Discover Digital LibrariesTheory and Practice

Discover Digital LibrariesTheory and Practice

Iris Xie, PhDUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States

Krystyna K. Matusiak, PhDUniversity of Denver, Denver, CO, United States

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

ElsevierRadarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, NetherlandsThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani-cal, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permis-sions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

NoticesKnowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-12-417112-1

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/

Publisher: Todd GreenEditorial Project Manager: Amy InvernizziProduction Project Manager: Mohanambal NatarajanDesigner: Greg Harris

Typeset by Thomson Digital

v

Contents

Biography ...............................................................................................................................................xiForeword ............................................................................................................................................. xiiiPreface ..................................................................................................................................................xixAcknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. xxiii

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Digital Libraries ...........................................................1Introduction .................................................................................................................1Definitions and Frameworks of Digital Libraries .......................................................3

Early Definitions ...................................................................................................4Multifaceted Definitions and Perspectives ............................................................5Digital Library Frameworks ..................................................................................8

Evolution of Digital Libraries ...................................................................................10Prelude: Early Visionaries and the Pre-1990s Era ..............................................10The Formative Years: 1991–2001 .......................................................................13Building the Content and Opening Access: 2000s .............................................21Large-Scale Digital Libraries: 2010– ..................................................................23

References .................................................................................................................30

CHAPTER 2 Digital Library Collection Development .............................................37Collection Development Introduction .......................................................................37

History .................................................................................................................37Definitions ...........................................................................................................38

Digital Collection Development Policy ....................................................................39Collection Development Policy ..........................................................................39Collection Development Criteria ........................................................................40Collection Assessment ........................................................................................43

Legal Issues in Collection Development...................................................................43Copyright Protection ...........................................................................................43Exemptions for Libraries and Archives ..............................................................45The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) ...............................................46Fair Use ...............................................................................................................47Copyright Infringement and Fair Use Cases .......................................................48

Collection Sharing and Large-Scale Digital Libraries ..............................................50Collection Development in Consortia and Large-Scale Digital Libraries ..........50Large-Scale Digitization Projects and Collection Development Policy .............52

Challenges of Collection Development ....................................................................53Legal Challenges .................................................................................................53Other Important Challenges ................................................................................54

References .................................................................................................................55

vi Contents

CHAPTER 3 Digitization of Text and Still Images..................................................59Introduction to Digitization .......................................................................................59Rationale and Strategies for Undertaking Digitization .............................................60

Why Digitize: Access and Preservation ..............................................................61Digitization Strategies and Sustainability ...........................................................64

Digitization Process ...................................................................................................65Digitization Steps ................................................................................................66General Digitization Guidelines ..........................................................................68

Digitization of Textual and Static Visual Resources ................................................71Technical Factors ................................................................................................72Digitization Equipment .......................................................................................76Recommendations for Digital Capture of Text and Photographic Images .........81

Rapid Digitization .....................................................................................................85References .................................................................................................................89

CHAPTER 4 Digitization of Audio and Moving Image Collections ........................95Introduction to Digitization of Audiovisual Resources ............................................95State of Audio and Moving Image Collections.........................................................97Preservation Crisis: Obsolescence and Deterioration ...............................................99Audio Digitization ...................................................................................................104

Technical Factors ..............................................................................................105Audio Digitization Process ................................................................................106Equipment ..........................................................................................................109Recommendations for Audio Digitization ........................................................110

Moving Image Digitization .....................................................................................112Moving Image Types ........................................................................................115Digitization Process and Equipment .................................................................116Technical Factors and Recommended Specifications .......................................119Encoding and File Formats ...............................................................................120Summary of Recommendations for Video Digitization ...................................121

References ...............................................................................................................124

CHAPTER 5 Metadata ...........................................................................................129Metadata Overview .................................................................................................129

Definitions, Standards, and History ..................................................................129Functions and Types of Metadata .....................................................................131

Metadata Schemas ...................................................................................................133Dublin Core .......................................................................................................133Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) ................................................136Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS).................................136Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) ..........................................................................138Encoded Archival Description (EAD) ..............................................................139Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core ......................................................140

viiContents

Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) ...............................140Interoperability: Metadata Mapping and Harvesting ........................................141

Designing and Implementing Metadata ..................................................................143Selecting a Schema ............................................................................................145Metadata Application Profiles ...........................................................................147Controlled Vocabularies ....................................................................................151Building Metadata Records ...............................................................................153

User Tagging ...........................................................................................................155Linked Data .............................................................................................................157

Linked Data Model and Technologies ..............................................................159Linked Data and Digital Libraries.....................................................................163

References ...............................................................................................................165

CHAPTER 6 Digital Library Management Systems ..............................................171Introduction .............................................................................................................171Design and Architecture of Digital Library Systems ..............................................172

Architectural Models .........................................................................................173Functionality and Other System Requirements.................................................176Interoperability ..................................................................................................179

Current Landscape of DLMS ..................................................................................181Open Source versus Proprietary Software ........................................................182Open Source Systems ........................................................................................184Proprietary Systems ...........................................................................................187Open Source Repository Systems .....................................................................193Selection of DLMS ............................................................................................198

References ...............................................................................................................200

CHAPTER 7 Interface Design and Evaluation ......................................................205Foundations for Interface Design and Design Principles .......................................205

Foundations for Interface Design ......................................................................205Design Principles ...............................................................................................205

Iterative Design .......................................................................................................206Design and Customization of User Interface ..........................................................207

Conceptual Design: Identification of Users’ Unique Needs .............................207Prototype Design ...............................................................................................208Interface Design: Configurations ......................................................................211Customized Design and Visual Tools ...............................................................212

Usability Testing .....................................................................................................215Usability Testing: Criteria and Approaches ......................................................217Usability Testing: Specific Digital Libraries and Specific Users .....................218User Perspective and Organizational Usability.................................................219

Help Design .............................................................................................................220Interface Design for People With Disabilities ........................................................223References ...............................................................................................................225

viii Contents

CHAPTER 8 User Needs and Search Behaviors ..................................................231Types of Users and Their use of Digital Libraries .................................................231

Children and Digital Libraries ..........................................................................231College Students and Digital Libraries .............................................................232Elderly People, People with Disabilities, and Digital Libraries .......................234

Characteristics of Information Search Behaviors ...................................................236Information Search Tactics ...............................................................................237Information Search Strategies ...........................................................................238Usage Patterns ...................................................................................................239

User Involvement and System Support ...................................................................241Previous Research .............................................................................................241An in-Depth Look at User Involvement and System Support

in Digital Libraries .................................................................................242Factors Affecting Digital Library Use ....................................................................243

User Personal Infrastructure ..............................................................................243Types of Information-Search Tasks ..................................................................245System Design ...................................................................................................246

References ...............................................................................................................247

CHAPTER 9 Digital Preservation ..........................................................................255Introduction .............................................................................................................255Defining Digital Preservation ..................................................................................257

Terminology: Digital Curation, Digital Stewardship, and Digital Preservation .........................................................................257

Definitions of Digital Preservation in the Practice Community .......................258Understanding Digital Preservation in the Context of Digital Libraries ..........259

Preserving Digital Content ......................................................................................261Digital Preservation Challenges ........................................................................262Digital Preservation Goals ................................................................................265Digital Preservation Strategies ..........................................................................266

Digital Preservation in Digital Library Practice .....................................................267Practical Guidelines ...........................................................................................268

Digital Preservation Technology: Standards and Repositories ...............................269Standards ...........................................................................................................270Digital Repositories ...........................................................................................272Preservation Repository Software .....................................................................273Partnerships and Hosted Services .....................................................................274

References ...............................................................................................................276

CHAPTER 10 Evaluation of Digital Libraries..........................................................281The Need for Digital Library Evaluation ................................................................281Evaluation Frameworks ...........................................................................................282Evaluation Methods .................................................................................................285

Digital Library Evaluation Methods .................................................................285

ixContents

Multifaceted Evaluation of Digital Libraries (MEDaL): Study Methodology ......287Evaluation Objectives and Phases ...........................................................................289

Evaluation Objectives ........................................................................................289Evaluation Phases ..............................................................................................289

Evaluation Dimensions and Their Importance ........................................................290Evaluation Dimensions ......................................................................................290Importance of Digital Library Evaluation Dimensions in the MEDaL Study ......291

Evaluation Criteria and Their Importance...............................................................291Evaluation Criteria ............................................................................................291Importance of Digital Library Evaluation Criteria in the MEDaL Study .........294

Evaluation Measurements .......................................................................................301Digital Library Evaluation Measurements ........................................................301Appropriateness of Measurements in the MEDaL Study .................................303

Factors Hindering Digital Library Evaluation ........................................................312Evaluation Challenges .............................................................................................313References ...............................................................................................................315

CHAPTER 11 New Developments and Challenges .................................................319Social Media Applications and the Impact on Digital Libraries ............................319

Definitions of Social Media Tools ....................................................................319Social Media Applications in Digital Libraries ................................................319Functions of Social Media in Digital Libraries.................................................322

Large-Scale Digital Libraries ..................................................................................324Characteristics of Large-Scale Digital Libraries ...............................................324Challenges and Problems ..................................................................................325

Multilingual Digital Libraries .................................................................................325The Need for Multilingual Digital Libraries .....................................................325Multilingual Digital Libraries: User Studies .....................................................326Multilingual Digital Library Language Search Functions ................................328

Digital/Data Curation ..............................................................................................330Digital/Data Curation Definitions .....................................................................330Digital/Data Curation Process and Issues .........................................................330Challenges and Problems ..................................................................................332

Challenges and Problems of Digital Libraries ........................................................333References ...............................................................................................................335

APPENDIX A Digitization Guides, Standards, and Best Practices .......................341Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS). (2013):

Minimum Digitization Capture Recommendations (http://www.ala.org/alcts/resources/preserv/minimum-digitization-capture-recommendations) ...........341

Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative (FADGI). (2010): The Technical Guidelines for Digitizing Cultural Heritage Materials: Creation of Raster Image Master Files (http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/FADGI_Still_Image-Tech_Guidelines_2010-08-24.pdf) ............341

x Contents

A Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections. 3rd Edition (2007): NISO Framework Advisory Group (http://www.niso.org/publications/rp/framework3.pdf) .................................341

The NINCH Guide to Good Practice in the Digital Representation and Management of Cultural Heritage Materials. (2002): The National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) (http://www.nyu.edu/its/humanities/ninchguide/) ..........................................342

Institutional guidelines ............................................................................................342BCR: Bibliographical Center for Research (2008). BCR’s CDP

Digital Imaging Best Practices. (2008): Updated Version of Western States Digital Imaging Best Practices (http://mwdl.org/docs/digital-imaging-bp_2.0.pdf) ....................................................................342

California Digital Library (CDL). (2011): CDL Guidelines for Digital Images. Version 2.0 (http://www.cdlib.org/services/access_publishing/dsc/contribute/docs/cdl_gdi_v2.pdf) ....................................342

CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. (2009; 2013): CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Images (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/ documentation/guidelines_for_images.pdf) ...........................................343

CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (2009; 2013): CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Text (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/ documentation/guidelines_for_text.pdf) .................................................343

CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. (2009; revised 2013): CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Audio (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/ documentation/guidelines_for_audio.pdf) ..............................................343

CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. (2010; revised 2013):CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Moving Images (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/documentation/guidelines_for_video.pdf) ..............................................344

Yale University. (2010): Digitization Shared Practices—Still Images Version 1.0 (http://www.yale.edu/digitalcoffee/downloads/DigitalCoffee_SharedPractices_%5Bv1.0%5D.pdf) ......................................................344

APPENDIX B Examples of Metadata Schemas Reviewed in Chapter 5 ...............345

Subject Index ...........................................................................................................355