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Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

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Page 1: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Discovering Ancient North America II

Discovering Ancient North America II

Lecture 2:

North American Archaeology

UCSC

Winter 2007

Lecture 2:

North American Archaeology

UCSC

Winter 2007

Page 2: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Early Exploration and ContactEarly Exploration and Contact

For thousands of years peoples of the two hemispheres developed in virtual isolation of each other.

How did earliest contact and early images and imaginings by Europeans about the

Native Americans impact the development of NA Archaeology?

For thousands of years peoples of the two hemispheres developed in virtual isolation of each other.

How did earliest contact and early images and imaginings by Europeans about the

Native Americans impact the development of NA Archaeology?

Page 3: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

The Norse Viking ExpansionThe Norse Viking Expansion

Page 4: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Norse in GreenlandNorse in Greenland Eirik (the Red) Thordvalson AD 986 Settlements along SW tip of

Greenland

Eirik (the Red) Thordvalson AD 986 Settlements along SW tip of

Greenland

Brattahlid, Greenland Eirik the Red’s Farmstead

Page 5: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Norse in North AmericaNorse in North America Leif Eiriksson--

reached shores of NA--ca. A.D. 1000

Oral Tradition--Norse Sagas

Archaeology--L’Anse aux Meadows, New Foundland Sod walled houses,

Norse artifacts

Leif Eiriksson--reached shores of NA--ca. A.D. 1000

Oral Tradition--Norse Sagas

Archaeology--L’Anse aux Meadows, New Foundland Sod walled houses,

Norse artifacts

Page 6: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

“Skraelings”“Skraelings”

16th century image of Inuit from Forbisher expedition to Canada

16th century image of Inuit from Forbisher expedition to Canada

First European description of Native Americans

Norse artifacts found on Inuit sites in W. Greenland, Canadian Archipelago, High Arctic

Norse abandon Greenland ca.1500-- “Little Ice Age”

First European description of Native Americans

Norse artifacts found on Inuit sites in W. Greenland, Canadian Archipelago, High Arctic

Norse abandon Greenland ca.1500-- “Little Ice Age”

Page 7: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Basque Whaling StationsBasque Whaling Stations

Reconstruction of Basque whaling station in Labrador

Reconstruction of Basque whaling station in Labrador

Red Bay, Labrador--evidence of 16th century Basque whaling station

Saddle Island--whaler’s cemetery with 60 graves and 140 skeletons

Under water archaeology -- sunken galleon and smaller whaling boats

Started as early as 14th c.?

Red Bay, Labrador--evidence of 16th century Basque whaling station

Saddle Island--whaler’s cemetery with 60 graves and 140 skeletons

Under water archaeology -- sunken galleon and smaller whaling boats

Started as early as 14th c.?

Page 8: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Columbian ConsequencesColumbian Consequences

1492--beginning of major European colonial expansion

Fundamentally changed European World View

Native Americans suffered cultural and biological genocide, political domination and economic dependency

1492--beginning of major European colonial expansion

Fundamentally changed European World View

Native Americans suffered cultural and biological genocide, political domination and economic dependency

Christopher Columbus, 1519

Page 9: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Early Speculation on Identity and Origins of Native Americans

Early Speculation on Identity and Origins of Native Americans

Papal Bull (1567)--NA are human and have souls

Joannes Fredricus Lumnius (1567)-- “Lost Tribes of Israel”

Jose de Acosta (1589)--overland migration from Asia

Papal Bull (1567)--NA are human and have souls

Joannes Fredricus Lumnius (1567)-- “Lost Tribes of Israel”

Jose de Acosta (1589)--overland migration from Asia

16th century images of Indians by John White

Page 10: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

The Myth of the MoundbuildersThe Myth of the Moundbuilders

Earthworks in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys attributed to “Lost Earthworks in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys attributed to “Lost Race of Moundbuilders” of probable European originRace of Moundbuilders” of probable European origin

Page 11: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Why a Lost Race of Why a Lost Race of Moundbuilders?Moundbuilders?

Why a Lost Race of Why a Lost Race of Moundbuilders?Moundbuilders?

Indians no longer building mounds

Emerging Nationalism Racist Attitudes Economic and Political

Motives

Indians no longer building mounds

Emerging Nationalism Racist Attitudes Economic and Political

Motives

Page 12: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Moundbuilders and ArchaeologyMoundbuilders and Archaeology

Thomas Jefferson (1797) Notes on Virginia

Squier and Davis (1848) Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi

Cyrus Thomas (1894) 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnography

Thomas Jefferson (1797) Notes on Virginia

Squier and Davis (1848) Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi

Cyrus Thomas (1894) 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnography

Page 13: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Search for First AmericansSearch for First Americans

Enthusiasts search for “Ice Age” humans in America (1880s-1890s)

W.H. Holmes and A. Hrdlicka debunked claims; favored “short chronology”

Enthusiasts search for “Ice Age” humans in America (1880s-1890s)

W.H. Holmes and A. Hrdlicka debunked claims; favored “short chronology”

Alex Hrdlicka of the Smithsonian Institution

Page 14: Discovering Ancient North America II Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007 Lecture 2: North American Archaeology UCSC Winter 2007

Folsom Find (1926-27)Folsom Find (1926-27) George McJunkin (1908) J.D. Figgins (Denver

MNH) (1926) Projectile points (in situ)

with extinct Bison bones (Bison bison antiquus)

Proved conclusively that Native Americans had been in Americas since end of Ice Age (ca. 10,000 BP)

George McJunkin (1908) J.D. Figgins (Denver

MNH) (1926) Projectile points (in situ)

with extinct Bison bones (Bison bison antiquus)

Proved conclusively that Native Americans had been in Americas since end of Ice Age (ca. 10,000 BP)

Reconstruction of Folsom Find