diplomacy and world war ii · tydings-mcduffie act (1934) reciprocal trade agreements sec. state:...
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Diplomacy and
World War II U.S. Foreign Policy & Entrance into War 1929-1945
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Essential Questions
How, and for what reasons
did United States foreign
policy change between
1920 and 1941?
Prior to Pearl Harbor, to
what extent was US
entrance into World War II
inevitable?
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Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies Good Neighbor Policy
Cooperation in order to avert threats
Pan-American Conferences (1933-36)
Cuba
Nullified Platt Amendment (1934)
Kept Guantanamo
Mexico
Oil crisis (1938)
Economic Diplomacy
Recognition of Soviet Union (1933)
Philippines
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Sec. State: Cordell Hull
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Events Abroad:
Fascism & Aggressive Militarism Italy
Rise of “Il Duce” – Benito Mussolini
Germany
Rise of “Der Fuhrer” – Adolf Hitler
The “Beer Hall Putsch,” the “Rohm Putsch,” the Berlin Games (‘36), and the Rise of the Third Reich
Japan
Invasion of China
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
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American Isolationists Lesson of World War I
Nye Commission (1934)
“Merchants of Death”
Neutrality Acts
1935: prohibited arms shipments & forbade Americans to sail on belligerent ships
1936: forbade loans to belligerents
1937: forbade arms shipments to Spain
Spanish Civil War
Loyalists vs. Franco’s Nationalists (fascists)
America First Committee
Lincoln Brigade
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Prelude to War Appeasement
Ethiopia, 1935
Italian Invasion
Rhineland, 1936
German action
China, 1937
The Panay Incident
Sudetenland, 1938
Munich Conference
Chamberlain’s “Peace for our time”
Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech (1937)
Preparedness
Increased military spending
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1940 1930
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria (1931)
Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
German Occupation of Rhineland (1936)
Birth of Appeasement & Rise of Pacifism
U.S. Passes Series of Neutrality Acts
Formation of Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Nov.
1936)
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Franco takes power (1939)
Hitler Annexes Austria (1938) “Anschluss”
Hitler Invades Sudetenland
Prompts Conference @ Munich (Sept. 1938)
U.S. Issues Stimson Doctrine
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From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941
Outbreak of War in Europe
German-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact
Invasion of Poland
German blitzkrieg
Invasions of Denmark,
Norway, and France
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Changing U.S. Policy
Churchill-Roosevelt Relationship
“Cash and Carry”
1939 Neutrality Act
Selective Service Act (1940)
1.2 million trained
Destroyers for Bases (Sept. 1940)
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The Election of 1940
Roosevelt: “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.:
Republicans
Wendell Willkie
Against Roosevelt violating the two-term tradition
Results:
Roosevelt Garners 54%
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The Arsenal of
Democracy
Four Freedoms
Lend-Lease Act (March, 1941)
Atlantic Charter
Blueprint for United Nations
Shoot-on-sight Policy (Sept. 1941)
Attacks on USS Greer, Kearney, and Reuben James
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Disputes with Japan
U.S. Economic Action
Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Axis formation (1940)
US cuts off steel and scrap iron
Japanese invasion of Indochina
US freezes Japanese credit and cuts off oil supply
Negotiations
Sec. State Cordell Hull
Rise of General Tojo
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Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Partial Surprise
Japanese codes broken, attack imminent
Declaration of War
December 8, 1941
Germany and Italy Declare War on U.S.
Germany Invades the Soviet Union
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World War II: The
Home Front America Responds to War
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Essential Questions
In what ways and to what extent was World War II responsible for ending the Great Depression in America?
To what extent did the war effect the following groups:
Mexican Americans
African Americans
Native Americans
Japanese Americans
Women
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Mobilization Federal Government
War Production Board (WPB, 1942)
Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Spending & Debt Increase
GNP Grows (15%)
$250 Billion Debt
Business and Industry
Research and Development
Workers and Unions
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943)
Financing the War
Income Tax
War Bonds
Propaganda
Office of War Information
Posters & Newsreels
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WWII Propaganda
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WWII Propaganda
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The War’s Impact on Society African Americans
Mass Migration from South
“Double V” Campaign
500,000 serve
Tuskegee Airmen
CORE (1942)
March on Washington
A. Philip Randolph
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Mexican Americans
Bracero program
Zoot Suit Riots (Los Angeles, 1943)
American Indians
codetalkers
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Japanese Americans
Executive Order 9066
Internment
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
Nisei Soldiers
Domestic: break codes
Fought in Western Front
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Executive Order 9066
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Women
200,000 serve in uniform
5 million enter workforce
24% increase in married
women working
Received lower pay
than male counterparts
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Election of 1944
Roosevelt runs with Harry
Truman
Republicans:
Thomas Dewey
Results:
53% of Popular
432-99 Electoral
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World War II: The
Battlefronts The War in Europe and the Pacific
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Fighting Germany
Defense at Sea, Attacks by Air
Objectives:
Overcome submarines
Bomb and raid major cities
From North Africa to Italy
Operation Torch (Eisenhower & Montgomery, 1942-43)
Sicilian & Italian Campaigns
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D-Day and
V-E Day
Operation Overlord (June, 1944)
Operation Neptune
Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944)
German Surrender
Hitler’s Suicide (April, 1945)
Surrender: May 7, 1945
The Holocaust & Liberation of Concentration Camps
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Fighting Japan
MacArthur, Nimitz, and “Island-Hopping”
Early losses
Bataan, Coral Sea, Guadalcanal
Turning Point, 1942
Midway
Major Battles:
Leyte Gulf (Oct., 1944)
Emergence of kamikazes
Okinawa
Iwo Jima
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Atomic Bombs
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer, 1942
University of Chicago
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
Nagasaki (August 9)
Japan Surrenders
September 2, 1945
USS Missouri
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The Decision to Drop the Bomb
Arguments in Favor Target: Japan
Japanese character: bushido & seppuku
Prevent: long war, massive casualties
Pacific front as lesson
Target: Soviet Union
Send a message
Prevent: Soviet aggression & expansion
Arguments Opposed Massive casualties &
destruction
Violated human rights
Even if Hiroshima warranted, Nagasaki was not
Weapons & the loss of human lives should not be used as diplomatic tools
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Wartime
Conferences Negotiations, Peace Treaties, and the End of
War
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The Big Three
Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin
Casablanca (Jan. 1943)
Italian invasion &
unconditional surrender
Teheran (Nov. 1943)
Liberation of France,
Soviet Invasion of
Germany
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Yalta
February, 1945
Germany to be divided in four
Free elections for Eastern Europe
Soviets to join war against Japan
Foundations for United Nations
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Potsdam
Death of President Roosevelt (Truman)
Replacement of Winston Churchill (Attlee)
Resolutions:
Unconditional surrender of Japan
Criminal prosecution of Nazi leaders (Nuremburg)
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The War’s
Legacy Results of World War II
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Costs
Deadliest War in Human History
50 million
American Losses:
300,000 dead
800,000 wounded
Debt
Spending increased debt, but little damage overall domestically
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United Nations Chartered April, 1945
San Francisco
Collective Measures settle disputes peacefully
General Assembly 50 nations
Security Council 11 countries
5 Permanent Seats w/veto power
US, Britain, France, China, and…
USSR
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Legacy Socio-Economic Miracle
High Standard of Living Baby Boom War Economy Education
Technological Revolution Weapons Energy
International Change Bi-polar World: Cold War
Decolonization
Civil Rights Movement
Demographic Revolution
Migration
Fear and Paranoia
Second Red Scare