerging powers