{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252{\fonttbl{\f0\froman times new roman;}{\f1\fswiss helvetica;}}{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;\red34\green31\blue31;\red155\green164\blue171;\red255\green255\blue255;}{\info{\author Mohanan,}}\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop1213\shpright10453\shpbottom1213\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2028\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8467}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8480,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\paperw11893\paperh16840\margl666\margr133\margt666\margb186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs36\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Disease problems in root trainer forest nurseries}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs36\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {in Kerala State and their management}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C. Mohanan, N. Ratheesh, Laya P. Nair and K.C. Rajesh Kumar}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Division of Forest Pathology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653 Kerala}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {E-mail:}\fs20\cf3\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {mohanan@kfri.org}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease survey was carried out in forest nurseries in the Kerala State, India during 20002002.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease incidence, severity and spread were recorded and causal agents were isolated and identified.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx8093\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {A total of 27 forestry species raised in root trainer nurseries including}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Acacia mangium, A.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {auriculiformis, Cassia fistula, C. siamea, Dalbergia latifolia, Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea,}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus marsupium, P. santalinus, Santalum album, Tectona grandis,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {etc.}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {were found affected}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {with foliage diseases. Since, soil-less or soil-free growing media were used in root trainers and}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {general hygienic conditions were maintained in the nurseries, soil-borne diseases seldom occurred.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {However, }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pseudomonas tectonae}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { causing seedling wilt was recorded in teak and}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Sclerotium rolfsii}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {causing foliage blight in}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp. The common }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery pathogens like}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Rhizoctonia solani,}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3333\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cylindrocladium}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Pythium}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Fusarium}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp., were rarely encountered. Often seedling}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {congestion in root trainers led to foliage infection by pathogens like}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2680\*\tx4426\*\tx7760\*\tx9186\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Coniella}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Pestalotiopsis}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Alternaria alternata, Phomopsis}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {sp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Guignardia}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {sp. and}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Curvularia}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { sp. In general, severity and spread of foliage infection caused by most pathogens was}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {low in all the nurseries, except leaf blight caused by}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phoma glomerata}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {T. grandis}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { and}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {C. fistula}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {seedlings were highly susceptible to}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. glomerata.}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Carbendazim (0.05% a.i.), carboxin (0.01% a.i.)}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and mancozeb (0.1% a.i.) were found very effective in controlling the foliage infections in nurseries.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Bactericide (S}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {treptomycin sulphate 90%w/w + Tetracycline hydrochloride 10%w/w) was found}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {effective in managing the bacterial infections.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Introduction}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {During the past few years, forest nursery practices in the Kerala State have undergone a tremendous}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {modifications. Introduction of root trainers in forestry sector and thereby the technological changes}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in seedling production brought out a major impact on nursery management. Seedling health has}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {been given more importance which further widened the scope of phyto-sanitary measures. Growing}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {media suitable to the plant species have been developed and seedling production technology has}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {been standardized. Maintaining the seedling crops under tropical climate is one of the major}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {problems confronting the nursery managers. During this period, disease problems may occur in}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {succession and if timely intervention is not performed the entire seedling crop may be devastated}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {by one or other diseases. In root trainers, the seedlings require a maximum period of 90 days of}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {growth and hence a rigorous management is possible.}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {7}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop1213\shpright10453\shpbottom1213\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2029\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8467}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8480,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop8946\shpright10480\shpbottom8946\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2030\shpz1\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8494}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8506,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop7800\shpright10480\shpbottom7800\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2031\shpz1\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8494}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8506,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop7173\shpright10480\shpbottom7173\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2032\shpz2\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8494}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8506,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Earlier, as disease hazards }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in forest nurseries have became very common which often upset the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {entire planting programme, systematic studies and management of economically important diseases}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {were taken up during 1980s and 1990s and nursery management practices for prime forestry}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {species, have been standardized (Sharma et al. 1985; Sharma and Mohanan 1992, Mohanan,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {2001). The present study was undertaken to assess the disease situation in nurseries employing}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {root trainer technology for raising seedlings and also to }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {manage the disease(s), if any, occur.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Materials and methods}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease survey was carried out in Central nurseries located at Kulathupuzha (8}\fs10\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {54N, 77}\fs10\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {44E),}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Chettikulam (11}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {50N, 75}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {41E), Valluvassery (11}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {18N, 76}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {16E), and Cheruvanchery (11}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {50N,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {75}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {41E). Besides, root trainer nurseries raised at Kerala Forest Research Institute Campus, Peechi}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and Forest Field Station at Palappilly, and KFRI Sub-Centre, Nilambur were also surveyed during}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {20002002. Disease incidence, severity and spread were recorded using a Disease scoring scale}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Table 1) and disease specimens were collected and brought to the laboratory for isolation and}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {identification of causal }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {organisms.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {Table 1. Disease scoring scale.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5106\colsr-0\colno2\colw5986\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease severity }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease severity }\par\pard\li3120\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {code }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease severity scale, }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {percentage seedlings affected}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1986\colsr-0\colno3\colw5986\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Nil }\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Severe }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {L}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {M}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {S}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1\uc1\u8211X25}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {26\uc1\u8211X50}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {51\uc1\u8211X75 or > 25% seedlings dead}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used for isolating and sub-culturing fungal organisms,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {while Nutrient Agar (NA) medium was used for isolating and maintaining bacterial pathogens.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Isolation and purification of causal organisms were carried out employing standard procedures}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and identification up to species level was made. As far as possible, confirmation of pathogenicity}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of most causal agents was made through inoculation experiments employing root trainer seedlings.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Fungicides and bactericide were screened against important fungal and bacterial pathogens using}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {standard techniques and most effective fungicides/bactericides at appropriate dosage were}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {recommended and applied in the nurseries for controlling the respective disease(s). Observations}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {on the effect of chemical treatments against diseases were recorded from the nurseries. General}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery management practices followed in each nursery were recorded and data on growing media}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {used, their composition and }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pH were also collected.}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {8}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop1213\shpright10453\shpbottom1213\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2033\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8467}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8480,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Results and discussion}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease survey conducted in nurseries located at different parts of the State revealed that root}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {trainer seedlings are almost free from soil-}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {borne fungal diseases like damping-off, collar rot and}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {wilt irrespective of the conducive climatic conditions prevailed in the nurseries. However, most}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of the species raised in root trainers suffered from one or the other foliage diseases, mostly incited}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {by air-borne inocula of pathogens, the severity of which varied from nursery to nursery depending}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {on the nursery management practices and prevailing environmental conditions. The common}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery pathogens like}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Rhizoctonia solani}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Khn,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cylindrocladium}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Fusarium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp. and}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pythium}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp. which cause various diseases at different }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {growth phases of seedlings were seldom recorded}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in root trainer nurseries. }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {R. solani}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, the most potential pathogen in forest nurseries which exists in}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {different Anastomosis groups (Mohanan 2001) and having a wide host range was not encountered}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in the root trainer nurseries during 2000 and 2002. The details on the diseases affecting the seedlings}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Acacia auriculiformis}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { A. Cunn.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {A. mangium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Willd.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Aegle marmelos}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (L.) Corr, }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Albizia lebbeck}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(L.) Willd.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Artocarpus heterophyllus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Lam.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Azadirachta indica}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { A Juss.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cassia fistula}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {C.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {siamea}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Lam.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Casuarina equisetifolia}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Forst,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cinnamomum}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {zeylanicum}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Garc. Ex Bl.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Dalbergia}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {latifolia}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roxb,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Delonix regia}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (Boj.) Rafin,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Dysoxylum malabaricum}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Bedd. ex. Hiern,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Eucalyptus}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {citriodora}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Hook,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {E. grandis}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Hills ex Maiden,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {E. tereticornis}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Sm,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Garcinia gummigutta}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (L.) Robs.,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3933\*\tx6280\*\tx8520\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Gluta travancoricus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Bedd,}\tab \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Gmelina arborea}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roxb,}\tab \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Grewia tillifolia}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Vahl.,}\tab \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Lagerstroemia}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {microcarpa}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Wt.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus marsupium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roxb.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. santalinus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Santalum album}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Tectona}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {grandis}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Terminalia bellirica}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (Gaertn.) Roxb.}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {T. crenulata}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roth and their causal agents are}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {given in Table 2.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Seedling congestion in root trainers was found to be the major factor for the incidence and spread}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of foliage diseases. Pathogens like}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Penz.) Sacc}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Pestalotiopsis}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5760\*\tx6760\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Alternaria alternata}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Fr.) Kiessler,}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Phoma}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {glomerata}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Corda.) Wollenw. & Hochapf}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, P.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {eupyrena}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Sacc,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phomopsis variosporum}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Sharma & Mohanan were found associated with the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {foliage diseases of seedlings. In general, severity and spread of foliage diseases caused by most}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogens was low in all the nurseries, except the foliage blight caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. glomerata}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {. The}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogen was found widespread in nurseries and caused severe foliage infection in teak. In teak}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {seedlings,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. glomerata}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { along with}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. eupyrena}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { caused severe damage to the seedlings. In teak,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {the pathogens cause dark greyish brown necrotic lesions on foliage, usually at the margin and tip}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of the leaves or at the base of the petiole which coalesce and spread to the entire leaf lamina. The}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {infected leaves show an upward curling and become brittle and withered. The disease also affects}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {the leaf petiole and seedling stem. Severe infection leads to seedling blight. In}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cassia fistula}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogen caused severe leaf blotch which led to defoliation and seedling mortality. Eucalypts}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {seedlings raised in all nurseries were found alm}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {ost free from any major diseases, except foliage}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {blight caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Coniella}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cylindrocladium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp. and}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Kirramyces eucalypti}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (Cook & Massee)}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {J.Walker, the major pathogens in eucalypt seedbed nurseries were rarely encountered.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {As soil-less or soil-free growing media were used in root trainers and general hygienic conditions}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {were maintained in nurseries, most of the soil-borne diseases were excluded from the nurseries}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Mohanan 2000a,b). However, foliage blight caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Sclerotium rolfsii}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { was recorded in both}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. marsupium}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { and}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. santalinus}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {. Both the host species are very susceptible to the Sclerotium}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {blight in seedbed nurseries (Sankaran et al. 1986). Inoculum of most of the nursery pathogens}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {activates in presence of a susceptible host under conducive edaphic and environmental factors.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {However, in root trainers with soil-less growing medium, the inoculum potential of pathogen is}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {considerably negligible and thus chances of seedling infection will be less even under conducive}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {environmental conditions. Most of the soil-inhabiting, disease causing fungi subsist mainly on}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {9}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop1213\shpright10453\shpbottom1213\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2034\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8467}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8480,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop12706\shpright10480\shpbottom12706\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2035\shpz1\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8494}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8506,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop2320\shpright10480\shpbottom2320\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2036\shpz1\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8494}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8506,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop2920\shpright10480\shpbottom2920\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2037\shpz1\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8494}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8506,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2105123}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {Table 2. Diseases recorded in root trainer nurseries. Nursery, host plant, disease severity and pathogen(s)}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {associated.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4546\colsr-0\colno2\colw1173\colsr-0\colno3\colw986\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Nursery}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1)}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Host plant }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {severity}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2)}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Pathogen(s) associated}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4546\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx2386\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C, CK,V,}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Acacia auriculiformis}\i0 \par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K, P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Alternaria alternata, Curvularia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V,K,P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Acacia mangium}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Glomerella cingulata, Pestalotiopsis }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {uvicola, Guignardia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Aegle marmelos}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phoma}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K,CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Albizia lebbeck}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Colletotrichum capsici}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {N,K}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Artocarpus }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {heterophyllus}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw5280\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C,P,K}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Azadirachta indica}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf & twig}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Fusarium}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp., }\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw6546\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V,P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cassia fistula}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Curvularia}\i0 \par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pallescens, Phoma glomerata}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cassia siamea}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pestalotiopsis tecomicola}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Casuarina equisetifolia}\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf tip}\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cinnamomum }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {zeylanicum}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Sclerotium }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {rolfsii}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P,CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dalbergia latifolia}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Delonix regia}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Guignardia}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw5280\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P,PP}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dysoxylum}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {malabaricum}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides, }\i0 \par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K,V,CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Eucalyptus citriodora}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Eucalyptus grandis}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Coniella minima, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Marsonina}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Coniella fragariae, Cylindrocladium }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {quinqueseptatum }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CH,CK,V,}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K,P,N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Eucalyptus tereticornis}\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C.fragariae, C. quinqueseptatum, }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kirramyces eucalypti}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw6546\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P,CH,N}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Garcinia gummigutta}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Gluta travancoricus}\i0 \par\column\pard\li453\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. minima, G. cingulata}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pestalotiopsis }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K,P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Gmelina arborea}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Grewia tillifolia}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pseudocercospora ranjita}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Guignardia }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Lagerstroemia }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {microcarpa}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr-0\colno3\colw5280\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V,CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pterocarpus marsupium}\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Sclerotium rolfsii}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pterocarpus santalinus}\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S. rolfsii}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Santalum album}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Guignardia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4546\colsr-0\colno2\colw1266\colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2386\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CK,V,K,P}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tectona grandis}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Collar rot }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Wilt}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Severe}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pseudomonas tectonae }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P. tectonae }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phoma glomerata, P. eupyrena,}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides,}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis variosporum}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Terminalia bellirica}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis sp., Guignardia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Terminalia crenulata}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pestalotiopsis maculans }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs8\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {1)}\fs14\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { C = Central nursery Cheruvanchery; CK = Chettikulam; V = Valluvassery; K = Kulathupuzha; P = nursery at Peechi; N = Nilambur;}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { PP = Palappilly.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs8\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {2)}\fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Percentage of seedlings affected. Low = 125%; }\fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Medium = 2650%; Severe = 5175% or 25% seedlings dead.}\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {10}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1986\shptop1213\shpright10453\shpbottom1213\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2038\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 8467}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(8480,0);}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 6096}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 6389760}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {dead organic materials and the presence of surplus, readily available nutrients in organic compost}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in root trainer cells makes less competition among the pathogens for the nutrients and thus least}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {attractive for infection of seedlings. The compost prepared from forest weeds is the major}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {constituent of the growing medium in root trainers and it is suspected that the sclerotium of the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogen which is very resistant to environmental stress persisted in the compost and contributed}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {to the development of disease. Susceptibility of the host (}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp.) is also a major factor}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {for the development and spread of the disease.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Bacterial seedling diseases caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pseudomonas}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {tectonae}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { were also recorded in teak seedlings.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {The bacteria cause cotyledon rot, collar rot, seedling wilt, and foliage infection. The disease}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {appears as water-soaked lesions on cotyledons and foliage and become dark greyish brown. The}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {lesions spread and cause rotting of the affected tissues in cotyledon, seedling stem and foliage.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {The bacteria also cause seedling wilt in teak; the infection is systemic and produced symptoms}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {characteristics of vascular wilt drooping of leaves, epinasty and wilting. As in conventional}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery beds, spread of disease through root contact is not occurring in root trainers, however,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {physical contacts of infected foliage to healthy seedlings in the root trainer blocks spread the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {disease. Moderate to severe disease incidence and seedling mortality in teak seedlings were recorded}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {at Central Nursery, Kulathupuzha in 2000 and 2001. The source of inoculum may be either the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {potting medium or water. In the case of bacterial infection, all the affected seedlings are not}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {killed outright. Often many seedlings may become carrier of bacterial pathogens, without showing}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {any visible symptoms of disease. Hence, there is possibility of transferring the disease from}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery to the field through mildly infected planting stock. In seedbed nurseries, bacterial collar}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {rot and wilt cause severe damage to the nursery stock. The seedbed nurseries raised in high}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {rainfall areas were reported to be affected severely by the bacterial pathogen (Sharma et al. 1985,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Mohanan et al. 1997).}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {In nurseries, application of fungicides, Carbendazim (0.05% a.i.), Dithane M45 (0.1% a.i.) against}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {foliage diseases gave good results. For controlling seedling blight and foliage diseases caused by}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3480\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phoma glomerata}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { and}\tab \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. eupyrena}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, application of Dithane M45 was found very effective.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Application of a bactericide, Streptomycin (Streptomycin sulphate 90% w/w + Tetracycline}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {hydrochloride 10% w/w) at the rate of 6 g per 8 l of water by drenching the seedlings gave good}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {control of seedling infection caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. tectonae.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Conclusions}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {In root trainer nurseries, soil-borne fungal diseases seldom occur mainly due to the use of soil-}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {less or soil-free growing media and maintaining the nursery in hygienic conditions. Foliage}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {infections caused by air-borne fungal pathogens affect the seedling crops and seedling congestion}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {may be the primary influencing factor for the incidence and spread of the disease. Among the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {fungal pathogens causing foliage infection,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Coniella fragariae,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phomopsis}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Phoma glomerata}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { P. eupyrena}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { are the important ones. Though, the new}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {technology offers production of high quality healthy planting stock, application of proper}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {fungicide(s) at proper time is required to control the foliage diseases. Otherwise, mild foliage}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {infection may flare up and cause severe damage to the seedling crops.}\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {11}\b0}