diseases of bentgrass, ultradwarf bermuda and more publications/turfdiseases_1.pdf · signs or...
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Diseases of Diseases of BentgrassBentgrass, , UltradwarfUltradwarf Bermuda and Bermuda and moremore
Alan WindhamPlant Pathology University of Tennessee
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Abiotic Problems
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Diagnosing Abiotic Problems
Often associated with stress related to weather phenomenonMay be related to cultural problemsMay be related to fertilizer or pesticide inputs
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Abiotic (non-living cause of disease)
What gives you a clue?
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Signs or SymptomsLack of signs or symptoms that would indicate a pathological problem point to an abiotic cause
• No mycelium• No fungal fruiting bodies• No spores
Nothing indicates that this is a disease
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Roots are healthy; foliage is bleached but no sign of fungal infection
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BentgrassBentgrass roots roots stained with acid stained with acid fuchsinfuchsin; no sign of ; no sign of any root pathogensany root pathogens
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Root tip is composed of:
Root cap-protects root as it moves through soilMeristematic region where cell division takes placeZone of elongation where cells grow to their normal size
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Root Cap
Bentgrass Root Tip
Meristematic
Region
(zone of cell
division)Zone of elongation
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Anatomy of a root
Root CapMeristematic regionRegion of elongation
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Root growth most Root growth most abundant in abundant in aerificationaerificationchannel where Ochannel where O22level is highest.level is highest.
Value of core aerification
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Profile Problems
Zone of high organic matter; often anaerobic; smells like a sewer; will not support root growth
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Severe layering problem
Black layer developing
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Washed portion of plug; organic mat holds water and thus heat
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Multiple black layers
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Pathological root problems
Pythium oospores stained with acid fuschinA pythium infection in the meristematic region can slow or stop root growth
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Discolored roots + fungal structures = trouble
Bentgrass root with a discolored center (stele) due to ETRI fungal infection
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Root galls may = Root knot nematode
A nematode infestation usually impairs root function and may lead to secondary problems from infections from other pathogens.
Galls on bentgrass roots caused by root knot nematode
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Root knot nematodes
Female root knot
Root knot nema in root gall
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Root knot nematode eggs
Female root knot nematodes may produce 300-500 eggs in egg masses
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Anthracnose
Caused by ColletotrichumcerealeGrass is thinnedFungus visible on foliage, crown of plant Bentgrass
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Setae- hairlikestructures associated with fruiting bodies (acervulii)
Anthracnose
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Crescent shaped spores
Anthracnose
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Appresoria – infection structures, visible in crown and root tissue
Anthracnose
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Infection mats
Anthracnose
Infection mats in leaf sheath
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Rhizoctonia Diseases
Brown patch – cool season grassesLarge patch –zoysia and bermudaYellow patch – bentgrassWaitea patch- bentgrass, Poa annua
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Brown Patch
Warm weather disease of a cool season grass
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Brown patch control
Untreated Heritage
Heritage applied at 28 day intervals; UT Plant Science Farm
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Large patchThis Rhizoctoniadisease is active at green up on zoysiaand bermuda
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Yellow Patch
December 2007Creeping bentgrass
White mycelium forms “smoke ring”
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Rhizoctonia cerealis
Right angle branching
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Waitea patch
Described by Dr. Frank Wong, UC Riverside, on Poa annua
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Southern Blight
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Southern blight causal fungus Sclerotium rolfsii
Occurs during very hot weather; fungus produces abundant white mycelium
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Sclerotium rolfsiiFungus produces spherical structures called sclerotia (pl)
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Southern blight-tall fescue
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Pythium Diseasescreeping bentgrass
Poor color from pythium root decline
Pythium blight- fungus has followed movement of water on green
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Pythium blight of an ultradwarf bermuda?
TifEagle
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Pythium on Tifeagle
Abundant white mycelium; also water soaked foliage
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Pythium reproductive structures-oogonia
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Rapid Blight Caused by a primitive fungus-Labyrinthula. Salinity usually is a problem when rapid blight shows up. Could be found on courses that use treated wastewater for irrigation source.
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Labyrinthula cells dispersed when diseased tissue was macerated