directional/regional terminology
DESCRIPTION
Directional/Regional Terminology . The Human Body: Language of Anatomy. Anatomical Position. Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body. Figure 1.7a. Directional Terms. Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE HUMAN BODY: LANGUAGE OF
ANATOMY
DIRECTIONAL/REGIONAL TERMINOLOGY
![Page 2: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ANATOMICAL POSITION
• Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
2Figure 1.7a
![Page 3: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
3
![Page 4: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
4
![Page 5: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
5Table 1.1
![Page 6: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
6Table 1.1
![Page 7: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
REGIONAL TERMS: ANTERIOR VIEW• Axial – head,
neck, and trunk• Appendicular –
appendages or limbs• Specific
regional terminology
7Figure 1.7a
![Page 8: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
REGIONAL TERMS: POSTERIOR VIEW
8Figure 1.7b
![Page 9: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
BODY PLANES• Sagittal – divides the
body into right and left parts• Midsagittal or medial
– sagittal plane that lies on the midline• Frontal or coronal –
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
9
![Page 10: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BODY PLANES
• Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts• Oblique section – cuts
made diagonally
10
![Page 11: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
BODY PLANES
11Figure 1.8
![Page 12: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY
• Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out
of place• Small muscles may be missing
• Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
12
![Page 13: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BODY CAVITIES
• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions• Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain• Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and
encases the spinal cord
• Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic
13
![Page 14: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
BODY PLANES
14Figure 1.9a
![Page 15: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
BODY PLANES
15Figure 1.9b
![Page 16: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
BODY CAVITIES
• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity• Pleural cavities – each houses a lung• Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and
surrounds the remaining thoracic organs• Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
16
![Page 17: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
BODY CAVITIES
• The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
• It is composed of two subdivisions• Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines,
spleen, liver, and other organs• Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the
bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
17
![Page 18: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
HERNIA• Hernia is occurs when
an organ protrudes or invades another body cavity.
• For example: Inguinal Hernia• For example:
Pregnancy
18
![Page 19: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs• Serous fluid separates the serosae
19
![Page 20: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES
20Figure 1.10a
![Page 21: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES
21Figure 1.10b
![Page 22: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
OTHER BODY CAVITIES
• Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose• Orbital – house the eyes• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations• Synovial – joint cavities
22
![Page 23: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ABDOMINOPELVIC RETIONS
• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac or
inguinal• Right and left lumbar• Right and left
hypochondriac
23Figure 1.11a
![Page 24: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ORGANS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
24Figure 1.11b
![Page 25: Directional/Regional Terminology](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815f55550346895dce3493/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS• Right upper• Left upper• Right lower• Left lower
25Figure 1.12