dinosaurs - a closer look (gnv64)

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THE UTOR

Dougal Dixon is a -me writer and bookeditor speiaizng in Eah Sciencesgeoaphy, geology, and paleotology, thestudy of extinct ivng thngs such as dnosaurs.He has wrtten more than 20 books on dnosaurs,and has acted as special advisor, animator, andmodelmaker on television and video dinosaurprograms n e United States, Britain, and

Japan He has a reputation for psentng hissubject in a novel way his book The NewDinosaurs he described what life would be lketoday if dnosaurs had not died out And n AfterMan: A Zology of the Future, he showed whatlfe might b like in mons of years to comeHe has also written several science ctionstories Dougal Dixon lives n England.

THE ONSULTNTPeter Dso is professor of anatomy in theSchool of Veternary Medicie and adjuctprofessor of geology at the University ofPennsylvania n Philadelphia He is also a research associate at the Academy of Naturalciences Philadelphia He has coected

fossils in the Canadian Arctic as well as inweste Canada and the Uited States for manyyears 1986 he described a new horddnosaur, Avaceratops lammersi at hecolected n Montana

SENE EDTORJack Myers is sciece editor for Highghts for

Chldre He is also professor emeritus ofoology and botany at the University of Teas nAustn, and a member of the National Academyof Sciences Jack Mye's love for science iscoceed with eplorg and describng howthgs work n nature, and n his wtng andedtng Jack Myers eats science as the ongong

BOU THS BOOK

The dinosaurs were mong t

successful and most manihave ever ived. We cannot tfailures jus because they doaround nymore. They livedmilion years ao up to 5 m history of 0 miion yeahdly one of failure! Especi

consider that our own successpecies has been around forthe most

The term dinosaur comes words meanin "terrible lizadinosaurs were indeed fiercelook like present-ay izards

resembed different kinds ofcrocodiles or mammas and

In A Cle Lk we lookworkedthe actions of theirmuscles, their diestive systebrains nd nerous systems. how they communicated with

produced youn, and lived to



A Closer Look



The Dinosau seies was poduced

for ghights fo Chlden nc. byBende Richadson WhteP Box 266 Uxbridge B9 5NX

England

Poject Edito: ionel BenderArt Edtor: Ben WhiteProducon: Ki Rchardson

Assistant Edio MadeleneSamueTypesetng and Media Convesion

Pete MacDonald & na

Macnamaa

© ighlghts fo Chlden nc 993300 West ifh Avenue

P. Box 269Colmbus Ohio 43602 69

Edcaional Adviso Andrew

GuteleProducton Coodinato Sarah

Roinon

The Age of Dinosaurs

he frst dinosaus appeaed about25 illon yeas ago (mya fo

short) in what scenists call the

Late riassc Perod. hey thrived

CTTS

Introduction

Dinosaurs Were Real

Dinosaur Anatomy

Meat or Plant?

Warm- or Cold-blooded?

Dinosaur SensesDinosaur Skin

Communcaton

EggLayng

Famly LifeSze and Lifespan

Group Lving

MigrationExtinction

Do You Know?Glossary

Index, Acknowledgments



TRCT

hey hve been ded fo 65 million yes A

tht is left of them e few bones nd thosehve been tuned to stone o fossis by the

ntu wokings of the Eth How thendo we know bout the dinosus these fome

inhbitnts of ou wod? How do we know

bout wht thei bodies wee like bout how

they lived nd bout wht kind of fmily life

they hdWe cn use ou imgintions But ou best

undestnding wil be bsed on scientific

evidence hee e l kinds of cues tht cn

gve us good ictue of ncient life Ove the

st 150 yes since dinosus wee fist

ecognized s n nim gou the dinosu

huntes nd the scientists

fossils hve been utting thesehey find infomtion in

contin the dinosu fossis i

o scs on the bones thems

comisons tht cn be

cetues of the st nd livin

Slowy bit by bit they hv

u elistic ictue of theseof ou ely wold hey hv

the intestines o guts insideut fesh on the bones cove

with skin nd lced the

ndsces they inhbited h

lmost mde the dinosus iv



ISARS WR RA

The Sn beats down on the dsty lain in the

mddle of the continent that we now cal Asia.Throgh the scatterng of conifer trees wanders a herd of the long-necked lant

eating dnosar Shunosaurus. It is the end ofthe wet sean and the animals are migratng

to find new feedng gronds. A bg male stesot in front leading the way. The yongest of

the herd stay with the main gro rotectedby the resence of their elders. Overhead a

small flock of the toothyjawed terosar

Angustinaripterus es towards rivers andlakes that are well stocked with fish

Uig b of evidecewe ca ceae a pcure of

a hed of doaurigraig hrough

ladcape A ciedicover ew cue of lfei he pa ou picurecoe io harper focu



t/ � ./ ;E Hoo we know these events occurred?Alf tat we are ikely to see of S is

a collection of fossilized bones in a museum./ Did tis dinosaur really beave in tis way?

Was te landscape truly as is sown ere?Did tese pterosaurs, flying reptiles, actualylive at te same time and in te same lace?

Paleontology-te study of ancient lifeis fu of suc questions. Our knowledge ofte world of te past is someting ike teresut of a detective story Everyting tat

V Ihabthe we h

panThebehn of hdino

Te fossils contained in t



SAR AATMY

dinosur when it ws live consisted of

more thn just the bones tht we see in themuseum s in ny other vertebrte n

niml with bckbone the bony skeleton

ws just the suortthe scffolding ththeld the creture u he rest consisted of so

squishy rts. First there were the muscles

tht worked on the bones ulling them like

levers nd llowing the niml to move

Dinsau skn

Whn a dinosau wasud quicl in mud thmud somtims too thmpssion of h sin.

Whn th mud und ooc th impssion

was psvd so w

can s wha hsn was li

he intestines rocessed the food the nimlte to roduce the rw mteril for building

its muscles he lungs took in oxygen from

the ir to rovide the fuel to kee the muscles

nd the body working he brin controlled

the ctions of the whole body ext there ws

the nervous system communctions

Cuaway view f he anay .f

a plan·eae

Dinsaur drppings

Doppngs a undigsdfood matial lasd

fom th od. hos of

an ancin animal a

Din

I wdino

h s

whc



Dnou gu

We can ge an dea of owc food e dgesvesysem of a dinosa eldfrom e vole nsde s

Dnou ee

Te bes evdence fo esape and srce of adnosa's fee are isfoopins A se of

Dnour bone

A fll se of bones joned

ogeer as a skeleonalowng body oveens e bes gde o elook of an ancien anal.

B k

Dno

Aboare kfosssklco

Dno

Grndvegeand fe m

Al tis soft atter decayed ate anal's deat. Oen t anals, peraps even oter Usaly it as only te bonesbeind and cod becoe fos

e kno tat al dnosar



MEAT OR PA?

Some aimas ea plas, oes ea mea

usualy e fes of e plaeaes! I e vas age of diosaus ee wee bomeaeaes ad paeaes Te meaeaig diosaus pobably evoved fis,peyig o oe ypes of epies Tepaeaes developed fom em

As a ue, e meaeaes wee wofooed

aimals, sadig ad movig aoud oei id imbs Tis alowed em o uquicy ad cac ei pey Tey ad bigslasig ee ad gaspig ads a weeed fowad ad wee balaced a e ips bya eavy ai Al e meaeaes, fom

cicesied g o 40fooog , followed is desig

I e lages moe la e Komoo agoeaes legs of 10 fee s s smalle a mos oe meaeag osaus bu s jaggeege eeog laws a jaws gve us a goo ea of ow e ae

Plant-eater

ou a see a wofooe pa-eagosaur ou woul oave msae fo amea-eae Is bgsoma a eseswoul ave gve araer po-bellieappearae Te eawoul ave eepoues o o evegeable mae wle



anteatng dosaus neede

ntestnes tan eat eatng opocess oe ood Wen teevoved te eavy guts unbe ate types evoved to oous Tey deveoped ong nte to eac aound o oosape o te ongnecked pa

dnosau suc as AMeane anote goup

as deveopng t te bg gbeteen te d egs Tesest baance and ak aoundIgd and

toooted panteatng dnotese toooted speces deveAgan ts nceased te etook p a ouooted ay o o ts type ncuded Sg

c, ad Ec

Skl wit sawedgedbladeke teet

Mea

A twladatsamftppemadmlgw

WARM R CL BLE?



WARM- R CL-BLE?

Moden etiles ae cold-booded. This does

not mean that thei blood is cod all the time

bt that it stays at the same temeate as

thei sondings. If the weathe is hot theybecome hot and if the weathe is cold they

become cod By moving between snny andshady laces eties can conto thei body

temeate.

Mammas and bids on the ohe hand ae wam-blooded This means that they can

eglate the temeate of thei bodies and

kee themseves at the same temeate in

al conditions. Hot weathe does not set

them mch and they can stay active in coo

weathe. This lifestye ses ots of enegy

and a wamblooded animal needs abot tentimes as mch food as a cold-booded tye

a mal eat-eatingdnoaur uc aVocapo ad beencold-blooded, it would

ave had a kn miarto a zard'

V Vocapo hadbeen warmblooded, itmay have been coveedwth ur or eathe apa o it teperature

regulaton ytem.

Dinosas wee etiles an

aways thoght that they we

Bt in the 970s some scientthink that hey may have act

wam-blooded Evidence cam

oints: the way the dinosasstaight-legged ike mamma

ib cages that cold have hed

heats and lngs; and fom thcontained channels fo fast b

as in wamblooded animals



I a ma fa-unnng

dinoau ch a/ocapo oDomcommus

above had beenwarm-booded i woudhave been abe o un

abo or a ong imewho rng f had

Heatig ad coolig

A big ong-necked

paneaing dnoau kepaosauus woud have

had uch a maive body

ha i coud have kep ini hea. Coe o heuface of he anma hehea woud have gone inad ou hough he knepeciay on he narow

pa ke he neck and heaa doe on hiad bakng in he Sun

B in he dph ofhe grea body he d h

been codbooded ae

any bur of acviy woud have had opend ome imecooing off and rengbefore i wa abe oexe ie agan.Domcommus anae i prey a 40 mph

Othe scientists stil egdebeing coldblooded. hey cou

tht big ongnecked ln

could ossbly hve eten en wmblooded ifestyle. And

wee so mssive tht they wo

ble to kee in thei het in c

Moe ecent studies of din

suggest tht these nimls wbooded like mmmls no co

etiles but something in be

etes my hve been ble to

temetues but not to sucmoden mmmls nd bids

did not seem to hve hd mu

thei temetues but theycoldblooded s moden et

DINOSAUR SENSES



DINOSAUR SENSES

V n the dus the

eat-eater Trodon snaps

at a passng dagonfly

We g

be "

brainreactpostthat ifast-eye sthis dtwilig



We see wth our eyes we smell wth our

noses we hear through our ears we taste

wth our tongues and we feel thngs throughthe nerves n our skns hese are our senses

and wth them we fnd out what the worldaround us s lke It s the same for most other

anmals It would have been the same for the

dnosaurs too

fferent anmals have keener senses asneeded for survval For examle dogs have

a better sense of smell than we have but we

have better eyesght than rhnoceroses t s

dffcult to tell how well dnosaurs senses worked snce eyes tongues and other soft

body arts do not fosslze he skulls of

some huntng dnosaurs lke Troodon, haveenormous eye sockets and so we can tell that

these anmals had bg eyes he oston of

the eyes means that they could focus both of

them on the same object and therefore judge

Hunting eesight

P-ay hug

hi ow havy· ha ou owao hi y ah yo a ghy ifag o a o a

h a a u hioaio o wo ouh oj' ia.

hi o aooi vio a

ay o h huig

h

dstances easly and well Mos

dnosaurs such as Hypsoph

the sdes of ther heads hs wthem an all-round vew so thadanger comng from any dre

he sze of the nostrls sm

about smell Some long-neck

for nstance Brachiosaurus, h

nostrls and so they robably of smell he meateaters lke

on the other hand had very s

hey robably dd not hunt bmodern wolves do but reled

Searate arts of the bran

functons We can tell what a

could do by takng a cast of thn the skull If we fnd that th

sense of hearng s well develo

wth that for sght then n lf

would have reled on sound ra

SAR SK



SAR SK

Dnosu skn s no eseve Occson

hough whee nosu's e bo hs

been bue quck befoe he skn os nmesson o mk of he skn sufce s ef

n he ocks. he messons show h mnnosus h skn covee wh sces hese

wee no ovelng sces ke hose of

mos moen zs bu n hon ums

h l cose o one nothe fomng gswke ten. Some nosus h bgge

hon les embee n the skn n hese

wee ofen eseve wh he skeleon.lhough hee s some evence fo he

exue o feel of nosu skn he colo of

ths skn s ue guesswok.

m see Stegosaurus wth

bown ches n e n n nohe book Stegosauru

bove n elow beneh w

hs us efecs ffeen e

nosu coo.

We cn look he coos

nms n see how ech nele to s behvo Hunt

tges n eos e oen

sote. nms of oen cou

neoes m be countesh

k colos on o n ght

< A

ooto tknowhd wourMy

simidvison t



Dul coos

Pat-eaters that wee

ot aggressve lkeBactroar wereproaly draly coloredwth grees ad ows ode to led wthther sodgs sothat meateaters wodot see them

Bactar

Te yongses o woodland animas ie deeoen ave u wi paces o colo Tese aeal ypes o camolage o ways o bending in

wi e sondings o be diic o seeVey big animals ie elepans wic neien no ave gea enemies do no need

camoage and so ae an even gay cooTese colo scemes may also ave appied oe dinosas in ei vaios liesyes

Genealy dinosas wee pobaby moecolol an moden mammas since eyad bee colo vision Tey ay ave sedei bg colos o dispay o as a waning

Proecive

The hoed-facedosas kePenta cera to adTiceato, had a oy

fl potectg the eckhe armoedakylosas had sk othe ack stdded wthoy kos ad stdsad coveed wth hokylosas ae oftepeseved psde-dow

ocs fomed acet ves

he armo

ackam

COMMUNICATION



COMMUNICATION

Animals cmmunica wi n anrTy may n us wrds and snncs as w

d bu y can mak mslvs sufficny wl undrsd fr ir ways f if Tycan d by visua sgnas ik a pacckusing is ail r cran yps f izards usngr brigly clr ra faps Tdnsaurs cud prbably xcang all srs finfrmain in is way Animas can ascmmunica by sml lik a skunk scringa smly iqud W d n knw f dinsaurscud cmmunica lk s bu sm ddav vry big nsrils wic maks us blivy ad a gd sns f sml

Prbably bs way f cmmuncaing

vr a gra disanc is by usng sund If yu

av ard a ca wlng a ndg barking yu knw

b Wvs unng in a pack anr s a vry mmbknws wr al rs arcan wrk gr ambus

I s dffcu ll f dmak niss s anmal n lungs ra and

wic ar s srucurs aHwvr cass f variussw us a dinsaurs ad gT skus f wfd p av bn fudlica ar bns sl inac

is dinsaur a as culd



Corythosaurus Lambeosaurus Tsintaosaurus

Parasaurolophs

Calng out oud

Crested dcbls liethese had holo creststhat coud be sed oae loud noises Aflaheaded dcbil

C he hole one ofSouth and Centaeca has a ve odvoce. Usng a voice box inits throat can ae anoise tha can be headfor aos half a ilethrough he ranfoessDnosaurs a have beenable o conicate ihone anohe b angsla nds of sonds

A hed of thedcbilled dnosaursarasaurolous andanothe dcbil aBracy!oosaurus

b h d f th

Nsl avt

such as Edmotosaurus

a have had aninflaabe sn balloon oenable it to ae asond le a frog.

beonged o adinosaus caed e duckbi

a sangely saped ead wiSome ypes ad a vey aensome ad an eavagan ce

wee omed om e nose bull o cannes a e ai ad o pass oug beoe e

lungs Tey wee pobaby usubes o making noises acuved and wised ubes o insumens suc as e umsaxopone Te cesed duckpobaby communicae wi using oos and baes a w

oug e oess

GG-LAYG



GG LAYG

Retiles y eggs It ws lwys ssumed tht

dinosus did so too But the fist of of

this cme in the 920s when n Ameicnexedition to Mongoli found the emins ofdinosus.

As well s the dinosus themselves the

scientists found the emins of thei nests nd

in them eggs. The dinosus concened wee

l of smll honed secies Protoceratos

In life it woud hve been bout the size of

esentdy shee The eggs wee ovl

shed bout 3 inches coss nd most

6 inches long. Thee wee u to 30 of them

nged in the nest in sil with thei

ointed ends inwds. The nest would hve

been holow in the snd fo it hd been sndy ce whee Protoceratos ived.

Sevel femles seemed to hve lid thei eggsin the sme nest By chnce found t one of

the nests ws the fossil skeleton of the eggeting dinosu Ovrator It seems tht this

niml hd been ovewhemed by sndstom

while it ws iding the nest.

The eggs of a 40-foot-long dinosaur

Since then the eggs of sevel othe kinds of

dinosus hve been found The lgestdnosu eggs known belong to one of the

longnecked ntetes Hyse]osaurus Theeggs wee found in Fnce. These wee not

id in nests but in is in line It is s if the

mothe dnosu hd lid them while wlking.

These eggs e bout 0 inches in dimete

Iide the egg

A oa' gg, i ao l'oa h ayaima a a yolifoo ly. h who

Yo f u -I.y

Doa gg

hig lahioi wao



6 mod

grougroumot

te s

warm

younlargenest

treatat eggs

seemsimil

FAMLY LF



FAMLY LF

Adult birds usuay look ater their young

untl they are old enough to leave the nest and

ook after themselves. t seems tat dinosaursdid e same

In Montana in te United States, in the

1970s, scientists found the remains of a

complete dinosaur nesting site The nests

were made by a type of two-footed planteater,

a duckbill species called Maasaura that lived

in herds Eac nest would have been about6 feet in diameter and 30 inches hig It would

have been a mound of soil with a hoow at the

top 30 inches deep The nests were spacedabout one dinosaur ength (about 30 feet)

apart In them were eggs, baby dinosaurs,

and most impotanty youngsters,ich were about 3 feet long



Feedng young chcks

Brs he moernreaves o heinosaurs have youngha mus e ookeaer caeuly Here anadu song hush ees

her young in a nes uilin he ranches o a neree Birds make akins o ness, rangngrom hoes n he goundand ies o mud o

< Beneah a e o wgsand leaves n a Maiasaura

nes he young inosaushach ou. A nesu ohaching Maiasaura s awiggling mass osquawking nose A aou12 nches ong, eachay is a oo smal andweak o look ae isel

I may have had a lehon on he nose whchwoud laer have eenos The ay used hehon o eak ou o segg For he is ewmons o her ives heyoungses wou have

een e, oece andooke ae n he nes yhe aus

Te young dinosaurs ad tee worn from feeding ut teirtoo weak to ae allowed tefor food Tis sows tat te ae stayed in e nest until grown Tey must ae eente adults during tis growin

We can imagine tis nestin

like tat of te flamingo. Telie in te nests wile teir pfind food for tem. Any meattat approaces is cased offtat are still on te site.

Te young dinosaurs prote nest for a few monts oc

led out y a parent to learn totemseles. Tese trips woullonger and longer and eent

youngsters wold ae een to join te erd and migrate

SZ A LFSPA



SZ A LFSPA

Th dinosaus angd fom litt cickn

sizd catus to giant animas mo than

00 ft ong Ti ways of lif gowth atsand ifspans w pobaby as aid as thdinosaus thmsls

It is difficut to tll how od indiidua

dinosaus w whn ty did W can look

at som skltons and s th kinds of

damag such as bokn bons and fusdjoints that th animas xpincd duing

lif If th bons sm to ha suffd a gatdal of wa and ta w can b faiy su

that th owns w y od indiiduals

Somtims big bons ha gowth ings lik

thos of a t tunk Eac ing shows t

gowth that took pac in on ya

Baby iplodocus�Studis of dinosau gowth ings suggst

tat som of th biggst ongnckd

plantats may a achd an ag of 00

yas bo ty did Codbloodd animas

i ong than wambloodd ons. If thong-nckd pant-ats w py cold

bloodd thy may ha acd ags of 20

yas o mo How ast dinosaus gw is

difficut to tll fom fossi bons Studis of

Chckenszed

he smallest known

dinosaur was the littlemeat-eating speciesCompsognathus. t wasabout 35 nches longwhen fully grown but

most of this was neck and

tail and it weighed about5 pounds This woud have

made it the se of a smallchcken We know odinosaur skeletons saler

than a chicken's but theseare all from babes

Baby dnosaurs

The smalest dinosaurskeleton found was aboutthe sie of a blackbirds t

was called Mussaurus or

mouse iard Theskeeton acked a tail and

was only 8 inches long t

was a babys skeleton.

We

had too

sie

devedino

perheate



Dinosaur foodIf Apaosauus had bee

odbooded it wouldhave eeed about 400poud of food pe day to

fuel t gigati body If ithad bee war-blooded twoud have eeded to eatloe to 200 poudlke thi moud of food

Th ggs gans

We have ot fodomlete keleto of thebigget dioaurUlasauus ay have

weghed 00 to twoud have bee like a bigBachiosauus Aother

iomplete keleto

amed Seismosauus

robably beloged to a

amal that wa over 30feet log Thi woud havebee like a big Diploocus

Dinosaur brains

A 60footog

Apatosauus ad a headthat wa oy he ize of ahore ad a bra obgger tha a atSietit ued to thi ithad a extra brai earthe hip but there ltteevidee of thi.

Diploocus

90 feet log 2 to

Ba

RP LV



RP LV

There are advantages to iving in groups The

main one is safety f there are a ot of you, an

enemy wi think twice before attacking f you are attacked, the enemy may get your

neighbor and not you Dinosaurs may have

moved about in big herds for just this reason

The big, ong-necked panteaters seemed

to have behaved in this way n Texas there

are fossi trackways made by these dinosaurson the move that show the footprints of the

smaer and younger animas in the midde

of the herd, with the big ones on each side

Any meateater woud have to break through

a barrier of adut dinosaurs to try to reach

a defenseess youngster

It is possibe that the horned dinosaurs asoived in herds Their remains are ofen found

in numbers arge enough to suggest this Wehave seen how adut femaes of the twofootedpanteaters gathered in groups to ay theireggs They may have stayed in their groups

aong with their young, a their ives.

Living as a herdI he moe ol hemu oxe o Greea

a ohe Caaaie a a he he

oe uh ogehe

ehe o eep am o

or ae eaoShou a o paaa he her he

ll h

t was not just the pant-e

about in groups. Some of th

hunters did so, too Wofsizprobaby hunted in packs nfind in ontana, severa De

skeetons were found in the

formation as bones of a two-

eater, eotosaurus It may

of the meateaters was feastieater when they were a ki

ightning In such an attack,

have gone for the victim's he

others tore at the fesh of its

big caws.

[ A mal er oSyracosars grazeuiel amog he e oa u lope Ther peaei uel haere aig Abrosars ha

ur oar om he

ear ore, hiig

ouo h

apphe o hhe a

ou

a



:

( -

MGRATN



MGRATN

The horned dinosaur Pachyrhnosaurus used

to be known from only two skulls Then in1985 more skeletons of this animal werediscovered in one place in Alberta Canada

more than a thousand skeletons in fact!

In this greatmass of bone were the remains

of babies of partly grown ndividuals and

of fuly grown adults. A whole herd of

these dinosaurs had suddenly died in onelocation. There were actually too many

Pachyrhnosaurus remains in this bone bed.

At that place all those millions of years ago

there would not have been enough food for a

population as big as that. The most likely

explanation is that the herd was igrating

from one feeding ground to another and was

crossing a river when a sudden flood caught

the animals by surprise and drowned themSuch events happen nowadays when huge

herds of migrating animalsfor example

wildebeest or caribouhave to cross rivers in

their path Many can be washed away andkilled by sudden flash floods. In 984 about4000 caribou perished when they were trying

to cross a flooded river in Quebec Canada.

Moving as conditions change

The bone bed in Alberta dates from near the

end of the Age of Dinosaurs. At that time the

contnents the huge landmasses of the world

had broken up and were driting apart. Each

contnent would have had its own cycle of

f i t t d



A mal hr

Pahyhnosauus ca vr cur a

m. Th aimal aruawar ha rai i h

hill au pruc a ha wil guh w

h ivr chal aw hm h uah may aimallf ma l which w i a

EXTCT



We o not realy know how the nosaurs

became extnct or e out What we o know

s that after 160 mlon years of success thenosaurs sueny saeare about 65mllon years ago never to be seen agan

Ther saearance coul have been fary

quck or t cou have been qute slow

astng a few mllon years It s ffcut to te

from the rocks la own at the tme Manyfferent theores have been ut forwar to

exan ther saearance One of the most

oular theores now s that the Earth was

struck by a gant meteorte or a swarm of

comets at that tme causng serous changes

to the cmate

Mtort strk

The imac f aeeie ix mileacr wuld haveierced he ah cu

and laed enrck, ah and du in

he ahee



A meteorite strike would avof steam and dust into te atmbocking out te Sun's warmTe vegetation would ave dipanteating dinosaurs wouldWit no prey to feed upon, t would also ave staed Wecleared, te vegetation would

back but it woud ave been dinosaurs Less dramatic expte steady cange of te clim vegetation, o canges brougmovements of te continentsmay not ave been able to evenoug to keep up wit tese

Y W?



Whch dnosaur had the argest eggs?

A og-nckd patatr, ypelouu

whos rmans hav b found n LatCrtacous rocks of southrn Franc, hadggs that wr about th sz of ostrch ggs

Thy wr chs ong ad 0 chs n

damtr If th ggs had bn any bggr,

th shls woud hav b thckr ad

dffcut for th babs to brak through

Whch were the ongestved dosaurs?

caot t how log ach dnosaur vd,

but w suspct that th log-ckd pant

atrs vd ogr than th othrs If thy

wr warmbloodd, thy may hav vd to an

ag of 00 yars If thy wr coldbloodd,thy may hav survvd for 200 yars or mor

Whch dnosaur had the smaes bran?Stegouu had a bran that wghd 2 2

ouncs Ths was oy 250,000 th wght

of ts body Our bras ar about 50 th wght of our bods)

Whch were the most ntegent dnosaurs?

Th matatrs, partcuarly small mat

atrs such as oodo had th ggst bras

n rlato to thr sz Most of th bra

capacty, howvr, was usd for sght, harg,and th othr sks ndd for huntng

Whch were the most aquatc dnosaurs?

S t t d t th k th t th g k d

watr, th dosaurs puld by thr front ft and chang

kckng wth th hnd ft Thav savd thm from mat

footprts of matatrs hav

ak sdmnts, too

Whch planteatg dinosau

teeth?Th duckbld twofootd p

as Cotouu had may

grdg tth packd togth

Thy formd a flk surfac

tar up th tough pat mat

thy fd Th tth wor out

wr aways rplacd by nw

Whch meat-eatng diosau

teeth?

Th ongsnoutd Boyx

twc as many tth ts aw

mat-atrs32 on ach sdrathr than th usual 6 Ma

bttr for catchng fsh than

What s he ongest dosau

So far, Mcopcyceplo

"lttl thck-had rptl, w

th logst dnosaur am th smalst dosaurs Ths

twofootd plantatr was a

ong Th shortst dosaur

th 5 tt d t

GLOSSAY



atmospere the laye f gases thatsurruds the Earth; as kw as

the a

browse t eat eaves

camoufage a atual crscheme patter that allws aama t bled wth tssuudgs s that t wl t be

tced

cast the shape hat esuts whe thespace sde a mld s fled wth amuddy sedmet that ate becmessld

ceek poces fds f sk ad

musce at the sdes f the muththat h fd whe chewg

cotiet a lage mass f ad.The preset-day ctets areh Amerca uth AmercaAfrca Asa Eupe Atactcaad Austaa

crests stuctures tp f amasheads usualy f dspay.

evoved chaged ve a umbe fgeeats pducg a ewspeces

fossiized t be preserved thercks as a ecd f havg celved ath.

fossis pas r taces f ce-lvggasms that are peserved

gro rigs gs be wdprduced as a amal r a tee

gws Amals ad pats may grwat dfferet speeds at varus tmesf the yea ad ths s see as layersf lght ad dark crs the ber the wd.

atcig a amal hat s ewlyhatched fm ts egg

or a tugh shy substacemade f the same mateal as ha fgerals ad fe frmed as aprtectve cverg par f aamalfr example a tule sshell. he ame s als used fr aby stuctue cveed wth hr

lke that f a cw

impressio a mak prt thesuace f the grud r a rckmade by smethg p essg agast t

itesties the pats f the fd

caa beyd the stmach frmwhch the utrets ae absrbedt the bd fr use by the cellsad tssues f the bdy

ifespas the legths f tmeamas lve

mammas vetebate amals thatprduce lve yug ad feed them mk. Mder mammas cudecats dgs mce ad urseves.

meteorite a ump f rck frm

predators meahut ad kl th

prey a a maleate by a pred

pterosaur a mfyg reptles rdsaurs that sk dug the

ad Cetaceus

repties cld-bamas that ehard-shelled ad. akes lzterraps ad cmder types

scaes repth that fm cveg

species a cle whch the dathe a d ca

the t prducrepduct aterms t descwhch dvduaspeces.

vertebrate a backbe hs

amphbas epmammas. We vetebates

voca cords ththat f may

X



Fgr bold rfr Nl crocodl 1 8, 20 o capo ol 1, 1 orl 3, 6

pacock 1Abosauus Dipodocus Oviapto 8Angustinaptus 4 Dmiciomimus 1 1akyloar 1 droppg PacyinosauApatosauus 9 , 1 1 dckbl l , 1 7 20, 30 Paasauooparmor 9 1 Pntacatops

ar ad harg 6 paag dactosauus 1 Edmontosauus 1 7 9 , , I I , 1 aonyx 3 0 gg ad gglayg 89, 24, 30 forood 9

bak Euopocpaus 9 logckdblood mprar 0- xco 282 9 30body z 1 1 y ad ygh 1, 3, 1 1 ofood 9body rc r 6 pla 4bo bd 26, 7 f 7, 30 Potocatopsbo 6 , 7, 0 , , 2 2 food ad fdg 4, 6, 89, , 30 proar 4, 5aciosauus foopr 7, 24, 26, , 30acyoposauus 1 7 fol 3 , 5 , , , 8 , 2 4 , 3 0 cal 4bra 1, 6 , 30 frll 1 Sismosauus

6 , 2Casmosauus , 7 g 7, 9 s aso archk poch Sunosauus 4cla had 8, z 2223clma , , 5, 28, , 29 had , klo 6, coor 4, 5 hrd ad grop 2425 k 6 , , 1 , commcao 6 hor 1 , kll 7, 6Compsognatus 8, Hypsosauus 8, 30 Stgosauus 9

Cotosauus 6, 30 Hypsiopodon 3 Styacosauuscr , 17Iguanodon 9 al 8, 1

Dinonycus 24 h 7 , 8 , dgo 7 a nonosauusDoar icatops 9,

Ag of , , lfpa 2223, 30 oodon 1, 3doar compard o yannosauus

flamgo 2 aiasaua 2 0, 1 , 2 2

frog 17 maag doar 8, , , I I , 1, tasauus hor moky 17 2 4, 3 0Komodo drago mgrao , 26-2 Vociapto 1 zard 1, , 1 1 mc 6, mk ox ussauus yog 1, 202

dinosaurs - a closer look (gnv64)

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