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ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈß ÍÀÓÊ

ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÀÐÕÅÎËÎÃÈÈ

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

P. G. Gaidukov

RUSSIAN COINS

(POLUDENGI, CHETVERETSY

AND POLUSHKI)

of the 14th–17th centuries

ÏÀËÅÎÃÐÀÔ

MOSCOW

2006

Ï. Ã. Ãàéäóêîâ

ÐÓÑÑÊÈÅ

ÏÎËÓÄÅÍÃÈ, ×ÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÖÛ

È ÏÎËÓØÊÈ

XIV–XVII ââ.

ÏÀËÅÎÃÐÀÔ

ÌÎÑÊÂÀ

2006

ÓÄÊ 737.1 (94(47))ÁÁÊ 63.2 Ã 14

Èçäàíèå ïîäãîòîâëåíî â ðàìêàõ Ïðîãðàììû ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÎÈÔÍ ÐÀÍ«Èñòîðèÿ, ÿçûêè è ëèòåðàòóðû ñëàâÿíñêèõ íàðîäîâ â ìèðîâîì ñîöèîêóëüòóðíîì êîíòåêñòå»

(Ãîñêîíòðàêò ¹ 10002-251/ÎÈÔÍ-01/242-237/110703-1043)

Ðåöåíçåíòû:äîêòîð èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê À. Â. ×ÅÐÍÅÖÎÂ

äîêòîð èñêóññòâîâåäåíèÿ Âë. Â. ÑÅÄÎÂ

Íà ñóïåðîáëîæêå ïîìåùåíà ãðàâþðà «Ñöåíà ó ëàâêè ñàïîæíèêà» èç âòîðîãî èç-äàíèÿ êíèãè Àäàìà Îëåàðèÿ «Îïèñàíèå ïóòåøåñòâèÿ â Ìîñêîâèþ...» (Olearius A.Vermehrte Newe Beschreibung der Muscowitischen und Persischen Reise so durchgelegenheit einer Holsteinischen Gesandschafft an den Russischen Zaar und Koenig inPersien geschehen. Schlesswig, 1656. S. 224).

Ãàéäóêîâ Ï. Ã. Ðóññêèå ïîëóäåíãè, ÷åòâåðåòöû è ïîëóøêè XIV–XVII ââ. – Ì.: Ïàëåî-ãðàô, 2006. – 408 ñ.: èë.

ISBN 5-89526-018-7

Ìîíîãðàôèÿ ïîñâÿùåíà èñòîðèè íàèìåíüøèõ ñåðåáðÿíûõ ðàçìåííûõ ìîíåò (ïîëóäåíãè, ÷åòâå-ðåòöû è ïîëóøêè), êîòîðûå áûëè ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòüþ ðóññêîé äåíåæíîé ñèñòåìû â XIV–XVII ââ. Ýòîèòîã ìíîãîëåòíåé ðàáîòû ïî èçó÷åíèþ êîëëåêöèé ìîíåò, õðàíÿùèõñÿ áîëåå ÷åì â 50 ãîñóäàðñòâåí-íûõ è ÷àñòíûõ ñîáðàíèÿõ.

Â ïåðâîé ÷àñòè êíèãè («Èññëåäîâàíèå») ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ âîïðîñû èñòîðèîãðàôèè, ïðîâåäåíîáçîð ìóçåéíûõ è ÷àñòíûõ ñîáðàíèé, èçëîæåíû ïðèíöèïû ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè ìîíåòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà,ðàññìîòðåíû ïèñüìåííûå èñòî÷íèêè î ÷åòâåðåòöàõ è ïîëóøêàõ, îïðåäåëåíî èõ ìåñòî â äåíåæíîéñèñòåìå òîãî âðåìåíè, à òàêæå èçó÷åíà òîïîãðàôèÿ ìîíåòíûõ íàõîäîê. Âòîðàÿ ÷àñòü êíèãè («Êàòà-ëîã») ñîäåðæèò ñâåäåíèÿ î 9870 ìîíåòàõ, îïèñàííûõ ïîä 457 íîìåðàìè. Â Êàòàëîãå îïèñàíû âñå èç-âåñòíûå ìîíåòû: ïîëóäåíãè êîíöà XIV – XV ââ. Ìîñêâû, Ñåðïóõîâà, Áîðîâñêà, Çâåíèãîðîäà, Ìî-æàéñêà, Äìèòðîâà, Ðîñòîâà, Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðîäà è Ñóçäàëÿ; ÷åòâåðåòöû XV – íà÷àëà XVI â. Íîâãî-ðîäà è Ïñêîâà; ïîëóøêè êîíöà XV – XVII â. Ìîñêâû, Òâåðè, Íîâãîðîäà è Ïñêîâà. Â îòäåëüíûõ ðàç-äåëàõ îïèñàíû ìîíåòû êîíöà XIV – XV â. ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì ìåñòîì ÷åêàíêè, à òàêæå ôàëüøèâûåïîëóøêè XVI–XVII ââ. Êàòàëîã õîðîøî èëëþñòðèðîâàí, êàæäûé íîìåð ñ îïèñàíèåì ìîíåòû èìååòòî÷íóþ ãðàôè÷åñêóþ ïðîðèñîâêó â íàòóðàëüíóþ âåëè÷èíó. Â îòäåëüíûõ òàáëèöàõ ïîñëå òåêñòîâîé÷àñòè Êàòàëîãà ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðîðèñè ìîíåò (ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì â 2 ðàçà) è ôîòîãðàôèè ìîíåò (ñ óâåëè-÷åíèåì â 3 ðàçà).

Êíèãà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòüþ èññëåäîâàíèÿ àâòîðà «Ìëàäøèå ìîíåòíûå íîìèíàëû ñðåäíå-âåêîâîé Ðóñè». Äðóãàÿ ÷àñòü – «Ìåäíûå ðóññêèå ìîíåòû êîíöà XIV – XVI â.» – èçäàíà îòäåëüíîéêíèãîé â 1993 ã.

Äëÿ íàó÷íûõ è ìóçåéíûõ ðàáîòíèêîâ, íóìèçìàòîâ, èñòîðèêîâ, êîëëåêöèîíåðîâ, à òàêæå äëÿøèðîêîãî êðóãà ÷èòàòåëåé, èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿ èñòîðèåé äåíåæíîãî îáðàùåíèÿ â Ðîññèè.

ISBN 5-89526-018-7 © Ï. Ã. Ãàéäóêîâ, 2006 ã.

ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ

Ìíîãî ëåò çàíèìàÿñü ñàìîé ìåëêîé è ñàìîéíåèçó÷åííîé ðàçìåííîé ìîíåòîé ðóññêîé äåíåæ-íîé ñèñòåìû XV–XVI ââ. – ìåäíûì ïóëîì, ÿ îáðà-òèë âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî ôðàêöèè äåíåã è êîïååê –ñåðåáðÿíûå ïîëóäåíãè è ÷åòâåðåòöû – òàêæå íåäî-ñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî èññëåäîâàíû. Â èçâåñòíîé ñòåïå-íè «ïîâåçëî» ïîëóøêàì XVI–XVII ââ. Òðóäàìèîòå÷åñòâåííûõ íóìèçìàòîâ èõ îñíîâíûå òèïû èç-äàíû, è ðîëü ýòèõ ìîíåò â äåíåæíîì îáðàùåíèè èìîíåòíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå Ðóññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà âîñíîâíîì âûÿñíåíà. Îäíàêî êàïèòàëüíîãî èññëå-äîâàíèÿ âñåõ ýòèõ ìîíåò, â êîòîðîì áûë áû ïîä-ðîáíî ïðåäñòàâëåí ïîëíûé íàáîð òèïîâ, óêàçàíîèõ êîëè÷åñòâî, ïåðå÷èñëåíà ëèòåðàòóðà, ãäå îíèèçäàíû, îáñòîÿòåëüíî ðàññìîòðåíû âîïðîñû, ñâÿ-çàííûå ñ èõ ïðèñóòñòâèåì â ðóññêîé ìîíåòíîé ñè-ñòåìå, ó íàñ äî ñèõ ïîð íåò. Àáñîëþòíî íå èññëå-äîâàííûìè îêàçàëèñü ôðàêöèè ðóññêèõ äåíåãXV â. – ïîëóäåíãè ðàçëè÷íûõ êíÿæåñòâ Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîé Ðóñè, à òàêæå ÷åòâåðåòöû ÂåëèêîãîÍîâãîðîäà è Ïñêîâà. Èçâåñòíî ëèøü, ÷òî ýòè ìî-íåòû áûëè ÷àñòüþ äåíåæíûõ ñèñòåì òîãî âðåìåíè,äà îïóáëèêîâàíû â âèäå èëëþñòðàöèé â îáçîðíûõè ïîïóëÿðíûõ íóìèçìàòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîòàõ èõ îò-äåëüíûå âàðèàíòû.

Îáùàÿ èçó÷åííîñòü ïîëóäåíåã è ÷åòâåðåòö çà-ìåòíî îòñòàåò îò äðóãèõ ðóññêèõ äåíåæíûõ íîìè-íàëîâ XV–XVII ââ. Â òå÷åíèå òðåõ âåêîâ îíè çàíè-ìàëè ñâîå îñîáîå ìåñòî â ðóññêîé ìîíåòíîé ñèñòå-ìå è ìåñòî ýòî ïîêà ïî äîñòîèíñòâó íå îöåíåíî.Äèñïðîïîðöèÿ â èçó÷åíèè äåíåã è êîïååê, ñ îäíîéñòîðîíû, è èõ ìëàäøèõ «ñîáðàòüåâ» – ñ äðóãîé,ñåé÷àñ îñîáåííî îùóòèìà è òîðìîçèò äàëüíåéøååðàçâèòèå ñðåäíåâåêîâîé ðóññêîé íóìèçìàòèêè.Ìû ïðåäñòàâëÿåì íàøó íàöèîíàëüíóþ ìîíåòíóþñèñòåìó áîëåå áåäíîé è ïðèìèòèâíîé, ÷åì îíàáûëà íà ñàìîì äåëå.

Èìåííî ïîýòîìó, ïîñëå çàâåðøåíèÿ ðàáîòûíàä êíèãîé «Ìåäíûå ðóññêèå ìîíåòû êîíöà XIV–XVI â.» (Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã., 1993), àâòîð çàíÿëñÿ ñáî-ðîì ìàòåðèàëà è èçó÷åíèåì ñàìûõ ìåëêèõ ðàçìåí-íûõ ñðåäíåâåêîâûõ ñåðåáðÿíûõ ìîíåò, ïîñòàâèâñâîåé öåëüþ ïðèâëå÷åíèå â èññëåäîâàíèå èõ ìàê-ñèìàëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà. Ìîé ó÷èòåëü – àêàäåìèêÂ. Ë. ßíèí – ïîääåðæàë ýòî íà÷èíàíèå.

Ãîòîâèòü áîëüøèå ñâîäíûå íóìèçìàòè÷åñêèåðàáîòû â ñèëó ðàçðîçíåííîñòè èññëåäóåìîãî ìàòå-ðèàëà âñåãäà áûëî ñëîæíî. Îñîáåííî íåïðîñòî ýòîîêàçàëîñü äåëàòü â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå, â ïåðè-

îä èçìåíÿþùåéñÿ è ðåôîðìèðóåìîé Ðîññèè. Óñ-ïåõ çàäóìàííîãî äåëà âî ìíîãîì çàâèñåë îò ñîäåé-ñòâèÿ ìóçåéíûõ ðàáîòíèêîâ è ÷àñòíûõ âëàäåëüöåâìîíåò. ß ðàññ÷èòûâàë íà äåéñòâåííóþ ïîìîùü èýòó ïîìîùü ïîëó÷èë, ïðàêòè÷åñêè âåçäå âñòðå-÷àÿ äîáðîæåëàòåëüíîå îòíîøåíèå ê âûïîëíÿåìîéðàáîòå è áåñêîðûñòíîå ñîäåéñòâèå. Ïî÷òè âñåìîíåòû óäàëîñü îñìîòðåòü ëè÷íî. Ìóçåè, â êîòî-ðûå íå óäàëîñü ïðèåõàòü, ïðèñëàëè ïðîòèðêè èñëåïêè íåîáõîäèìûõ ïîëóäåíåã. Ñëîâà ìîåé ñåð-äå÷íîé áëàãîäàðíîñòè îáðàùåíû êî âñåì êîëëå-ãàì è ÷àñòíûì âëàäåëüöàì, ïîìîãàâøèì â ðàáî-òå. Áåç èõ ïîääåðæêè ïîñòàâëåííóþ çàäà÷ó ðå-øèòü áûëî áû íåâîçìîæíî.

Ê ñåðåäèíå 1999 ã. óäàëîñü èçó÷èòü 53 êëàäà èñîáðàòü áîëåå 9300 îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê òåìå ìîíåò. Îíèïðîèñõîäÿò èç 45 ñîáðàíèé: 21 ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî è24 ÷àñòíûõ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà âñåãî ìàòåðèàëàíàïèñàíî èññëåäîâàíèå «Ðóññêèå ÷åòâåðåòöû è ïî-ëóøêè êîíöà XIV – XVII â.», êîòîðîå ÿâèëîñü ñî-ñòàâíîé ÷àñòüþ áîëüøîé ðàáîòû «Ìëàäøèå ìîíåò-íûå íîìèíàëû ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ðóñè (×åòâåðåòöû,ïîëóøêè è ïóëà êîíöà XIV – XVII â.)». Îíà áûëàïðåäñòàâëåíà Ó÷åíîìó ñîâåòó Èíñòèòóòà àðõåîëî-ãèè ÐÀÍ è â êîíöå 1999 ã. óñïåøíî çàùèùåíà â êà-÷åñòâå äèññåðòàöèè íà ñîèñêàíèå çâàíèÿ äîêòîðàèñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Îôèöèàëüíûìè îïïîíåíòàìèâûñòóïèëè èçâåñòíûå ðîññèéñêèå èñòîðèêè –À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà (†), Ã. À. Ô¸äîðîâ-Äàâûäîâ (†) è

À. Ë. Õîðîøêåâè÷. ß î÷åíü ïðèçíàòåëåí êîëëåãàìçà âäóì÷èâîå ïðî÷òåíèå ìîåãî òðóäà è çàìå÷àíèÿ,âûñêàçàííûå â èõ îòçûâàõ (Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã., 1999å;2000à; Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 2000).

Â 2000–2005 ãã. ðàáîòà íàä òåìîé áûëà ïðî-äîëæåíà. Çà øåñòü ëåò ïðîöåññ íàêîïëåíèÿ íîâîãîìàòåðèàëà øåë ñòðåìèòåëüíî. Èñòî÷íèêîâàÿ áàçàèññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîïîëíèëàñü 13 íîâûìè êëàäàìè ñïîëóäåíãàìè è áîëåå 500 åäèíè÷íûìè ìîíåòàìè.Ëèøü â íåçíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè íîâûå ìîíåòíûåíàõîäêè ñâÿçàíû ñ çàêîííûìè êâàëèôèöèðîâàí-íûìè àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèìè ðàñêîïêàìè. Ïîäàâëÿþ-ùåå èõ áîëüøèíñòâî ïðîèñõîäèò èç ÷àñòíûõ êîë-ëåêöèé, ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü íà àí-òèêâàðíîì ðûíêå.

Ïîâûøåííûé èíòåðåñ ê îòå÷åñòâåííûìäðåâíîñòÿì ïðèâåë â 1990-å ãîäû ê âîëíåáðàêîíüåðñêèõ ðàñêîïîê, êîòîðàÿ â áóêâàëüíîìñìûñëå ñëîâà çàõëåñòíóëà Ðîññèþ, âûáðîñèâ íàïðèëàâêè àíòèêâàðíûõ ìàãàçèíîâ òûñÿ÷è ðàðèòå-

Ïîñâÿùàåòñÿ ïàìÿòè ìîåãîáðàòà Ãåîðãèÿ (1953–1983)

6 Èññëåäîâàíèå

òîâ (Ìàêàðîâ Í.À., 2004à. Ñ. 4; 2004á. Ñ. 14).Ñòðåìèòåëüíîå âíåäðåíèå â ïðàêòèêó ïîèñêàäðåâíîñòåé ñîâðåìåííûõ ìåòàëëîäåòåêòîðîâ èñëàáàÿ ïðàâîâàÿ çàùèùåííîñòü àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõïàìÿòíèêîâ, à òàêæå íåäîñòàòî÷íî ýôôåêòèâíàÿèõ îõðàíà, ñîçäàëè áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿïîÿâëåíèÿ â Ðîññèè íîâîãî âèäà ÷àñòíîãî áèçíå-ñà. Îí çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ìàññîâûõ õèùíè÷åñêèõ ðàñ-êîïêàõ ðàçëè÷íûõ àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ îáúåêòîâ ñöåëüþ ïîëó÷åíèÿ è äàëüíåéøåé ïðîäàæè äðåâ-íèõ ïðåäìåòîâ (ßíèí Â.Ë., Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã., 2005.Ñ. 213). Íèêîãäà åùå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîå íàñëåäèåÐîññèè íå ïîäâåðãàëîñü òàêîé óãðîçå ìàññîâîãîóíè÷òîæåíèÿ. «Àðõåîëîãè, ìóçåéíûå ðàáîòíèêè,ñîòðóäíèêè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíîâ îõðàíû ïà-ìÿòíèêîâ óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò ïûòàþòñÿ äîíåñòèäî îáùåñòâåííîãî ñîçíàíèÿ ðåàëüíûå ìàñøòàáûâòîðæåíèÿ ãðàáèòåëåé â àðõåîëîãè÷åñêóþ êëàäî-âóþ. Îäíèìè èç ïåðâûõ î ñòðåìèòåëüíîì ðîñòåíåñàíêöèîíèðîâàííûõ ðàñêîïîê çàãîâîðèëè ñïå-öèàëèñòû Èíñòèòóòà àðõåîëîãèè ÐÀÍ. … Îäíàêîãîëîñ ïðîôåññèîíàëîâ, çàãëóøàåìûé ìîùíîéðåêëàìîé êëàäîèñêàòåëüñòâà êàê íîâîãî âèäàñïîðòà, îñòàåòñÿ ïî÷òè íå ñëûøíûì» (Ìàêà-ðîâ Í.À., 2004à. Ñ. 4; 2004á. Ñ. 15; ñì. òàêæå: Ìà-êàðîâ Í.À., 2000; Íåçàêîííûå ðàñêîïêè, 2002;Äàâûäîâà Í., 2004à; 2004á; Ñòàðîäóáöåâ Ã.Þ.,Çîðèí À.Â., Øïèëåâ À.Ã., 2004).

19 ìàðòà 2004 ã. ïî èíèöèàòèâå Èíñòèòóòààðõåîëîãèè ÐÀÍ â Ñîâåòå Ôåäåðàöèè áûë ïðîâå-äåí «êðóãëûé ñòîë» «Ñîõðàíåíèå àðõåîëîãè÷å-ñêîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ðîññèè» ñ ó÷àñòèåì ìíîãèõ çàèí-òåðåñîâàííûõ ëèö: ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Ãîñóäàð-ñòâåííîé Äóìû, Ìèíèñòåðñòâà êóëüòóðû ÐÔ, äè-ðåêòîðîâ àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ èíñòèòóòîâ ÐÀÍ èêðóïíåéøèõ ìóçååâ, ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé êîìèòåòîâ èñëóæá îõðàíû èñòîðèêî-êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿðàçëè÷íûõ ðåãèîíîâ ñòðàíû.

Ïî èòîãàì ðàáîòû «êðóãëîãî ñòîëà» áûëè âû-ðàáîòàíû ðåêîìåíäàöèè Ôåäåðàëüíîìó ÑîáðàíèþÐÔ ñîâìåñòíî ñ Ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ. Ó÷àñòíèêèñîâåùàíèÿ îáðàòèëèñü ñ ïðîñüáîé ê ÏðåçèäåíòóÐîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè: «... âçÿòü ïîä ëè÷íûé êîí-òðîëü âîïðîñ ñîõðàíåíèÿ àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîãî íàñëå-äèÿ Ðîññèè è âíåñòè èçìåíåíèÿ â ñòðóêòóðó ôåäå-ðàëüíûõ îðãàíîâ èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè, îáðàçî-âàâ ôåäåðàëüíóþ ñëóæáó ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå îõðà-íû îáúåêòîâ êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ è åå òåððèòî-ðèàëüíûå îðãàíû â ñóáúåêòàõ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðà-öèè» (Ñîõðàíåíèå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîãî íàñëåäèÿ,2004. Ñ. 72, 73; Ìàêàðîâ Í.À., 2005).

Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû àâòîðîì çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíîìíîãî íîâûõ ñðåäíåâåêîâûõ ìîíåò, à òàêæå êëàäîâ,îäíàêî íè î êàêîé ïîëíîòå îõâàòà âñåãî ïîÿâèâøå-ãîñÿ â ÷àñòíûõ êîëëåêöèÿõ ìàòåðèàëà ðå÷è áûòü íåìîæåò. Âñå ñâåäåíèÿ î íàõîäêàõ ïîëóäåíåã è ÷åòâå-ðåòö èñïîëüçîâàíû â ðàáîòå (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèÿ 1, 2).

Â íàñòîÿùåì èçäàíèè èñïîëüçîâàíî îê. 10òûñÿ÷ ñåðåáðÿíûõ ìîíåò, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûõ áîëåå÷åì â 50 ñîáðàíèÿõ. Ïîëüçóþñü ñëó÷àåì ïîáëàãî-äàðèòü ñîòðóäíèêîâ ðàçëè÷íûõ ìóçååâ, â ðàçíûå

Ïðåäèñëîâèå

ãîäû ñîäåéñòâîâàâøèõ èçó÷åíèþ ìóçåéíûõ êîë-ëåêöèé: Ì. Ï. Ñîòíèêîâó, Â. À. Êàëèíèíà,Å. Â. Ëåïåõèíó, Ì. Á. Ìàðøàê (ÃÝ), Å. Â. Ãëàçóíî-âó, Î. Ñ. Äÿä÷åíêî, Í. È. Àñòàøîâó (ÃÈÌ),Ë. À. Çàâîðîòíóþ (ÃÌÈÈ), Ò. Ä. Àâäóñèíó,À. Ì. Êîëûçèíà, Ò. Ä. Ïàíîâó, Ñ. Â. Çâåðåâà(ÃÌÌÊ), Ã. Í. Êîâåíåâó (ÌÈÃÌ), Í. Í. Ãðèíåâà,Ò. Í. Ô¸äîðîâó (ÍÌ), Ò. À. Öàðåâó, Ì. Â. Ëàâðå-íîâó (ÒÌ), Ò. Â. Ðàññàäèíó (ÊÌ), À. Ñ. Ãðèãîðüå-âó (ÏÌ), À. È. ×óïàøêèíó (ÂÑÌ), Â. È. Ñêëååíî-âó (ÑÌ), Ã. È. Øèíàêîâó (ÁÎÌ), Í. Í. Òèìîøèíó(ÈÌ), Í. Ï. Ïàíèíó (ÌÀÑ), Ñ. Â. Èâàíîâó,Í. Â. Ïàðõîìèê (ÂËÌ), Í. Í. Áóòîðîâó (ÂÓÌÇ),Ð. Ì. ßêóøåâó-Îìåëüÿí÷èê (ÍÌÈÓ).

Àâòîð ìíîãèì îáÿçàí À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé,ñêîí÷àâøåéñÿ 30 îêòÿáðÿ 2005 ã.

Êðîìå äâóõ îñíîâíûõ ÷àñòåé (Èññëåäîâàíèåè Êàòàëîã) â êíèãå èìåþòñÿ ïÿòü Ïðèëîæåíèé,íåñóùèõ ñâîþ îñîáóþ èíôîðìàöèîííóþ íàãðóç-êó. Ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå ðóêîïèñè ê èçäàíèþ àâòîðîìçíà÷èòåëüíî ïåðåðàáîòàí Êàòàëîã, â êîòîðûé êðî-ìå ñòðóêòóðíûõ èçìåíåíèé è ñîñòàâëåíèÿ ïîäðîá-íîé áèáëèîãðàôèè áûëè äîáàâëåíû íîâûå ðàçäå-ëû. Îáùèå ïðèíöèïû ïîñòðîåíèÿ Êàòàëîãà èçëî-æåíû â åãî ââîäíîì ðàçäåëå. Èçìåíåíèÿ êîñíó-ëèñü è Èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ãäå â ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè áûëèïåðåðàáîòàíû âñå ãëàâû.

Ïîäãîòîâêà ê èçäàíèþ ýòîé êíèãè ïîòðåáîâàëàáîëüøîãî òðóäà íåñêîëüêèõ ÷åëîâåê. Â òå÷åíèåìíîãèõ ëåò ôîòî ìîíåò ñ íåãàòèâîâ àâòîðà èçãîòàâ-ëèâàë Å. Â. Ãîðäþøåíêîâ. Ãðàôè÷åñêèå ìîíåòíûåïðîðèñîâêè âûïîëíåíû Ñ. À. Øàïîâàëîâîé èÈ. Â. Ãðèøèíûì. Êíèãà îòðåäàêòèðîâàíà Í. Â. Ìà-ëèíîâñêîé. Òàáëèöû ôîòîãðàôèé ìîíåò ê Êàòàëîãóè Ïðèëîæåíèþ 2 ïîäãîòîâëåíû Ë. Ï. Ãàéäóêîâîé.Ðàáîòà ïî ñîçäàíèþ îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà êíèãè íà÷à-ëàñü â íîÿáðå 2004 ã. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå è òåõíè÷åñêàÿïîäãîòîâêà ê èçäàíèþ ôîòîòàáëèö âûïîëíåíûÈ. Ñ. Òîðîïîâûì. Ýëåêòðîííóþ âåðñèþ ðèñóíêîâñ ïðîðèñÿìè ìîíåò è ñõåì ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìîíåòíûõøòåìïåëåé äëÿ ãëàâ Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîäãîòîâèëÈ. Â. Ãðèøèí, à ãðàôèêè âåñîâûõ äèàãðàìì –Í. Ñ. Ñàôðîíîâà. Ïåðåâîä ðåçþìå âûïîëíèëà Ãîë-äè Ñêàðð (Áðþññåëü). Âåðñòêó êíèãè ïî àâòîðñêîìóíàáîðó è ïðè íåïîñðåäñòâåííîì ó÷àñòèè àâòîðà ñáîëüøîé òùàòåëüíîñòüþ è ìàñòåðñòâîì îñóùå-ñòâèë Í. Â. Ëîïàòèí. Âñåì íàçâàííûì ëèöàì àâòîðïðèíîñèò ãëóáîêóþ áëàãîäàðíîñòü.

Â 1996–1999 ãã. ðàáîòà íàä èññëåäîâàíèåìïðîõîäèëà ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Ðîññèéñêî-ãî ãóìàíèòàðíîãî íàó÷íîãî ôîíäà (ÐÃÍÔ) â ðàì-êàõ ïðîåêòîâ ¹ 96-01-00479à è ¹ 98-01-00179à.

Â ðàçíûå ãîäû ôèíàíñîâóþ ïîìîùü â ðàáîòåíàä êíèãîé îêàçûâàëè äîêòîð Å. Ä. Áîäàíñêèé(Ôîððåñò Ôîëëç, Êàëèôîðíèÿ), À. Ã. Ãàéäóêîâ(Ìîñêâà), äîêòîð Â. Êíàêøòåäò (Ìþíñòåð), ïðîô.Ð. Ôàêêàíè (Óäèíå), ïðîô. Ë. Øòàéíäîðô (Êèëü).×àñòü òèïîãðàôñêèõ ðàñõîäîâ âçÿëè íà ñåáÿ ñïîí-ñîðû èçäàíèÿ – Î. À. Àáðàìîâ, À. À. Ãîí÷àð,Â. Ë. Ëåéáîâ è Â. Â. Ëþäàåâ. Âñåì èì àâòîð ãëó-áîêî ïðèçíàòåëåí.

×àñòü I

ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ

9 2 Èññëåäîâàíèå

Ãëàâà 4

ÍÎÂÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÈÅ ×ÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÖÛ

Ìîíåòàì Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà ïðèíàäëåæèòñîâåðøåííî îñîáîå ìåñòî ñðåäè ðóññêèõ äåíåãXV â. Â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ ýòîò ãîðîäèìåë îáøèðíûå òîðãîâûå ñâÿçè ñ äðóãèìè ðóññêè-ìè çåìëÿìè è ñ Çàïàäîì, çàíèìàÿ âûãîäíîå ïîëî-æåíèå ãëàâíîãî òðàíçèòíîãî öåíòðà â òîðãîâëåÐóñè ñî ñòðàíàìè Ïðèáàëòèêè è Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû.Îòå÷åñòâåííûìè èñòîðèêàìè è íóìèçìàòàìè äàâ-íî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî Íîâãîðîä áûë îñíîâíûì ïóí-êòîì, ÷åðåç êîòîðûé Ðóñü ïîëó÷àëà äðàãîöåííûåìåòàëëû, è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñåðåáðî (Õîðîøêå-âè÷ À.Ë., 1963. Ñ. 268–295). Ñ XII è äî ñåðåäèíûXV â. çàïàäíîå ñåðåáðî â Íîâãîðîäå ïåðåëèâàëîñüâ ïëàòåæíûå ñëèòêè, êîòîðûå ðàñïðîñòðàíÿëèñü ïîâñåé Ðóñè (Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1995à. Ñ. 4. Â ïðèìå÷. 1íà ñ. 17–18 ëèòåðàòóðà ïî âîïðîñó).

Íîâãîðîäñêèå ìîíåòû ïðèâëåêàþò âíèìàíèåèññëåäîâàòåëåé óæå ïî÷òè äâà âåêà, íî îñíîâîïî-ëîæíèêîì íîâãîðîäñêîé íóìèçìàòèêè ÿâëÿåòñÿÈ. È. Òîëñòîé. Â åãî êàïèòàëüíîì òðóäå «ÌîíåòûÂåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà», âûøåäøåì â 1884 ã., íà îñ-íîâå èçó÷åíèÿ îê. 1200 íîâãîðîäñêèõ ìîíåò èçäàíûâñå èçâåñòíûå íà òî âðåìÿ èõ øòåìïåëè, ñíàáæåí-íûå òî÷íûìè ðèñóíêàìè (Òîëñòîé È.È., 1884). Ñ1965 ïî 1977 ã. èçó÷åíèåì íîâãîðîäñêèõ äåíåã(«íîâãîðîäîê») óñïåøíî çàíèìàëñÿ Ì. À. Ëüâîâ,îïóáëèêîâàâøèé íà ýòó òåìó íåñêîëüêî ðàáîò(Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1971à; 1971á; 1974; 1977; 1979; 1981á).Èç-çà ïðåæäåâðåìåííîé êîí÷èíû èññëåäîâàòåëÿãðàíäèîçíàÿ çàäà÷à, êîòîðóþ îí ñòàâèë ïåðåä ñî-áîé, – ñîçäàíèå ïîëíîãî Ñâîäà íîâãîðîäñêèõ ìî-íåò, îñòàëàñü íåðåàëèçîâàííîé. Â 1990-å ãîäû îò-äåëüíûå ñþæåòû íîâãîðîäñêîé íóìèçìàòèêè àê-òèâíî ðàçðàáàòûâàëà Ì. Ï. Ñîòíèêîâà (Ñîòíèêî-âà Ì.Ï., 1993; 1994; 1995à; 1995á; 1999; 2001à;2001á). Òèïîëîãèÿ è õðîíîëîãèÿ ÷åêàíêè îñíîâíûõòèïîâ íîâãîðîäñêèõ äåíåã ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàíû, íîîïóáëèêîâàíû íå ïîäðîáíî, à ëèøü â îáùèõ ÷åðòàõ(Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1999. Ñ. 28-33; 2001á).

Íîâãîðîä ñîáñòâåííîå äåíåæíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâîíà÷àë ïîçæå äðóãèõ ýìèññèîííûõ öåíòðîâ. Íîâãî-ðîäñêàÿ ïåðâàÿ ëåòîïèñü îòìå÷àåò ýòî: «Â ëåòî 6928.Íà÷àøà íîâãîðîäöè òîðãîâàòè äåíãè ñåðåáðÿíûìè»(ÍÏË. Ñ.412). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èçãîòîâëåíèå ìîíåòûíà÷àëîñü â Íîâãîðîäå â 1420 ã. è ïðîäîëæàëîñü íå-ïðåðûâíî â òå÷åíèå 58-ìè ëåò äî ïàäåíèÿ íåçàâèñè-ìîñòè è îêîí÷àòåëüíîãî ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ Íîâãîðîäñ-êîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà ê Ìîñêîâñêîìó êíÿæåñòâó â 1478 ã.

Ìîíåòû Íîâãîðîäà «îòëè÷àåò ðåäêîñòíàÿ âåðíîñòüîäíàæäû ïðèíÿòîìó òèïó» èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Ñïàññ-êèé È.Ã., 1970à. Ñ.99). Íà ë. ñ. íîâãîðîäîê ïîìåùåíàõàðàêòåðíàÿ äâóõôèãóðíàÿ êîìïîçèöèÿ ñî ñòîÿùåé(òèï I) èëè ñèäÿùåé (òèï II) ëåâîé ôèãóðîé, êîòîðóþìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ðàññìàòðèâàþò êàê ñèìâîëíîâãîðîäñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè (Àðöõîâñêèé À.Â.,1948; Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1977; Áóðîâ Â.À., 1994; ßíèí Â.Ë.,2004), à î. ñ. çàíèìàåò íàäïèñü «ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ ÍÎÂ-ÃÎÐÎÄÀ» (Ðèñ. 70, 1–4). Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ýòî ïðîäóê-öèÿ äâóõ öåíòðîâ äåíåæíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà (äåíåæ-íûõ äâîðîâ?), ñóùåñòâîâàâøèõ â Íîâãîðîäå íà ïðî-òÿæåíèè ïî÷òè âñåãî ïåðèîäà ÷åêàíêè ñîáñòâåííûõìîíåò (äî íà÷àëà 1470-õ ãîäîâ) è òàêèì îáðàçîì ïî-ìå÷àâøèõ ñâîþ ïðîäóêöèþ. Õðîíîëîãè÷åñêè ðàç-íûå âûïóñêè íîâãîðîäñêèõ äåíåã îòëè÷àþòñÿ äðóãîò äðóãà ïðîñòàâëåííûìè íà ë. ñ. áóêâàìè, êðåñòàìèèëè òî÷êàìè (Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1999. Ñ.30, 31; 2001á).

×åêàíêó íîâãîðîäñêèõ ìîíåò ñ èçîáðàæåíè-åì äâóõôèãóðíîé êîìïîçèöèè çàâåðøàþò òàê íà-çûâàåìûå «âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèå» íîâãîðîäêè – äåí-ãè, íà î. ñ. êîòîðûõ ïîìåùåíà íàäïèñü «ÄÅÍÃÀÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ ÊÍßÇß» èëè «ÏÅ×ÀÒÜ ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎÊÍßÇß» (Ðèñ. 70, 5, 6). Î âðåìåíè âûïóñêà ýòèõìîíåò â íóìèçìàòè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå ñóùåñòâó-åò äâà ìíåíèÿ. Â. À. Êàëèíèí ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî èçãî-òîâëåíèå âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèõ äåíåã ñ òðàäèöèîí-íûì èçîáðàæåíèåì äâóõ ôèãóð îòíîñèòñÿ êîâðåìåíè ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ Íîâãîðîäà ê Ìîñêâå,ò. å. ê ïåðèîäó ïîñëå ôåâðàëÿ 1478 ã., è ÷òî îíáûë î÷åíü íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíûì (Êàëèíèí Â.À.,1973). Ì. À. Ëüâîâ, ïîñâÿòèâøèé âåëèêîêíÿæå-ñêèì íîâãîðîäêàì îòäåëüíóþ ðàáîòó, ïðèøåë êâûâîäó, ÷òî âûïóñê ýòèõ ìîíåò áûë î÷åíü íåïðî-äîëæèòåëåí è îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ â ïîñëåäíèå ïîëãî-äà íîâãîðîäñêîé íåçàâèñèìîñòè – ñ ëåòà 1477 ïîôåâðàëü 1478 ã. (Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1979). Ïðè ðàññìîò-ðåíèè âîïðîñà î âðåìåíè èçãîòîâëåíèÿ íîâãî-ðîäñêèõ ïóë ñ íàäïèñüþ «ÊÍßÇß ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ» ÿïðèñîåäèíèëñÿ ê òî÷êå çðåíèÿ Â. À. Êàëèíèíà èâûñêàçàë ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î ÷åêàíêå ýòèõ ìîíåòäî íà÷àëà 1480-õ ãîäîâ (Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã., 1993.Ñ. 64–66). Â. À. Áóðîâ ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî «âåëèêîêíÿ-æåñêèå» íîâãîðîäêè ñ òðàäèöèîííîé äâóõôèãóð-íîé êîìïîçèöèåé ìîãëè ÷åêàíèòüñÿ äî 1484 ã.(Áóðîâ Â.À., 1994. Ñ. 192, 193).

Íîâãîðîäñêèå äåíãè ñ èõ îðèãèíàëüíûì è óäè-âèòåëüíî óñòîé÷èâûì îôîðìëåíèåì èçãîòàâëèâà-

Ãëàâà 4 93

ëèñü èç âûñîêîïðîáíîãî ñåðåáðà, èõ âåñ çà âñå âðå-ìÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ÷åêàíêè ïðåòåðïåë ëèøü íåçíà-÷èòåëüíûå êîëåáàíèÿ. Ýòè ìîíåòû ìîæíî íàçâàòüòâåðäîé «âàëþòîé», êîòîðàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿëàñü ïîâñåé òåððèòîðèè ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ðóñè. Íîâãîðîäêèïðèñóòñòâóþò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ êëàäàõ, çàðûòûõâ êîíöå XV – ïåðâîé òðåòè XVI â. è íàéäåííûõ íàãðîìàäíîé òåððèòîðèè îò Ïñêîâà è Âîëîãäû äî Êà-çàíè. Ìàñøòàáû ÷åêàíêè ýòèõ ìîíåò áûëè âåñüìàâåëèêè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ìóçåéíûõ è ÷àñòíûõêîëëåêöèÿõ ñîáðàíî íå ìåíåå 15 òûñÿ÷ äåíåã Âåëè-êîãî Íîâãîðîäà.

Â Íîâãîðîäñêîé ÷åòâåðòîé ëåòîïèñè ïîä1447 ã. ïîâåñòâóåòñÿ î äåíåæíîì áóíòå (ÏÑÐË,1925. Ñ.442, 443). Â ýòîì ãîäó â Íîâãîðîäå ïðîèçîø-ëî èçúÿòèå ñòàðûõ äåíåã è íà÷àëñÿ ïåðåõîä ê ÷åêàí-êå íîâûõ èç-çà çëîóïîòðåáëåíèé, îáíàðóæåííûõ âëèòüå ñëèòêîâ è ÷åêàíêå ìîíåòû (Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï.,1957). Èìåííî ïîýòîìó ðàííèõ (äî 1447 ã.) èëè ñòà-ðûõ (òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «ìàëîôîðìàòíûõ») íîâãîðî-äîê èçâåñòíî âñåãî îê. 150 ýêç. (Ðèñ. 70, 1, 2). Ôàêòïðåäíàìåðåííîãî èçúÿòèÿ èç äåíåæíîãî îáðàùå-íèÿ ðàííèõ íîâãîðîäîê äîêàçûâàåòñÿ êàê èõ ÿâíîçàíèæåííûì âåñîì (ñðåäíèé âåñ 0,76 ã ïðîòèâ «óñ-òàâíîãî» â 0,80–0,81 ã), òàê è íåîáû÷àéíî íèçêèìêîëè÷åñòâîì øòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé ó ýòèõ ìîíåò(Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1995à. Ñ.9, 17).

Ðàííèì íîâãîðîäêàì îáîèõ òèïîâ ïðèñóùèíåêîòîðûå ÷åðòû, çàìåòíî îòëè÷àþùèå èõ îò áî-ëåå ïîçäíèõ íîâãîðîäñêèõ äåíåã. Ì. Ï. Ñîòíèêîâàñôîðìóëèðîâàëà ýòè îòëè÷èÿ: «1. Ðàçìåð ïîëÿ çà-ìåòíî ìàë (äèàìåòð áóñîâîãî îáîäêà êîëåáëåòñÿ âïðåäåëàõ 11–13 ìì ïðîòèâ 15–17 ìì ó íîâãîðîäîêîñòàëüíûõ òèïîâ). 2. Ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøåì âñðàâíåíèè ñ îñòàëüíûìè íîâãîðîäêàìè ðàçìåðå,íî ïðè òîì æå âåñå îíè âûãëÿäÿò áîëåå ïëîòíûìè,“òîëñòûìè”. 3. Âèçóàëüíî ýòè ìîíåòû ëåãêî âûÿâ-ëÿþòñÿ è ïî öâåòó: íà îáùåì ôîíå ìîíåò èç âûñî-êîïðîáíîãî ñåðåáðà îíè âûäåëÿþòñÿ òåìíîé, ïî-÷òè ÷åðíîé ïîâåðõíîñòíîé ïëåíêîé îêèñè, ÷òîïðîèçâîäèò âïå÷àòëåíèå èõ íèçêîé ïðîáû» (Ñîò-íèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1995à. Ñ.9). Òåìíûé öâåò ýòèõ ìîíåòîáúÿñíÿåòñÿ íå íèçêèì êà÷åñòâîì ñåðåáðà, à êà-êîé-òî äðóãîé ñïåöèôèêîé ìåòàëëà, ïîñêîëüêó èõîïðîáèðîâàíèå â ÎÍ ÃÝ ïîêàçàëî áåçóêîðèçíåííîâûñîêóþ 960-þ ïðîáó.

Ïîçäíèõ (÷åêàíåííûõ ïîñëå 1447 ã.) èëè íîâûõ(òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «êðóïíîôîðìàòíûõ») íîâãîðîä-ñêèõ äåíåã ëèøü â òðåõ ìóçåéíûõ êîëëåêöèÿõ (ÃÝ,ÃÈÌ è ÍÌ) íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îê. 14 òûñÿ÷ ýêç. (Ñîò-íèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1995à. Ñ. 9; 1999. Ñ. 28; 2001á. Ñ. 2, 3)(Ðèñ. 70, 3, 4).

Âåñîâàÿ íîðìà íîâãîðîäñêèõ äåíåã ñîñòàâëÿåòîê. 0,80–0,81 ã (Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1974. Ñ. 139–141; 1981á.

Ðèñ. 70. Íîâãîðîäñêèå äåíãè. ÎÍ ÃÝ. Óâåëè÷åíî â 2 ðàçà.1, 2 – «ìàëîôîðìàòíûå» (ðàííèå) íîâãîðîäêè (1420–1447 ãã.); 3, 4 – «êðóïíîôîðìàòíûå» (ïîçäíèå) íîâãîðîäêè

(1447–1478 ãã.); 5, 6 – «âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèå» íîâãîðîäêè (1478 – íà÷àëî 1480-õ ãã.).

1 2

3 4

5 6


Ñ. 100). Ýòîò âåñ íå áûë ïîñòîÿííûì è íåñêîëüêî ðàçêîëåáàëñÿ çà ïåðèîä ñ 1447 ïî 1478 ã. Ì. À. Ëüâî-âûì óñòàíîâëåíî òðè öèêëà ïîíèæåíèÿ âåñà íîâãî-ðîäîê (äî 0,77–0,78 ã) è îáðàòíîãî åãî ïîâûøåíèÿ.Ïîñëåäíåå ïî âðåìåíè ïîâûøåíèå âåñà äåíãè ïðè-õîäèòñÿ íà çàêëþ÷èòåëüíûé ýòàï ÷åêàíêè«âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèõ» íîâãîðîäîê. Ïðè÷èíó ýòèõ êîëå-áàíèé Ì. À. Ëüâîâ âèäèò íå â èçìåíåíèÿõ âåñîâîéíîðìû íîâãîðîäñêîé ÷åêàíêè, à â çëîóïîòðåáëåíèÿõäåíåæíèêîâ (Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1981á. Ñ. 100).

Ïî ëåòîïèñíûì äàííûì, â 1447 ã. (è, êîíå÷íî,äî è ïîñëå ýòîãî) âåñîâîé íîðìîé íîâãîðîäñêîéäåíãè áûë âåñ â 4 ïî÷êè: «È ïîñàäíèêè, òûñÿöüêiè èâåñü Íîâãîðîä îóñòàâèøà 5 äåíåæíèêîâ, è íà÷àøàïåðåëèâàòè ñòàðûå äåíãè, à íîâûå êîâàòè â òó æåìåðó, íà 4 ïî÷êè òàêîâû æå...» (ÏÑÐË, 1925. Ñ. 442,443). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, åñëè òåîðåòè÷åñêèé âåñ íîâ-ãîðîäñêîé äåíãè ñîñòàâëÿë îê. 0,80–0,81 ã (4 ïî÷êè),òî âåñ ïî÷êè â Íîâãîðîäå â XV â. ðàâíÿëñÿ 0,2000–0,2025 ã (ñëåäóåò ïîìíèòü, ÷òî ðåàëüíûé âåñ ìîíå-òû âñåãäà íèæå «óñòàâíîãî»).

Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ïåðèîäà ñîáñòâåííîãîäåíåæíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà íîâãîðîäñêèìè äåíåæ-íûìè ìàñòåðàìè â ïðîöåññå èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ìîíåòèñïîëüçîâàëèñü òîëüêî âûðåçàííûå âðó÷íóþøòåìïåëè. Ìàòî÷íèê â Âåëèêîì Íîâãîðîäå íåïðèìåíÿëñÿ. Îäíîîáðàçíûå ïî ñâîåìó îôîðìëå-íèþ íîâãîðîäñêèå ìîíåòû, òàêèì îáðàçîì, çàïå-÷àòëåëè îãðîìíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçíûõ øòåìïåëåéë. è î. ñ., è èìåííî â ýòîì ñîñòîèò âñÿ ñëîæíîñòüðàáîòû ñ íèìè.

Îñíîâíûå ýòàïû äåíåæíîãî äåëà â ñóâåðåííîìÍîâãîðîäå â îáùèõ ÷åðòàõ óæå èçâåñòíû, õîòÿ äëÿóñòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîëíîé òèïîëîãèè è õðîíîëîãèè äå-íåæíîãî ÷åêàíà è ïîäãîòîâêè ê èçäàíèþ Ñâîäà íîâ-ãîðîäñêèõ ìîíåò ïðåäñòîèò åùå î÷åíü ìíîãî ðàáî-

òû. Èññëåäîâàòåëþ, áåðóùåìóñÿ çà èçó÷åíèå íîâãî-ðîäîê, íåîáõîäèìî íàó÷èòüñÿ ðàçëè÷àòü ñîòíè ðàç-íûõ øòåìïåëåé è íà îñíîâå èõ ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ñîñòà-âèòü åäèíóþ õðîíîëîãè÷åñêóþ ñõåìó ìîíåò, èçãî-òàâëèâàâøèõñÿ íåïðåðûâíî ñ 1447 ïî 1478 ã. Òîëüêîòàêàÿ ñõåìà ïîçâîëèò îêîí÷àòåëüíî âûÿñíèòü õðîíî-ëîãèþ âûïóñêîâ îòäåëüíûõ ìîíåòíûõ òèïîâ. Ìàñø-òàáíàÿ ðàáîòà, íà÷àòàÿ Ì. À. Ëüâîâûì è ïðîäîëæåí-íàÿ Ì. Ï. Ñîòíèêîâîé, åùå î÷åíü äàëåêà îò çàâåðøå-íèÿ.

Èçëîæåííûå âûøå îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ î äåíåæ-íîì äåëå Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà è íîâãîðîäñêîé äåí-ãå íåîáõîäèìû äëÿ ðàññìîòðåíèÿ åå ôðàêöèè –÷åòâåðåòöû.

* * *Ñâîåîáðàçèå äåíåæíûõ ñèñòåì Íîâãîðîäà è

Ïñêîâà ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ öåí-òðîâ ðóññêîé ìîíåòíîé ÷åêàíêè â ýòèõ ñðåäíåâåêî-âûõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ íå áûëî ïîëóäåíåã. Ðàçìåííàÿìîíåòà ñîñòàâëÿëà çäåñü íå ïîëîâèíó, à ÷åòâåðòóþ÷àñòü îñíîâíîãî äåíåæíîãî íîìèíàëà. Ó íàñ íåòíàäåæíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ê îáúÿñíåíèþ ýòîãî ôåíî-ìåíà, íî ìîæíî âûñêàçàòü íåêîòîðûå îáùèå ñîîá-ðàæåíèÿ.

Îáùåèçâåñòíû òåñíûå è äëèòåëüíûå ýêîíîìè-÷åñêèå ñâÿçè Íîâãîðîäà è Ïñêîâà ñî ñòðàíàìèÏðèáàëòèêè è Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû. Ëåòîïèñè ïîâå-ñòâóþò, ÷òî â íà÷àëå XV â. íåçàäîëãî äî íà÷àëà ñîá-ñòâåííîãî ìîíåòíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â ýòèõ ãîðîäàõ âîôèöèàëüíîå îáðàùåíèå áûëà ïðèíÿòà èíîñòðàí-íàÿ ìîíåòà. Â Ïñêîâå åå óïîòðåáëåíèå äëèëîñü ñ1409 ïî 1425 ã., à â Íîâãîðîäå – ñ 1410 ïî 1420 ã.(ÏË. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 32, 35; ÍÏË. Ñ. 402, 412). Ëåòîïèñèíàçûâàþò è ñàìè ìîíåòû. Â Ïñêîâå èñïîëüçîâà-ëèñü ïåíÿçè, â Íîâãîðîäå òîðãîâàëè «ïðîìåæè

Ðèñ. 71. Îñíîâíûå òèïû ëèâîíñêèõ ìîíåò, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â äåíåæíîì îáðàùåíèè Íîâãîðîäà(Ô¸äîðîâ Ä.ß., 1966. Ñ. 31–33, 55, 93, 94. ¹ 9, 11, 14, 93, 178, 182; äàòèðîâêè ïî: Ìîëâûãèí À.Í., 1963).

1 – Àðòèã. Áåðíõàðä II Áþëîâ (1410–1413 ãã.); 2 – Àðòèã. Äèòðèõ IV Ðåñëåð (1413–1441 ãã.);3 – «Ëþáåêñêèé». Äèòðèõ IV Ðåñëåð; 4 – Àíîíèìíûé «ëþáåêñêèé» (êîíåö XIV â. – 1422–1426 ãã.);

5 – Àíîíèìíûé àðòèã (êîíåö XIV – íà÷àëî XV â.); 6 – Àíîíèìíûé «ëþáåêñêèé» (êîíåö XIV â. – 1422–1426 ãã.).1–4 – Òàðòó; 5, 6 – Òàëëèí.

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Ãëàâà 4 95

ñåáå ëîïüöû è ãðîøè ëèòîâñêûìè è àðòóãè íåìå÷-êûìè» (ÍÏË. Ñ. 402). Â «ïåíÿçÿõ» èññëåäîâàòåëèâèäÿò ïôåííèãè, â «ãðîøàõ ëèòîâñêèõ» – ïðàæñêèåãðîøè, â «àðòóãàõ íåìåöêèõ» – ëèâîíñêèå àðòèãè,à â «ëîïüöàõ» – ëèâîíñêèå ïôåííèãè èëè «ëþáåê-ñêèå» (Ìîëâûãèí À.Í., 1963. Ñ. 383–387) (Ðèñ. 71).Ëåòîïèñíûå èçâåñòèÿ ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ íàõîäêàìè âÍîâãîðîäå ìîíåò Òàðòóñêîãî åïèñêîïñòâà è Ëè-âîíñêîãî îðäåíà, à òàêæå ïðàæñêîãî ãðîøà (Ìîë-âûãèí À.Í., ßíèí Â.Ë, 1982; Ñîáîëåâà Í.À., 1998).Íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî â íîâãîðîäñêèõ íàõîäêàõñîñòàâëÿþò òàðòóñêèå è òàëëèííñêèå àðòèãè. ÎòêàçÍîâãîðîäà è Ïñêîâà îò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èíîñòðàí-íîé ìîíåòû îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ðåçêèì ïàäåíèåì ñ êîíöàXIV â. äî 20-õ ãîäîâ XV â. ñîäåðæàíèÿ ñåðåáðà â ëè-

âîíñêèõ ìîíåòàõ (ñ 62,4% äî 31,1%) (Ìîëâû-ãèí À.Í., 1963. Ñ. 385).

Îñíîâíûìè ìåëêèìè ìîíåòàìè Ëèâîíèè âêîíöå XIV – íà÷àëå XV â. áûëè àðòèãè è «ëþáåê-ñêèå» ïôåííèãè. Âåñ ïåðâûõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,00–1,20 ã,âòîðûõ – îê. 0,36–0,42 ã., ò. å. «ëþáåêñêèé» â 3 ðàçàìåíüøå àðòèãà (Ìîëâûãèí À.Í., 1961. Òàáë. 1; 1963.Ñ. 381, 387; 1967. Ñ. 10). Ïî âñåé âåðîÿòíîñòè, ïðèîðãàíèçàöèè ÷åêàíêè ñîáñòâåííîé ìîíåòû â Íîâ-ãîðîäå è Ïñêîâå ÷åòâåðåòöà áûëà ââåäåíà íå ñëó-÷àéíî. Êàê áóäåò ïîêàçàíî íèæå, â Íîâãîðîäå ååâåñ áûë ðàâåí 0,20 ã, à â Ïñêîâå – 0,17–0,18 ã. Ýòèöèôðû ïðèìåðíî ðàâíû äîëå ñåðåáðà â «ëþáåê-ñêîì» ïôåííèãå, åñëè óñëîâíî ïðèíÿòü ñîäåðæà-íèå ñåðåáðà â íåì â íà÷àëå XV â. çà 50%. Ñîâïàäå-

Ðèñ. 72. Óïîìèíàíèå ÷åòâåðåòö â Íîâãîðîäñêèõ ïèñöîâûõ êíèãàõ.1 – Ïèñöîâàÿ êíèãà Äåðåâñêîé ïÿòèíû 1496 ã., ïèñüìà Ïðîêîôèÿ Çèíîâüåâè÷à Ñêóðàòîâà è

Ïåòðà Áîðèñîâà ñûíà Âîëêà (ÐÃÀÄÀ. Ô. 137. Íîâãîðîä. Êí. 1. ×. 2. Ë. 139, ôðàãìåíò);2, 3 – Ïèñöîâàÿ êíèãà Âîäñêîé ïÿòèíû 1500 ã., ïèñüìà Ä. Â. Êèòàåâà è Í. Ñ. Ìîêëîêîâà

(ÐÃÀÄÀ. Ô. 137. Íîâãîðîä. Êí. 3. ×. 1. Ë. 134îá. è 12, ôðàãìåíòû);4 – îáðàçöû íàïèñàíèÿ ñëîâà «÷åòâåðåòöà» («÷åòâåðòöà»). Óâåëè÷åíî.

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íèå ñòîèìîñòè ýòèõ ìîíåò ìîãëî áûòü óäîáíûìïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè âçàèìîðàñ÷åòîâ ìåæäó íîâãî-ðîäñêèìè è ïñêîâñêèìè êóïöàìè ñ îäíîé ñòîðî-íû, è ëèâîíñêèìè – ñ äðóãîé. «Äîãîâîðíàÿ ãðà-ìîòà Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà è Ïñêîâà ñ åïèñêîïîìÞðüåâñêèì» 1474 ã. ôèêñèðóåò ðàâåíñòâî ýòèõìîíåò. Â Ïñêîâå çà âçâåøèâàíèå îäíîãî ìåøêàòîâàðà ñ þðüåâñêèõ êóïöîâ âçèìàëàñü ïîøëèíà âðàçìåðå îäíîé ÷åòâåðåòöû. Â Þðüåâå (Äåðïòå) çàòàêóþ æå îïåðàöèþ ïñêîâè÷è äîëæíû áûëè çàï-ëàòèòü «ëþáåöêèé» (ÃÂÍÏ. Ñ. 135. ¹ 78; ïîäðîá-íåå ñì. â Ãë. 5).

Â ïèñüìåííûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ âðåìåíè ñóùåñòâî-âàíèÿ íîâãîðîäñêèõ ìîíåò íåò ñâåäåíèé î òîì, ÷òîâ Âåëèêîì Íîâãîðîäå êðîìå äåíãè áûëà äðóãàÿ ñå-ðåáðÿíàÿ ìîíåòà, áîëåå ìåëêîãî äîñòîèíñòâà. Íî âáîëåå ïîçäíèõ äîêóìåíòàëüíûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ òàêèåñâåäåíèÿ åñòü.

Íîâãîðîäñêèå ïèñöîâûå êíèãè, ñîñòàâëÿâøèå-ñÿ â ðàçíûõ ïÿòèíàõ â ñàìîì êîíöå XV â. (1495–1501 ãã.), âåäóò äåíåæíûé ñ÷åò «â íîâãîðîäñêîå÷èñëî» è â íèõ ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè äåíåæíîãî äîõîäàî÷åíü ÷àñòî óïîìèíàþòñÿ ÷åòâåðåòöû. Ïðèâåäóëèøü íåñêîëüêî ïðèìåðîâ. «È òîãî êîðìó âîëîñòå-ëþ ñ òèóíîìú è ç äîâîä÷èêîìú íà âåñ ãîä íà òðèïðàçíèêè ÷åòûðå äåíãè ñ ÷åòâåðåòöåþ» (ÍÏÊ. Ò. 2.Ñòá. 99) (Ðèñ. 72, 1). «È âñåãî äîõîäà Ãðèãîðèþäåíãàìè è ñ êëþ÷íèêîìú è çà ïèâî øåñòú ðóáëåâ èäâå äåíãè ñ ÷åòâåðåòöîþ» (ÍÏÊ. Ò. 3. Ñòá. 142)(Ðèñ. 72, 2). «À íîâûå ïîøëèíû êëþ÷íè÷è äàâàòèåìó ñ òîå ïîëóîáæû íà Ðîæåñòâî Õðèñòîâî äåíãàìîñêîâñêàÿ, à íà Âåëèêú äåíü ÷åòâåðåòöà, à íà Ïåò-ðîâú äåíü ÷åòâåðòöà» (ÍÏÊ. Ò. 3. Ñòá.6) (Ðèñ. 72, 3).Ôàêòè÷åñêè çäåñü ñ÷åò èäåò íà ïîëóøêè, íî íàçûâà-þòñÿ îíè ÷åòâåðåòöàìè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïèñöîâûåêíèãè óñòàíàâëèâàþò òîæäåñòâî ýòèõ äåíåæíûõåäèíèö. Èññëåäîâàòåëè îòìå÷àþò óïîìèíàíèå âïèñöîâûõ êíèãàõ ñëåäóþùèõ ôðàêöèé äåíãè: ïîë-äåíãè (èíîãäà íàçûâàëàñü «äåíãà ìîñêîâêà» èëè

ïðîñòî «ìîñêîâêà»), ÷åòâåðåòöà è äàæå ïîë÷åòâå-ðåòöû (Áàññàëûãî Ë.À., 1999. Ñ.298, 299).

Ìîíåòíîå íàçâàíèå «÷åòâåðåòöà» íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Ðîññèéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà áûòóåò äîëãî. Âñåðåäèíå XVI â. åãî îòìåòèë ðóññêî-íèæíåíåìåö-êèé ñëîâàðü Áåðëèíñêîé áèáëèîòåêè. Â í¸ì ïîëó-øêà íàçâàíà ÷åòâåðåòöåé, à êîïåéêà – äåíãîé:«Setweretz dat ist vierte part ein Dening» (Ïî-òèí Â.Ì., 1977. Ñ.83).

Òåðìèí «÷åòâåðåòöà» åñòü è â èçâåñòíîì èñ-òî÷íèêå «Ïàìÿòü, êàê òîðãîâàëè äîñåëå íîâãîðîä-öû». Ýòî çàïèñü â Ìèíåå 1494 ã. èç ñîáðàíèÿ Ñîëî-âåöêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ, îíà äàòèðîâàíà ðóáåæîì XVI–XVII ââ. «Ïàìÿòü» – öåííûé, íî íåîäíîçíà÷íî òîë-êóåìûé òåêñò, â êîòîðîì óñòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ ñîîòíî-øåíèÿ ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íûìè äåíåæíûìè åäèíèöàìè,èñïîëüçîâàâøèìèñÿ â Íîâãîðîäå â íà÷àëå XV â.×åòûðå ðàçà â íåì óïîìèíàåòñÿ ÷åòâåðåòöà. Ýòîòèñòî÷íèê íåîäíîêðàòíî ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ èñòîðèêà-ìè (Ïðîçîðîâñêèé Ä.È., 1865á. Ñ. 174–177; ×åðåï-íèí À.È., 1900. Ñ. 208-210; Îðåøíèêîâ À.Â., 1936.Ñ. 22–23; Êëåéíåíáåðã È.Ý., 1982; ßíèí Â.Ë., 1985à;Êèñòåð¸â Ñ.Í., 1994). Èññëåäîâàòåëè âñåãäà ïðèõî-äèëè ê ðàçíûì ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðè èñ÷èñëåíèè âåñàýòîé äåíåæíîé åäèíèöû (1,93 ã – ó È. Ý. Êëåéíåí-áåðãà, 0,567 ã – ó Â. Ë. ßíèíà, 2,17 ã – ó Ñ. Í. Êèñòå-ð¸âà) è, íàâåðíîå, ïðàâ Ñ. Í. Êèñòåð¸â, íàïèñàâ-øèé: «... óïîìÿíóòàÿ «Ïàìÿòüþ» ÷åòâåðåòöà – íå÷åòâåðòàÿ ÷àñòü äåíãè êîíöà XV â., à, âïîëíå âîç-ìîæíî, ñ÷åòíàÿ âåëè÷èíà, ðàâíàÿ ÷åòûðåì äðóãèìåäèíèöàì» (Êèñòåð¸â Ñ.Í., 1994. Ñ. 77). Ïî êðàé-íåé ìåðå, âåñ ðåàëüíîé íîâãîðîäñêîé ÷åòâåðåòöû(0,19 ã) íå èìååò íè÷åãî îáùåãî ñ òåîðåòè÷åñêè âû-÷èñëåííûìè âåñàìè, óêàçàííûìè âûøå.

Ïåðâûå íîâãîðîäñêèå ÷åòâåðåòöû ñòàëèèçâåñòíû ëþáèòåëÿì ñòàðèííûõ ðóññêèõ ìîíåòåùå â ïåðâîé òðåòè XVIII â. Â êàòàëîãå êîëëåêöèèß. Â. Áðþñà åñòü èçîáðàæåíèÿ òðåõ ÷åòâåðåòö, âû-ïîëíåííûõ õóäîæíèêîì â ñòèëå òîãî âðåìåíè(êðóïíûå ðèñóíêè îáåèõ ñòîðîí è ðÿäîì êîíòóðìîíåòû â íàòóðàëüíóþ âåëè÷èíó) è ïðîèñõîäÿ-ùèõ, ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè, èç êàêîãî-òî êëàäà (Russ.antique monetae, À–á/ä. Ë. 82–84. ¹ 117–119)(Ðèñ. 73). Â 1777 ã. ðèñóíîê îäíîé ÷åòâåðåòöû ïî-ìåñòèë â ñâîåé êíèãå Õ. Øìèäò (Schmidt Ch., 1777.Tab. I, 9; Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã., 1993. Ñ. 12. Ðèñ. 2, 9)(Ðèñ. 73, 2; 4, XI). Ïî çàâåùàíèþ ß. Â. Áðþñà åãîêîëëåêöèÿ â 1736 ã. áûëà ïåðåäàíà â Àêàäåìèþíàóê (Òàòèùåâ Â.Í., 1994. Ñ.88; Ñïàññêèé È.Ã.,1978. Ñ.22, 23). Äâå íîâãîðîäñêèå ÷åòâåðåòöû, âå-ðîÿòíî èç åãî ñîáðàíèÿ, îïèñàíû â êàòàëîãå Êóí-ñòêàìåðû 1745 ã. (Musei Imperialis Pertopolitani,1745. P.16. ¹ 9, 10) (Ðèñ. 2). Íî ïîçæå âíóìèçìàòè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå îíè íå óïîìèíàþò-ñÿ. Íåò ÷åòâåðåòö ß. Â. Áðþñà è íè â îäíîì ìîíåò-íîì ñîáðàíèè. Âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî, îíè áåçâîçâðàòíîïðîïàëè.

È. È. Òîëñòîé ñóâåðåííûõ íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åò-âåðåòö íå çíàë. Â åãî êíèãå èçäàíû ëèøü äâà òèïàíîâãîðîäñêèõ ïîëóøåê XVI â. Äàæå â 1920-å ãîäûêðóïíåéøèå îòå÷åñòâåííûå íóìèçìàòû åùå íåçíàëè î ñóùåñòâîâàíèè ôðàêöèè íîâãîðîäñêîéäåíãè ïåðèîäà íåçàâèñèìîñòè. Òàê, À. À. Èëüèí â

Ðèñ. 73. Ðèñóíêè íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö âðóêîïèñíîì êàòàëîãå ß. Â. Áðþñà.

Ïåðâàÿ òðåòü XVIII â.

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Ãëàâà 4 97

ïèñüìå îò 7. XI. 1930 ã. ïèñàë À. Â. Îðåøíèêîâó:«Èç íîâîãîðîäîê íåîáõîäèìî ïåðåñìîòðåòü ïîëó-øêè. Ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ (çà ðåâîëþöèþ) â Ýðìèòàæïîñòóïèëè íîâûå òèïû, è åñòü îñíîâàíèå äàæåïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî èõ ÷åêàíèëè, òàêæå êàê è ïñêîâ-ñêèå, âî âðåìÿ ñàìîáûòèÿ. Ïèøó ýòî, ÷òîáû Âàñçàèíòåðåñîâàòü, ò. ê. çíàþ, ÷òî íîâãîðîäêè Âàñìàëî òðîãàþò...» (Àðõèâ Ðóññêîãî îòäåëà ÎÍ ÃÝ.

Ìàøèíîïèñíàÿ êîïèÿ ïèñüìà ¹ 19 À. À. ÈëüèíàÀ. Â. Îðåøíèêîâó. Ñîîáùåíèå Ì. Ï. Ñîòíèêîâîéîò 5. 03. 1997 ã.).

Âïåðâûå ôîòîãðàôèè äâóõ ÷åòâåðåòö ïåðèîäàñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè Íîâãîðîäà áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíûÈ. Ã. Ñïàññêèì â 1962 ã. â òðåòüåì èçäàíèè íàó÷íî-ïîïóëÿðíîé êíèãè «Ðóññêàÿ ìîíåòíàÿ ñèñòåìà».Ïðè÷åì ó îäíîé ìîíåòû ïðèâåäåíà òîëüêî ë. ñ.

Ðèñ. 74. Ñõåìà ïîøòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö. Òèïû I–IV.Òðåõçíà÷íûå ÷èñëà – ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà ïî Êàòàëîãó, îäíî- è äâóõçíà÷íûå – íîìåðà âàðèàíòîâ.


(Ñïàññêèé È.Ã., 1962. Ñ. 83. Ðèñ. 59, 6, 7). Åùå äâåïîäîáíûå ÷åòâåðåòöû èçäàíû â 1993 ã. â êíèãå«Ìåäíûå ðóññêèå ìîíåòû êîíöà XIV – XVI â.»(Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã., 1993. Ñ. 65. Ðèñ. 25, 26).

Íà êîíåö 2004 ã. àâòîðó áûëî èçâåñòíî î 142íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòöàõ, èç íèõ âèçóàëüíî èçó÷å-íû 119 ýêç. (Êàò., ¹ 103–187). Â ìóçåéíûõ êîëëåê-öèÿõ òàêèõ ìîíåò îêàçàëîñü î÷åíü ìàëî. Â äâóõêðóïíåéøèõ ñîáðàíèÿõ ñòðàíû, ôîíäû êîòîðûõáûëè ñôîðìèðîâàíû â îñíîâíîì ê ñåðåäèíå XX â.,íàõîäèòñÿ âñåãî âîñåìü òàêèõ ìîíåò (ÃÝ – 7 ýêç.,ÃÈÌ – 1 ýêç.). Áîëüøèíñòâî ÷åòâåðåòö áûëî ñîáðà-íî ëèøü â 1970-å – 1990-å ãîäû â Íîâãîðîäå è åãîîêðåñòíîñòÿõ, áëàãîäàðÿ ÷åìó è ñòàëî âîçìîæíûìïðî÷òåíèå íîâîé ñòðàíèöû â èñòîðèè íîâãîðîä-ñêîãî ìîíåòíîãî ÷åêàíà XV â.

Îôîðìëåíèå íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö, ïî-äîáíî îôîðìëåíèþ ñòàðøåãî íîìèíàëà, îäíîîá-ðàçíî. Íà ë. ñ. èçîáðàæåíà ñòîÿùàÿ èëè ëåòÿùàÿïòèöà, à íà î. ñ. – íàäïèñü â òðè èëè ÷åòûðå ñòðî-êè «ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ ÍÎÂÀÃÎÐÎÄÀ». Ïî ïîëîæåíèþïòèöû ìîíåòû óñëîâíî ðàçäåëåíû íà ÷åòûðåòèïà: îíà ëåòèò âïðàâî (òèï I) èëè âëåâî (òèï II),ñòîèò èëè èäåò âïðàâî (òèï III) èëè âëåâî (òèï IV).Âñåãî â òèïàõ I–IV íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ 117 ìîíåò, âîñ-õîäÿùèõ ê 83 âàðèàíòàì. Åñòü åùå îòäåëüíûé òèï

íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö, â êîòîðûé âûäåëåíû ìî-íåòû ñ íàäïèñüþ «ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ ÊÍßÇß» (òèï V, 2ýêç., 2 âàð.).

Ìîíåò òèïà I èçâåñòíî 18 ýêç. Îíè âîñõîäÿò ê15 âàðèàíòàì (Êàò., ¹ 103–117). Ëèøü âîñåìü âà-ðèàíòîâ ñâÿçàíû îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿìè, îáðàçóÿãðóïïû ïî äâå-òðè ìîíåòû. Îíè âîñõîäÿò ê òðåìøòåìïåëÿì ë. ñ. è âîñüìè î. ñ. Îñòàëüíûå ñåìü âà-ðèàíòîâ îò÷åêàíåíû èçîëèðîâàííûìè ïàðàìèøòåìïåëåé (Ðèñ. 74, Òèï I ).

Ìîíåòû òèïà II – ñàìûå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå (65ýêç.). Îíè ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà 43 âàðèàíòà (Êàò.,¹ 118–160). Íàëè÷èå øòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé ìåæäóâàðèàíòàìè çäåñü òàêæå íåâåëèêî. Ìîæíî îòìå-òèòü ëèøü âàðèàíòû 1–7 (îáúåäèíåíû îäíèì øòåì-ïåëåì ë. ñ.), 21–24 (îáúåäèíåíû îäíèì øòåìïåëåìî. ñ.), äà âàðèàíòû 16–18 (äâà ëèöåâûõ è äâà îáîðîò-íûõ øòåìïåëÿ). Äëÿ îñòàëüíûõ âàðèàíòîâ ñîâïàäå-íèå øòåìïåëåé ìèíèìàëüíî (âàðèàíòû 13–14, 19–20 è 37–38). Â 23 ñëó÷àÿõ ìîíåòû îò÷åêàíåíû èçî-ëèðîâàííûìè ïàðàìè øòåìïåëåé (Ðèñ. 74, Òèï II ).

Ìîíåò òèïà III íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ 10 ýêç. Îíè âîñ-õîäÿò ê âîñüìè âàðèàíòàì. Øòåìïåëüíûå ñâÿçèçäåñü ìèíèìàëüíû (ëèøü â âàð. 3–4), îäíàêî ó âà-ðèàíòîâ 1 è 2 èìååòñÿ ñâÿçü ñ ìîíåòàìè òèïîâ II(âàð. 1) è IV (âàð. 1). Â ÷åòûðåõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîíåòû îò-

Ðèñ. 75. Ôîòî êëàäà íîâãîðîäñêèõ ìîíåò, íàéäåííîãî â 1947 ã. ïðè ðàçáîðå çàâàëîâ öåðêâè Ñïàñà íà Íåðåäèöå(Àðõèâ ÃÍÈÌÀ. ¹ ÃÓÎÏ–11976). Óìåíüøåíî.

1 –ñâèíöîâàÿ êóáûøêà è ÷àñòü ìîíåò êëàäà. Âèäíû ñåìü ÷åòâåðåòö: ââåðõó ñëåâà (6 ýêç.) è âíèçó ñïðàâà (1 ýêç.);2 – ÷åòâåðåòöû èç êëàäà. Óâåëè÷åíî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê îðèãèíàëó â 4 ðàçà.

1

2

Ãëàâà 4 99

÷åêàíåíû èçîëèðîâàííûìè ïàðàìè øòåìïåëåé(Êàò., ¹ 161–168) (Ðèñ. 74, Òèï III ).

Ìîíåò òèïà IV èçâåñòíî 24 ýêç. Îíè ðàçäåëÿþò-ñÿ íà 17 âàðèàíòîâ (Êàò., ¹ 169–185). Ñëó÷àè ñî-âïàäåíèÿ øòåìïåëåé äëÿ ðàçíûõ âàðèàíòîâ, êàê è óìîíåò äðóãèõ òèïîâ, íå÷àñòû (âàð. 1–4, 10–11, 13–14, 15–16). Â ñåìè ñëó÷àÿõ ìîíåòû îò÷åêàíåíû èçî-ëèðîâàííûìè ïàðàìè øòåìïåëåé (Ðèñ. 74, Òèï IV).

Áîëüøèíñòâî âàðèàíòîâ âñåõ òèïîâ ñîñòîèò èçîäíîé ìîíåòû, ðåæå – äâóõ-òðåõ; 6 ýêç. – ìàêñè-ìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö â îä-íîì âàðèàíòå (Êàò., ¹ 138).

Ïðèâåäó òîïîãðàôèþ åäèíè÷íûõ íàõîäîê ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàåìûõ ìîíåò. Â Íîâãîðîäå è åãî îêðóãå (íàÍîâãîðîäñêîì ãîðîäèùå, íà Íåðåäèöå è â Ïîîçå-ðüå) íàéäåíû 95 ÷åòâåðåòö (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1,¹ 43, 44, 46, 49–51, 55, 58, 60, 63–65, 71, 72). Çà ïðå-äåëàìè Íîâãîðîäñêîé çåìëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíàëèøü îäíà ìîíåòà. Îíà ïðîèñõîäèò èç Ïñêîâà (ñì.Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 22). Òîïîãðàôèþ íàõîäîê íîâãî-ðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö äîïîëíÿþò äâà êëàäà, â êîòîðûõîòìå÷åíû ýòè ìîíåòû.

Â Íåðåäèöêîì êëàäå (çàõîðîíåí îê. 1474 ã.),íàéäåííîì â 1947 ã. è ïåðåäàííîì íà õðàíåíèå âÍîâãîðîäñêèé ìóçåé, áûëî 22 ÷åòâåðåòöû (ñì.Ïðèëîæåíèå 2, ¹ 4). Â êîíöå 1950-õ ãîäîâ èõ îñòà-âàëîñü 20 ýêç. (ßíèí Â.Ë., 1960. Ñ.143. ¹ 4), à åùå÷åðåç 20 ëåò â ìóçåå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà ïðîïàæàâñåõ îñòàâøèõñÿ ÷åòâåðåòö. Ê ñ÷àñòüþ, èìåþòñÿ íå-êîòîðûå àðõèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû ïî ýòîìó êëàäó. Â1996 ã. Ä. À. Ïåòðîâ ëþáåçíî ïåðåäàë ìíå ôîòîãðà-ôèþ ÷àñòè êëàäà è ñâèíöîâîé êóáûøêè, â êîòîðîéîí áûë íàéäåí, íåãàòèâ êîòîðîé õðàíèòñÿ â àðõèâåÃÍÈÌÀ. Ñðåäè íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêîâ çàïå÷àòëåí-íûõ íà ôîòîãðàôèè ìîíåò åñòü ñåìü ÷åòâåðåòö, èçêîòîðûõ òðè ïîâåðíóòû î. ñ., à ÷åòûðå – ë. ñ.(Ðèñ. 75, 1). Íà òðåõ èç íèõ âèäíà ïòèöà, ñòîÿùàÿèëè èäóùàÿ âëåâî, íà îäíîé – ëåòÿùàÿ âïðàâî. Âñå÷åòâåðåòöû ñîîòíåñåíû ñ âàðèàíòàìè Êàòàëîãà èîðèåíòèðîâî÷íî àòðèáóòèðîâàíû. Äâå èç íèõ îòíî-ñÿòñÿ ê òèïó I (ïî îäíîé ñ ë. è î. ñ.), ïÿòü – ê òèïó IV(òðè ñ ë. c. è äâå ñ î. ñ.) (Ðèñ. 75, 2). Ñâåäåíèÿ î

âåñå 20 ÷åòâåðåòö îáíàðóæåíû Ì. Ï. Ñîòíèêîâîé âáóìàãàõ Ì. À. Ëüâîâà (õðàíÿòñÿ â àðõèâå ÎÍ ÃÝ),êîòîðûé ðàáîòàë ñ êëàäîì â ñåðåäèíå 1970-õ ãîäîâ.

Â êëàäå èç ä. Ïðîñêóðêà Íîâãîðîäñêîé îáë.(çàõîðîíåí â 1608 ã.) åñòü îäíà îáðåçàííàÿ ÷åòâå-ðåòöà âåñîì 0,13 ã (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 2, ¹ 43).

Òîïîãðàôèÿ ìîíåòíûõ íàõîäîê ñâèäåòåëüñòâó-åò îá îáðàùåíèè íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö èñêëþ-÷èòåëüíî â Íîâãîðîäñêîì ðåãèîíå.

Ïðåäëîæåííîå ðàçäåëåíèå ìîíåò íà òèïû íåõðîíîëîãè÷åñêîå, à ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîå. Òðóäíî ñêàçàòü,ñìåíÿëè ëè òèïû äðóã äðóãà èëè èõ ÷åêàíêà îñóùå-ñòâëÿëàñü îäíîâðåìåííî. Âïîëíå âîçìîæíû îáà âà-ðèàíòà, îäíàêî íàëè÷èå îáùèõ øòåìïåëåé ó ìîíåòòðåõ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ (Êàò., ¹ 118/161, 161/162, 162/169)áîëüøå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò â ïîëüçó âòîðîãî ïðåäïîëî-æåíèÿ. Âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî òàêæå, ÷òî ïî ïîëîæåíèþïòèöû (ëåòÿùàÿ èëè ñòîÿùàÿ) ðàçëè÷àëàñü ïðîäóê-öèÿ ðàçíûõ äåíåæíûõ äâîðîâ (ïîäîáíî ñèäÿùåé èëèñòîÿùåé ëåâîé ôèãóðå íà äåíãàõ). Äëÿ ïÿòè âàðèàí-òîâ ÷åòâåðåòö â òðåõ òèïàõ (I, II è IV) óñòàíîâëåíî èñ-ïîëüçîâàíèå äåíåæíîãî øòåìïåëÿ (Êàò., ¹ 115–117,137, 182). Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâî òîãî, ÷òî ÷åòâåðåòöû ÷å-êàíèëèñü â îäíîì ìåñòå è îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äåíãàìè.×åòûðå òàêèõ øòåìïåëÿ îïðåäåëåíû íà ïðîðèñÿõî. ñ. íîâãîðîäñêèõ äåíåã, îïóáëèêîâàííûõ È. È. Òîë-ñòûì, ïÿòûé àòðèáóòèðîâàí ëèøü ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî(Òîëñòîé È.È., 1884. Ñ. 42. ¹ 409, 425, 423; Ñ. 44.¹ 490; Ñ. 34. ¹ 100) (Ðèñ. 76, 77). Íåðåäèöêèé êëàäïîäòâåðæäàåò ôàêò îäíîâðåìåííîãî áûòîâàíèÿ â äå-íåæíîì îáðàùåíèè 1470-õ ãîäîâ íå ìåíåå äâóõ òè-ïîâ ÷åòâåðåòö.

Àíàëèç ÷åòâåðåòö I–IV òèïîâ ïîçâîëÿåò âûñêà-çàòü ñëåäóþùåå ñîîáðàæåíèå. Â äåíåæíîì ïðîèç-âîäñòâå Íîâãîðîäà áûëî, âåðîÿòíî, áîëüøîå êîëè-÷åñòâî ôðàêöèé äåíãè. Íåçíà÷èòåëüíûå ïîøòåì-ïåëüíûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó îòäåëüíûìè âàðèàíòàìè ÷åò-âåðåòö ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò ëèøü îá îãðàíè÷åííîñòèìàòåðèàëà. Âñÿ ïðàêòèêà ìîíåòíîãî äåëà â Íîâãî-ðîäå ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïðè ðó÷íîé ðåçêå ìîíåòíûõøòåìïåëåé â äåíåæíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå îäíîâðåìåí-íî íàõîäèëîñü íåñêîëüêî ïàð ýòèõ îðóäèé. Óñòà-

Ðèñ. 76. Íîâãîðîäñêèå äåíãè, ñâÿçàííûå îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿìè ñ ÷åòâåðåòöàìè(ðèñóíêè ïî: Òîëñòîé È.È., 1884. Ñ. 34, 42, 44. Òàáë. II, V, VI).

Òðåõçíà÷íûå ÷èñëà – íîìåðà äåíåã ïî È. È. Òîëñòîìó. Ïðè ïðîðèñÿõ î. ñ. óêàçàíî ñîîòâåòñòâèåäåíåã òèïàì è âàðèàíòàì ÷åòâåðåòö; â ñêîáêàõ – íîìåðà ïî Êàòàëîãó.


íîâëåíèå æå ìàêñèìàëüíûõ ïîøòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿ-çåé ìåæäó íîâãîðîäñêèìè ìîíåòàìè âîçìîæíîòîëüêî ïðè âêëþ÷åíèè â èññëåäîâàíèå çíà÷èòåëü-íîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ìîíåò. Ýòî õîðîøî ïðîèëëþñòðè-ðîâàíî Ì. À. Ëüâîâûì, ïîêàçàâøèì êàê åäèíè÷-íûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó ìîíåòàìè îäíîãî èç òèïîâ íîâãî-ðîäñêèõ äåíåã, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â ñîáðàíèÿõ òðåõ ìóçååâ(ÃÝ, ÃÈÌ è ÍÌ), äàþò íåïðåðûâíóþ «öåïî÷êó»øòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé òîëüêî â ðåçóëüòàòå ñóììèðî-âàíèÿ âñåõ ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ (Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1979.Ñ. 35. Òàáë. IV). Íàäî ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â áóäóùåì ñðå-äè íîâûõ ìîíåò ïîÿâÿòñÿ íå òîëüêî íîâûå øòåìïå-ëè, íî è áóäóò âûÿâëåíû ïîøòåìïåëüíûå ñâÿçèìåæäó óæå èçâåñòíûìè ÷åòâåðåòöàìè.

Ñàìûìè ïîçäíèìè ïî âðåìåíè ÷åêàíêè ÷åòâå-ðåòöàìè íåçàâèñèìîãî Íîâãîðîäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ, âåðî-ÿòíî, ìîíåòû òèïà IV. Îá ýòîì ãîâîðèò òîò ôàêò,÷òî î. ñ. îäíîé èç íèõ (âàð. 14, Êàò., ¹ 182) âûáèòàøòåìïåëåì äëÿ äåíãè, íàäïèñü êîòîðîé êðåñòîìðàçäåëåíà íà ÷åòûðå ÷àñòè. À äåíãè ñ î. ñ. èìåííîòàêîãî òèïà, êàê äîêàçàë Ì. À. Ëüâîâ, ÿâëÿþòñÿïîñëåäíèìè âûïóñêàìè ìîíåò ñóâåðåííîãî Íîâãî-ðîäà. Äëÿ ÷åêàíêè ïåðâûõ âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèõ íîâãî-ðîäîê áûëè èñïîëüçîâàíû øòåìïåëè ë. ñ. äåíåã ñêðåñòîì íà î. ñ. (Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1979. Ñ. 38, 39. Òàáë.

VI; Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï., 2001á. Ðèñ. 2 ìåæäó ñ. 28–29)Êðîìå òîãî, íà ìîíåòàõ êàê òèïà IV, òàê è òèïà V,ïîìåùåíî èçîáðàæåíèå ïòèöû, èäóùåé âëåâî, ÷òîòàêæå ìîæåò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü î áëèçêîì âðåìåíèèõ âûïóñêà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýòî ñàìàÿ ïîçäíÿÿãðóïïà ìîíåò.

×åêàíêà íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö çàâåðøàåòñÿìîíåòàìè òèïà V (2 ýêç., 2 âàð.; Êàò., ¹ 186, 187).Èõ èçâåñòíî âñåãî äâå, ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà íåïðîäîë-æèòåëüíîñòü âðåìåíè èõ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ. Îíè òåñíîïðèìûêàþò ê âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèì äåíãàì è ïóëàì,êîòîðûõ òàêæå èçâåñòíî íåìíîãî: ñîîòâåòñòâåííî367 è 74 ýêç. Âñå ýòè ìîíåòíûå íîìèíàëû ñëåäóåòäàòèðîâàòü êîðîòêèì âðåìåíåì ñðàçó ïîñëå ïðèñî-

Ðèñ. 77. Íîâãîðîäñêèå äåíãè, ñâÿçàííûå îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿìè ñ ÷åòâåðåòöàìè. ÎÍ ÃÝ. Óâåëè÷åíî â 2 ðàçà.1, 2 – Êàò., ¹ 115; 3, 4 – Êàò., ¹ 116; 5, 6 – Êàò., ¹ 182?.

Ðèñ. 78. ×åòâåðåòöà ñ íàäïèñüþ «ÄÅÍÃÀ ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎÊÍßÇß». Ðèñóíîê Þ. Ï. Êîíüêîâà (12. 08. 1990 ã.).

Óâåëè÷åíî â 2 ðàçà.

1 2

5 6

3 4

Ãëàâà 4 101

åäèíåíèÿ Íîâãîðîäà ê Ìîñêâå â ôåâðàëå 1478 ã.(Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1979. Ñ. 34; Êàëèíèí Â.À., 1973; Ãàéäó-êîâ Ï.Ã., 1993. Ñ.64-66.)

Èçâåñòíî åùå îá îäíîé âåëèêîêíÿæåñêîé ÷åò-âåðåòöå. Îíà áûëà íàéäåíà â Íîâãîðîäå À. Ô. Ïåò-ðîâûì â 1980-õ ãîäàõ è ïîòåðÿíà â àâãóñòå 1990 ã.(ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 46). Ñîõðàíèëñÿ ðèñóíîêýòîé ìîíåòû, êîòîðûé áûë ñäåëàí Þ. Ï. Êîíüêî-âûì ïî ïàìÿòè ñðàçó ïîñëå åå óòðàòû (Ðèñ. 78). Íàë. ñ. ÷åòâåðåòöû, ñóäÿ ïî ðèñóíêó, áûëà èçîáðàæå-íà ïòèöà âëåâî â òî÷å÷íîì îáîäêå, à íà î. ñ. – òðåõ-ñòðî÷íàÿ íàäïèñü «ÄÅ/ÂÅËÈ/ÊÇß». È íàäïèñü, èâåëè÷èíà áóêâ ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ýòàñòîðîíà ìîíåòû, âîçìîæíî, áûëà îòòèñíóòà äåíåæ-íûì øòåìïåëåì. Ñðåäè «âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèõ» íîâãî-ðîäîê åñòü øòåìïåëè ñ áëèçêèì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåìïåðâûõ äâóõ ñòðîê íàäïèñè: ÄÅÍÃÀ/ÂÅËÈÊ/ÎÃÎÊÍ/Çß (Ëüâîâ Ì.À., 1979. Ñ. 39. Òàáë. VI. Íèæ-íèé ðÿä. Ðèñ. Á). ×åêàíêà âåëèêîêíÿæåñêèõ ÷åòâå-ðåòö ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äåíåæíûõ øòåìïåëåé âïîë-íå âîçìîæíà. Äëÿ ñóâåðåííûõ íîâãîðîäñêèõ ðàç-ìåííûõ ìîíåò òàêèå ñëó÷àè èçâåñòíû, è áûëè îïè-ñàíû âûøå. Îäíàêî äî íàõîäêè äðóãîé ÷åòâåðåòöû,ïîäîáíîé çàïå÷àòëåííîé íà ðèñóíêå Þ. Ï. Êîíüêî-âà, ãîâîðèòü îá ýòîì ìîæíî ëèøü óñëîâíî.

Äàòèðîâàòü âûïóñê áîëüøèíñòâà íîâãîðîä-ñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö ñëåäóåò 1447–1478 ãã. Ñðåäè íèõ, âå-ðîÿòíî, ñîõðàíèëîñü î÷åíü ìàëî ìîíåò, èçãîòîâëå-íèå êîòîðûõ ìîæíî áûëî áû îòíåñòè ê 1420–1447ãã. Ðàííèå («ìàëîôîðìàòíûå») íîâãîðîäêè, êàêóæå ãîâîðèëîñü, íåñêîëüêèìè ïðèçíàêàìè è âåñîìîòëè÷àþòñÿ îò áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ìîíåò. Ýòè ìîíåòûìåëü÷å, íî ïëîòíåå («òîëùå») è, ãëàâíîå, âèçóàëüíîëåãêî âûÿâëÿþòñÿ ïî öâåòó: îíè î÷åíü òåìíûå, ïî-

÷òè ÷åðíûå. Î ÷åòâåðåòöàõ, âèçóàëü-íî îòëè÷àþùèõñÿ îò îñíîâíîé ìàñ-ñû ìîíåò, è êîòîðûå ìîæíî áûëîáû äàòèðîâàòü âðåìåíåì äî 1447 ã.,ãîâîðèòü ïîêà ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïî-ëîæèòåëüíî. Â òàêóþ ãðóïïó ÿ âûäå-ëÿþ ìîíåòû âàðèàíòîâ 26–43 òèïà II(Êàò., ¹ 143–160). Îá èõ àðõàè÷íî-ñòè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äðóãèì ÷åòâå-ðåòöàì ìîãóò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü íå-êîòîðûå íàáëþäåíèÿ. Âî-ïåðâûõ,îñîáåííîñòè ïàëåîãðàôèè íàäïè-ñåé, î÷åíü áëèçêèõ íàäïèñÿì íà ðàí-íèõ íîâãîðîäêàõ. Âî-âòîðûõ, òåìíûéöâåò íåêîòîðûõ èç íèõ, ÷òî òîæåâåñüìà ïîõîæå íà äåíãè, âûïóùåí-íûå äî 1447 ã. Â-òðåòüèõ, èõ ôîðìà:ïî÷òè âñåãäà îâàëüíûå ìîíåòíûå çà-ãîòîâêè ñèëüíî âûòÿíóòû è èìåþòïî êðàÿì ñëåäû ðàçðóáà ïðîâîëîêè.Èìåííî òàêîâà ôîðìà ðàííèõïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö (òèï Ià; Êàò.,¹ 188–218).

Òåîðåòè÷åñêè ïðèñóòñòâèå âíîâãîðîäñêîé ìîíåòíîé ÷åêàíêå20-õ – 40-õ ãîäîâ XV â. ôðàêöèè äåí-ãè íå òîëüêî âîçìîæíî, íî äàæå îáÿ-çàòåëüíî. Êîñâåííîå ïîäòâåðæäåíèåòîìó ìû íàõîäèì â ìîíåòíîì äåëå

Ïñêîâà, ãäå ÷åêàíêà ÷åòâåðåòö ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ññàìîãî íà÷àëà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî äåíåæíîãî ïðî-èçâîäñòâà. Îäíàêî âñå ýòè íàáëþäåíèÿ îñòàíóòñÿëèøü ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿìè äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå íàé-äóòñÿ áîëåå íàäåæíûå íóìèçìàòè÷åñêèå ïîäòâåðæ-äåíèÿ. Òàêèìè ìîãóò áûòü, ê ïðèìåðó, îáùèåøòåìïåëè î. ñ. ó ðàííèõ äåíåã è ÷åòâåðåòö.

Èòàê, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î142 íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòöàõ (áåç òðåõ ìîíåò, èç-âåñòíûõ ïî ðèñóíêàì â Êàòàëîãå ß. Â. Áðþñà): 119èç íèõ ïðîèñõîäÿò èç ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷àñòíûõ è ìóçåé-íûõ ñîáðàíèé è îñìîòðåíû âèçóàëüíî, 22 íàõîäè-ëèñü â Íåðåäèöêîì êëàäå, îäíà èçâåñòíà ïî ñîîá-ùåíèþ è ðèñóíêó Þ. Ï. Êîíüêîâà. Ó 20 ìîíåò Íå-ðåäèöêîãî êëàäà èçâåñòåí âåñ, à ñåìü ÷åòâåðåòö çà-ïå÷àòëåíû íà ôîòîãðàôèè. Èç 119 ìîíåò 63 ñîõðà-íèëèñü õîðîøî, 34 – èìåþò äåôåêòû (îáëîìàíû,êîððîäèðîâàííû, ïðîáèòû; â èõ ÷èñëå 11 îáðåçà-íû), 22 – îáðåçàíû. Âåñ îáðåçàííûõ ìîíåò – 0,11 (2ýêç.), 0,12, 0,13 (6), 0,14 (6), 0,15 (6), 0,17 ã.

83 ïîëíîâåñíûå ÷åòâåðåòöû èìåþò ñðåäíèéâåñ 0,19 ã. Åãî æå ïîêàçûâàåò è âåðøèíà âåñîâîãîòðåóãîëüíèêà äèàãðàììû (Ðèñ. 79, ïðàâàÿ ÷àñòüãðàôèêà). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìåòðîëîãèÿ ýòèõ ìîíåòî÷åíü ëîãè÷íî óâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ âåñîì ñòàðøåãî íî-ìèíàëà íîâãîðîäñêîé äåíåæíîé ñèñòåìû: îíè äåé-ñòâèòåëüíî ñîñòàâëÿþò ÷åòâåðòóþ ÷àñòü äåíãè. Ñëå-äóåò ñ÷èòàòü óñòàíîâëåííûì, ÷òî íîâãîðîäñêèå÷åòâåðåòöû èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü â ðàçìåð ïî÷êè, âåñêîòîðîé â Íîâãîðîäå â XV â. áûë ðàâåí îê. 0,20 ã.

33 ÷åòâåðåòöû (èëè 23 % âñåõ ìîíåò) îêàçàëèñüîáðåçàííûìè. Áîëüøèíñòâî èõ èìåþò âåñ 0,13–0,15 ã (18 èç 22 ýêç.) (Ðèñ. 79, ëåâàÿ ÷àñòü ãðàôèêà).Âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ – ðå-

Ðèñ. 79. Äèàãðàììà âåñà íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö. Òèïû I–V(Êàò., ¹ 103–187). Ïî 105 ýêç.


çóëüòàò äåíåæíîãî êðèçèñà 1520-õ ãîäîâ, êîãäà îá-ðåçûâàíèå ìîíåòû ïðèîáðåëî ìàññîâûé õàðàêòåð(×èæîâ Ñ.È., 1911â. Ñ. 3–7; Ñïàññêèé È.Ã., 1970à.Ñ.109, 110). Îäíàêî äàòèðîâàòü îáðåçûâàíèå âñåõ÷åòâåðåòö âðåìåíåì äåíåæíîãî êðèçèñà çàòðóäíè-òåëüíî, ïîñêîëüêó èõ äîâîëüíî ìíîãî.

Âïîëíå äîïóñòèìî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî íîâãî-ðîäñêèå ÷åòâåðåòöû ìîãëè èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â äåíåæ-íîì îáðàùåíèè Íîâãîðîäà î÷åíü äîëãî: íå òîëüêîïîñëå åãî çàâîåâàíèÿ Èâàíîì III, íî è ïðè ÂàñèëèèIII. Â ïåðèîä ïðîâåäåíèÿ äåíåæíîé ðåôîðìû ÅëåíûÃëèíñêîé 1535–1538 ãã., íàðÿäó ñ ââåäåíèåì ïîëó-øåê íîâîãî îáðàçöà, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ìîãëî îñòàâèòüñòàðûå íîâãîðîäñêèå ÷åòâåðåòöû â îáðàùåíèè,ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî îáðåçàâ è ïîäîãíàâ èõ âåñ ïîä âåñî-âóþ íîðìó íîâûõ ìîíåò (ñì. Ãë. 7 è 9). Èçîáðàæåíèåíà ýòèõ ìîíåòàõ âïîëíå ñõîæå ñ îôîðìëåíèåì íîâûõíîâãîðîäñêèõ ïîëóøåê. Ñòàðûå ìîíåòû ìîãëè èñ-ïîëüçîâàòü â ïåðâûå ãîäû ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðåôîðìû,êîãäà íîâûõ ïîëóøåê áûëî åùå ìàëî.

Åñëè ýòî òàê, òî ìû ñòàëêèâàåìñÿ ñ èíòåðåñ-íûì ôàêòîì äëèòåëüíîãî îáðàùåíèÿ ñóâåðåííûõíîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö ìíîãî ïîçæå âðåìåíè ïðå-êðàùåíèÿ èõ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ. Ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå îò-÷àñòè ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ íàëè÷èåì îáðåçàííîé íîâ-ãîðîäñêîé ÷åòâåðåòöû â êëàäå íà÷àëà XVII â. Îêàçà-ëîñü, ÷òî ÷àñòü ýòèõ ìîíåò íàõîäèëàñü â äåíåæíîìîáðàùåíèè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî XVI â. Èçëîæåí-íîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ñìåëîå, îñîáåííî åñëè ó÷èòû-âàòü î÷åíü íèçêèé âåñ ìîíåò, íî îáúÿñíèòü ïî äðó-ãîìó ôàêò ìàññîâîãî îáðåçûâàíèÿ ýòèõ ìîíåò çàò-ðóäíèòåëüíî.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàññìîòðåíèå âñåõ äàííûõ, èç-ëîæåííûõ âûøå, ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå âû-âîäû. Íîâãîðîäñêàÿ ìîíåòíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïåðèîäà íå-çàâèñèìîñòè ñîñòîÿëà èç äâóõ äåíåæíûõ íîìèíàëîâ:äåíãè (âåñ îê. 0,76–0,80 ã) è ÷åòâåðåòöû (âåñ îê.0,19 ã). Äåíãè èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü â âåñ ÷åòûðåõ, à ÷åòâå-ðåòöû – îäíîé ïî÷êè. Âåñ íîâãîðîäñêîé ïî÷êè âXV â. ñëåãêà ïðåâûøàë 0,20 ã. Îäíîâðåìåííîå îáðà-ùåíèå ýòèõ íîìèíàëîâ íàäåæíî óñòàíîâëåíî äëÿ

âòîðîãî ïåðèîäà ñóâåðåííîé íîâãîðîäñêîé ÷åêàíêè(1447–1478 ãã.), à äëÿ ïåðâîãî ïåðèîäà (1420–1447 ãã.)÷åêàíêà ðàçìåííîé ìîíåòû ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, íî ïîêàíóìèçìàòè÷åñêè íàäåæíî íå óñòàíîâëåíà. Ïàðàë-ëåëüíî îñíîâíîìó íîìèíàëó ìîíåò ñ íàäïèñüþ «ÂÅ-ËÈÊÎÃÎ ÍÎÂÃÎÐÎÄÀ» âûïóñêàëîñü ÷åòûðå òèïà÷åòâåðåòö ñ òàêîé æå ëåãåíäîé. Ñàìûì ïîçäíèì òè-ïàì íîâãîðîäîê ñ íàäïèñüþ «ÄÅÍÃÀ ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎÊÍßÇß» ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ôðàêöèè äåíãè ñ ëåãåíäîé«ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ ÊÍßÇß» (òèï V).

Íîâãîðîäñêèì äåíåæíûì ìàñòåðàì áûëàâïîëíå äîñòóïíà òåõíèêà èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ìîíåò ñ íå-áîëüøèì ðàçáðîñîì âåñà îò çàäàííîé âåñîâîé íîð-ìû. Îá ýòîì ãîâîðèò ôîðìà âåñîâîãî òðåóãîëüíè-êà íà ãðàôèêå ÷åòâåðåòö ñ óçêèì îñíîâàíèåì è âû-ñîêîé âåðøèíîé (Ðèñ. 79, ïðàâàÿ ÷àñòü).

Íîâãîðîäñêèå ÷åòâåðåòöû î÷åíü ìàëî÷èñëåí-íû è âîøëè â ñôåðó âíèìàíèÿ èññëåäîâàòåëåé ñî-âñåì íåäàâíî. Ñåé÷àñ èõ èçâåñòíî 142 ýêç., ÷òî ñî-ñòàâëÿåò ìåíåå 1 % ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äåíãîé. Òàêîåíåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ÷åòâåðåòö ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îòîì, ÷òî èõ, âîçìîæíî, èçãîòàâëèâàëè ãîðàçäîìåíüøå, ÷åì ìîíåò îñíîâíîãî íîìèíàëà. Ñ äðóãîéñòîðîíû, ýòè ìîíåòû, ïîäîáíî ïóëàì, ïðàêòè÷åñêèíå ïîïàäàëè â êëàäû, à âåäü èìåííî êëàäû âñåãäàáûëè îñíîâíûì èñòî÷íèêîì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ôîí-äà ðóññêèõ ìîíåò XIV–XVII ââ. Ïîñëå ïðèñîåäèíå-íèÿ Íîâãîðîäà ÷åòâåðåòöû, î÷åâèäíî, îñòàâàëèñü âäåíåæíîì îáðàùåíèè âïëîòü äî ðåôîðìû ÅëåíûÃëèíñêîé 1535–1538 ãã., à ìîæåò áûòü, è íåêîòîðîåâðåìÿ ñïóñòÿ ïîñëå åå ïðîâåäåíèÿ. Òîïîãðàôèÿìîíåòíûõ íàõîäîê ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò, ÷òî ýòè ìîíå-òû îáñëóæèâàëè, âèäèìî, òîëüêî íóæäû Íîâãîðîäàè åãî çåìåëü.

Èç-çà ìàëî÷èñëåííîñòè ìîíåòíîãî ìàòåðèàëàíåêîòîðûå èç âûøåèçëîæåííûõ ïîëîæåíèé ñëåäóåòïðèçíàòü ëèøü ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûìè ðàññóæäåíèÿìè,êîòîðûå, ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâûõ ìîíåò, âïîëíå âåðî-ÿòíî, áóäóò ïåðåñìîòðåíû. Îäíàêî ðàññ÷èòûâàòüíà ìàññîâûå íàõîäêè íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö âáëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì íå ïðèõîäèòñÿ.

Ãëàâà 5

ÏÑÊÎÂÑÊÈÅ ×ÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÖÛ

Äåíåæíàÿ ñèñòåìà Ïñêîâà, ïîäîáíî Íîâãîðî-äó, çàíèìàåò îñîáîå ìåñòî â ðÿäó äðóãèõ ðóññêèõýìèññèîííûõ öåíòðîâ XV â. ×åêàíêà ñîáñòâåííîéìîíåòû â ýòîì ãîðîäå ïðîèçâîäèëàñü 85 ëåò. Åå íà-÷àëî, ïðîòèâîðå÷èâî îïèñàííîå â ëåòîïèñíûõ ðàñ-ñêàçàõ, áëàãîäàðÿ îòêðûòèþ À. Â. Îðåøíèêîâà, äà-òèðóåòñÿ ñåíòÿáðåì 1424 – ôåâðàëåì 1425 ã.(ßíèí Â.Ë., 1955). Â Ïñêîâñêîé ëåòîïèñè ïî ýòîìóïîâîäó ãîâîðèòñÿ ñëåäóþùåå: «Òîãî ëåòà ïñêîâè÷èîòëîæèøà ïåíÿçÿìè òîðãîâàòè, è íà÷àøà â ÷èñòåñðåáðå äåíüãè ëèòè: è îòòîëå íà÷àøà äåíüãàìè òîð-ãîâàòè» (ÏË. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 35). Ïðåêðàùåíèå âûïóñêàïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò âñå èññëåäîâàòåëè îòíîñÿò êî âðå-ìåíè âêëþ÷åíèÿ Ïñêîâà â ñîñòàâ Ãîñóäàðñòâà âñåÿÐóñè, ò. å. ê 1510 ã., êîãäà «ìîñêîâñêèì ïðàâèòåëü-ñòâîì áûë ñîâåðøåí ïîñëåäíèé ôîðìàëüíûé àêò,ïîêîí÷èâøèé ñ ïðèçðà÷íîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòüþÏñêîâà: áûë ñíÿò âå÷åâîé êîëîêîë, ðàñïóùåíîâå÷å» (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 244).

Ïñêîâñêèå ìîíåòû, êàê è íîâãîðîäñêèå, çàìåòíîîòëè÷àþòñÿ îò äðóãèõ ðóññêèõ äåíåã XV â. ñâîèìîôîðìëåíèåì. Íà ë. ñ. âñåõ ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã («ïñêî-âîê») ïîìåùåíî îïëå÷íîå èçîáðàæåíèå ÷åëîâåêà âêîðîíå ñ ìå÷îì â ðóêå (êíÿçÿ?), êîòîðîå ÿâëÿåòñÿèçîáðàçèòåëüíûì ñèìâîëîì Ïñêîâñêîé ðåñïóáëèêèè ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ «â êà÷åñòâå ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîé ýì-áëåìû Ãîñïîäèíà Ïñêîâà» (Áåëåöêèé Ñ.Â., 2003.Ñ. 220). Ïî ïðèíöèïó îôîðìëåíèÿ î. ñ. ïñêîâñêèåäåíãè ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà äâà òèïà. Íà ìîíåòàõ òèïà I ïî-ìåùåíà ÷åòûðåõñòðî÷íàÿ íàäïèñü «ÄÅÍÜÃÀÏÑÊÎÂÑÊÀß», íà ìîíåòàõ òèïà II – èçîáðàæåíèåõèùíîãî ÷åòâåðîíîãîãî æèâîòíîãî (áàðñà?), ïîâåð-íóòîãî âïðàâî èëè âëåâî, îêðóæåííîãî êðóãîâîé íàä-ïèñüþ «ÄÅÍÜÃÀ ÏÑÊÎÂÑÊÀß». Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü,÷òî èç âñåõ ðóññêèõ ìîíåò XV â. òîëüêî íà ïñêîâêàõíà âñåì ïðîòÿæåíèè ÷åêàíêè ïîìåùàëîñü èõ íàçâà-íèå (Ðèñ. 80). Ïñêîâêè èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü èç âûñîêî-ïðîáíîãî ñåðåáðà, èõ âåñ çà âñå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâîâà-íèÿ ÷åêàíêè ïðåòåðïåë ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíûå êîëåáà-íèÿ. Ñóäÿ ïî êëàäàì, â êîíöå XV – ïåðâîé òðåòèXVI â. îíè, êàê è íîâãîðîäêè, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿ-ëèñü ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ðóñè. Â íà-ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ìóçåéíûõ è ÷àñòíûõ êîëëåêöèÿõ ñî-áðàíî îêîëî 5 òûñÿ÷ äåíåã íåçàâèñèìîãî Ïñêîâà.

Îñíîâîïîëîæíèêîì ïñêîâñêîé, êàê è íîâãî-ðîäñêîé íóìèçìàòèêè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ È. È. Òîëñòîé. Â1886 ã. â êàïèòàëüíîì òðóäå «Ìîíåòû ïñêîâñêèå»èì ïðîâåäåíî èññëåäîâàíèå âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ íà òî

âðåìÿ ïñêîâîê. Â êàòàëîãå îïèñàíî îê. 800 ìîíåò, àâ äåñÿòè òàáëèöàõ ïðåäñòàâëåíû òî÷íûå ðèñóíêèâñåõ øòåìïåëåé (Òîëñòîé È.È., 1886). Ðàáîòà â îñ-íîâíîì ïîñâÿùåíà êëàññèôèêàöèè ïñêîâñêèõ ìî-íåò. Ïî î. ñ. âñå äåíãè áûëè ðàçäåëåíû íà äâà òèïà(òèï I – ñ íàäïèñüþ, òèï II – ñ áàðñîì), ïðè÷åìïåðâûé òèï ïðèçíàí èçíà÷àëüíûì. Â ÷èñëå ìîíåòòèïà I àâòîðîì âûäåëåíû íàèáîëåå ðàííèå, êîòî-ðûõ îêàçàëîñü âñåãî 6 ýêç. (Òîëñòîé È.È., 1886.Ñ. 28–31, 55, 56, ¹ 1–6). Â êàòàëîãå âíóòðè òèïîâ ïîîñîáåííîñòÿì îôîðìëåíèÿ ë. ñ. ìîíåòû ðàñïðåäå-ëåíû íà ðàçðÿäû. Îñíîâíûì ðàçëè÷èåì øòåìïåëåéÈ. È. Òîëñòîé ñ÷èòàë áóêâû, ïîìåùåííûå ñïðàâàîò ôèãóðû êíÿçÿ, è èìåííî íà èõ îñíîâå âûäåëèëðàçðÿäû, ðàñïîëîæèâ èõ â àëôàâèòíîì ïîðÿäêå(Òîëñòîé È.È., 1886. Ñ. 31). Òàêîé ôîðìàëüíûéïîäõîä â îñíîâíîì ïðèíöèïå êëàññèôèêàöèè ìàòå-ðèàëà â êàòàëîãå íå ìîæåò äàòü ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îõðîíîëîãèè ìîíåòíûõ âûïóñêîâ, ÷òî è áûëî îòìå-÷åíî ïîçæå (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 224). Êðîìåìîíåò íåçàâèñèìîãî Ïñêîâà â êíèãå È. È. Òîëñòîãîïîäðîáíî ïðåäñòàâëåíû òàêæå ïñêîâñêèå ìîíåòûÂàñèëèÿ III (1510–1533 ãã.). Ýòà êíèãà ñåé÷àñ èíòå-ðåñíà êàê ïîëíûé ñâîä èíôîðìàöèè î ïñêîâêàõ èïîëíûé êàòàëîã ñàìèõ ìîíåò, èìåâøèõñÿ â ðàñïî-ðÿæåíèè íóìèçìàòîâ â 80-å ãîäû XIX â.

Â 1963 ã. áûëà èçäàíà ðàáîòà À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêî-âîé, êîòîðóþ íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòüñàìûì ñåðüåçíûì è, ïî ñóòè äåëà, åäèíñòâåííûìñîâðåìåííûì èññëåäîâàíèåì ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò ïå-ðèîäà íåçàâèñèìîñòè ãîðîäà. Î÷åíü âàæíûì ïðè-ëîæåíèåì ê ðàáîòå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïÿòü òàáëèö (íà ñåìèëèñòàõ) ñõåì øòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã,íà êîòîðûõ ïîìåùåíû íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí ðèñóíêîâìîíåò (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Òàáë. I, II À, II Á, III,IV, V À, V Á). Â ðàáîòå ïîäðîáíî ðàññìîòðåíûìíîãèå ïðîáëåìû ìîíåòíîé ñèñòåìû Ïñêîâà: èñ-òîðèîãðàôèÿ âîïðîñà, äåíåæíîå îáðàùåíèå â ãî-ðîäå äî íà÷àëà ñîáñòâåííîé ÷åêàíêè, òèïû äåíåã èèõ ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ. Èññëåäîâàíèå áàçèðóåòñÿ íà ïî-øòåìïåëüíîì èçó÷åíèè îê. 3 òûñÿ÷ ìîíåò èç òðåõìóçåéíûõ ñîáðàíèé (ÃÈÌà, ÃÝ è ÏÌ). Â íåì íåòîëüêî âïåðâûå ïðîñëåæåíû ïîøòåìïåëüíûå ñâÿçèìíîãèõ ñîòåí ïñêîâîê, íî è ïðåäïðèíÿòî ìåòðîëî-ãè÷åñêîå èçó÷åíèå ìàòåðèàëà. Íà îñíîâå ïîëó÷åí-íûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ àâòîðó óäàëîñü âûÿñíèòü îñíîâ-íûå ýòàïû äåíåæíîãî äåëà Ïñêîâà â XV – íà÷àëåXVI â. Â îáùèõ ÷åðòàõ îíè ñâîäÿòñÿ ê ñëåäóþùåìó.


1. Â 1425 ã. ïñêîâè÷è íà÷èíàþò ñîáñòâåííóþìîíåòíóþ ÷åêàíêó, ïðèãëàñèâ äëÿ ýòîãî äåíåæíî-ãî ìàñòåðà èç Ìîñêâû. Ïåðâûå ïñêîâñêèå äåíãè(òàê íàçûâàåìûé «àðõàè÷åñêèé» òèï) ñ èçîáðàæå-íèåì êíÿçÿ è íàäïèñüþ ñòèëèñòè÷åñêè ðåçêî îòëè-÷àþòñÿ îò âñåõ áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ïñêîâîê (Ðèñ. 80,1, 2). Êàê è ðàííèå íîâãîðîäñêèå äåíãè, îíè èçãî-òîâëåíû èç ñåðåáðà, êîòîðîå èìååò òåìíûé, àèíîãäà ïî÷òè ÷åðíûé öâåò. Íà ë. ñ. âñåõ ìîíåò âîç-ëå ëåâîãî ïëå÷à êíÿçÿ åñòü õàðàêòåðíûé ëèãàòóð-íûé çíàê ÄÒ. «Àðõàè÷åñêèå» ïñêîâêè íåìíîãî-÷èñëåííû (îê. 150 ýêç.) è î÷åíü òåñíî ñâÿçàíûäðóã ñ äðóãîì îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿìè (40 âàðèàí-òîâ) (Ðèñ. 81). Äèàãðàììà èõ âåñà äàåò äâå îò÷åò-ëèâûå íîðìû: 0,79 è 0,76 ã (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963.Ñ. 232, 233. Òàáë. I).

2. ×åðåç íåêîòîðîå (íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå) âðå-ìÿ ïåðâûå ïñêîâñêèå ìîíåòû ñìåíèëè äðóãèå ìî-íåòíûå âûïóñêè ñ íàäïèñüþ íà î. ñ., êîòîðûå, âîòëè÷èå îò «àðõàè÷åñêèõ» äåíåã, ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íàíåñêîëüêî èçîëèðîâàííûõ ãðóïï, õîòÿ è ñâÿçàííûõâíóòðè ñåáÿ øòåìïåëÿìè, íî íå òàê òåñíî, êàê áî-ëåå ðàííèå (Ðèñ. 80, 3, 4). Âåñ èõ áëèçîê 0,76 ã. Èç-âåñòíî îê. 400 ýêç. ìîíåò ýòîãî òèïà è î÷åíü áîëü-øîå êîëè÷åñòâî øòåìïåëåé. Âìåñòî çíàêà ÄÒ ïî-ÿâëÿþòñÿ íîâûå ðàçíîâèäíîñòè çíàêîâ: Ê, È, Å, Ñ,òî÷êè. Ýòè çíàêè ìîãëè ïðèíàäëåæàòü ðàçíûìãðóïïàì äåíåæíèêîâ (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963.Ñ. 234. Òàáë. II À, II Á).

3. Ñëåäóþùàÿ ãðóïïà ìîíåò ñ íàäïèñÿìè ñâÿ-çûâàåòñÿ â áîëüøóþ, òåñíî ïåðåïëåòàþùóþñÿ ïîøòåìïåëÿì ãðóïïó. Âåðîÿòíî, áûë îáðàçîâàí íî-âûé äåíåæíûé äâîð, îáúåäèíèâøèé âñåõ äåíåæíè-êîâ. Íà ë. ñ. ñíîâà ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ çíàê ÄÒ, êàê íà «àð-õàè÷åñêèõ» ìîíåòàõ, íî äðóãèõ î÷åðòàíèé. Âåñ ìî-íåò ñíèæàåòñÿ äî 0,75 ã. Ìîíåò ýòîé ãðóïïû èçâåñ-òíî îê. 500 ýêç. Íà îñíîâàíèè èõ ñõîäñòâà ñ ïñêîâ-ñêîé ïå÷àòüþ 1469 ã. âðåìÿ ÷åêàíêè òàêèõ ìîíåò îò-íîñèòñÿ ê 1460-ì ãîäàì. Â òî æå âðåìÿ íà÷èíàåòñÿèçãîòîâëåíèå îäíîé èç ãðóïï ìîíåò ñ èçîáðàæåíè-åì áàðñà (Ðèñ. 80, 5, 6). Ýòà ãðóïïà ìîíåò, èçîëè-ðîâàííàÿ îò îñíîâíîé ìàññû ìîíåò ñ áàðñàìè,èìååò âåñ 0,76–0,77 ã. Íà ë. ñ. ýòèõ ìîíåò ïîìåùåíçíàê ÄÒ, à òàêæå çíàêè Ë è Ä. Ñ ýòîãî âðåìåíè è äîïðåêðàùåíèÿ ñóâåðåííîé ïñêîâñêîé ÷åêàíêè îäíî-âðåìåííî âûïóñêàþòñÿ îáà ìîíåòíûõ òèïà – ñ áàð-ñîì è áåç íåãî (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 234–236.Òàáë. III).

Ñ ïðåäëîæåííîé À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé äàòèðîâ-êîé ïîÿâëåíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ õèùíèêà íà ïñêîâ-ñêèõ äåíãàõ ñîãëàñèëñÿ Ñ. Â. Áåëåöêèé. Â ýòîì èñ-ñëåäîâàòåëü ñêëîíåí âèäåòü èçìåíåíèå ðåñïóáëè-êàíñêîé ýìáëåìû íåçàâèñèìîãî Ãîñïîäèíà Ïñêî-âà ñ åãî ïåðåõîäîì â 1468 ã. ïîä ïðîòåêòîðàò âåëè-êîãî êíÿçÿ Ìîñêîâñêîãî. Ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè «ãåðáà»Ïñêîâñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè XV â. (èçîáðàæåíèå ÷åëî-âåêà â êîðîíå ñ ìå÷îì) ñ ýòîãî âðåìåíè íà ìîíå-òàõ ñòàíîâèòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì èçîáðàæåíèå ÷åòâå-

1 2

3 4

5 6

Ðèñ. 80. Ïñêîâñêèå äåíãè (1425–1510 ãã.). ÍÌ. Óâåëè÷åíî â 2 ðàçà.1, 2 – «àðõàè÷åñêèé» òèï; 3, 4 – òèï I; 5, 6 – òèï II.

Ãëàâà 4 105

ðîíîãîãî æèâîòíîãî (Áåëåöêèé Ñ.Â., 2002; 2003.Ñ. 215, 220, 221).

4. Ñëåäóþùàÿ ãðóïïà ìîíåò ñ áàðñàìè, ãîðàç-äî áîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííàÿ, îáúåäèíÿåò ìíîæåñòâîðàçëè÷íûõ âàðèàíòîâ äåíåã. Ìîíåòû îòëè÷àþòñÿðàçíûìè çíàêàìè (Å, Ý, Ç, Ú, Ä, ÄÒ), íî î÷åíü òåñ-íî ïåðåïëåòàþòñÿ îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿìè, îáðàçóÿîãðîìíóþ âçàèìîñâÿçàííóþ ãðóïïó. Ìîæíî äó-ìàòü, ÷òî ÷åêàíêà òàêèìè øòåìïåëÿìè ïðîèçâîäè-ëàñü äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ è â áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå. Èç-âåñòíî îê. 700 ìîíåò ýòîé ãðóïïû, êîòîðûå ÷åêàíè-ëèñü äî 1510 ã. Âíóòðè ãðóïïû ìîíåòû äàòèðóþòñÿïî âåñîâûì äàííûì. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ìîíåò èìååòâåñ 0,74–0,75 ã, äðóãàÿ ãðóïïà – 0,79 ã. Áîëåå òÿæå-ëûå äåíãè îáúåäèíåíû â ãðóïïó, ïî÷òè èçîëèðî-âàííóþ îò îñíîâíîé ìàññû ìîíåò; èõ ñâÿçûâàåòîáùèì øòåìïåëåì î. ñ. ëèøü îäíà ìîíåòà. Ãðóïïà«òÿæåëûõ» ìîíåò äàòèðóåòñÿ àâòîðîì 1490-ìè ãîäà-ìè íà îñíîâàíèè ëåòîïèñíîãî ñîîáùåíèÿ 1499 ã.,êîãäà â Ïñêîâå áûë óæå îáùåðóññêèé (ìîñêîâñ-êèé) äåíåæíûé ñ÷åò, ò. å. ñ÷åò âåëñÿ íà ìîíåòû âå-ñîì 0,79 ã. «Òÿæåëûå» ìîíåòû ñ áàðñîì – ñàìûåïîñëåäíèå äåíãè Ïñêîâà, îíè èçãîòàâëèâàþòñÿ äî1510 ã. Îñòàëüíûå ìîíåòû ñ áàðñàìè íåïîñðåä-ñòâåííî ïðåäøåñòâóþò «òÿæåëûì» è âûïóñêàþòñÿäî 1490-õ ãîäîâ (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 236.Òàáë. IV, V À, V Á) (Òàáë. Å).

Ñõåìà ýâîëþöèè ïñêîâñêîé ÷åêàíêè ñîçäàíàÀ. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé íà îñíîâå èçó÷åíèÿ ìóçåéíûõêîëëåêöèé ìîíåò, óòðàòèâøèõ ñâîé ïàñïîðò. Êëàäûñ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì ïñêîâîê àâòîðó òîãäà íåáûëè èçâåñòíû. Ïîýòîìó õðîíîëîãèÿ áûòîâàíèÿïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã â ýòîì èññëåäîâàíèè ïîñòðîåíàëèøü íà ëîãèêå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ øòåìïåëåé îòäåëüíûõìîíåò âíóòðè ðàçëè÷íûõ ãðóïï, íà âåñå ìîíåò, õà-ðàêòåðíîì äëÿ ýòèõ ãðóïï, äà íà ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèõîñîáåííîñòÿõ èõ îôîðìëåíèÿ.

Ñî âðåìåíè âûõîäà â ñâåò èññëåäîâàíèÿÀ. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé ïðîøëî áîëåå 40 ëåò. Ñ òåõ ïîðñóùåñòâåííî ïîïîëíèëñÿ ôîíä ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò, âîñíîâíîì çà ñ÷åò íàõîäîê íîâûõ êëàäîâ. Ê ïðèìåðó,òîëüêî â êëàäå èç õóòîðà Êóçíå÷èõà Ïñêîâñêîé îáë.íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ 855 ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã (Ãàéäóêîâ Ï.Ã.,

1986. Ñ. 52). Èçó÷åíèå ìàòåðèàëîâ âñåãî ëèøü îäíî-ãî ýòîãî êîìïëåêñà ìîæåò ñóùåñòâåííî ïðîäâèíóòüâïåðåä íàøè ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ïñêîâñêîé ìîíåòíîéñèñòåìå. Îäíàêî çà ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ íå ïîÿâèëîñüíè îäíîãî íóìèçìàòè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ, êîòî-ðîå áû ïðîäîëæèëî ðàáîòó À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé ïîèçó÷åíèþ ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã.

Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ïåðèîäà ñîáñòâåííîãîìîíåòíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â Ïñêîâå, êàê è â Íîâãî-ðîäå, èñïîëüçîâàëèñü òîëüêî âûðåçàííûå âðó÷íóþøòåìïåëè. Ïñêîâêè, êàê è íîâãîðîäêè, èçãîòîâëåíûíåñêîëüêèìè ñîòíÿìè îäíîîáðàçíûõ ïî ñâîåìóîôîðìëåíèþ øòåìïåëåé, ÷òî äåëàåò ñèñòåìàòèçà-öèîííóþ ðàáîòó ñ íèìè î÷åíü ñëîæíîé. Ðàáîòà,íà÷àòàÿ À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé, åùå äàëåêà îò çàâåð-øåíèÿ. Ñîâåðøåííî î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî èç-äàíèå ïîëíîãî Ñâîäà ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã, â êîòîðîìäîëæíà áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíà åäèíàÿ ñõåìà ñîîòíîøå-íèÿ ìîíåòíûõ øòåìïåëåé è ïîêàçàí ïðîöåññ èçãî-òîâëåíèÿ âñåõ ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò ñ 1425 ïî 1510 ã. Îä-íàêî ñîçäàíèå òàêîãî Ñâîäà ïîòðåáóåò îò èññëåäî-âàòåëåé ìíîãîëåòíåãî êðîïîòëèâîãî òðóäà.

* * *Êðîìå äåíãè, â ìîíåòíîé ñèñòåìå ñðåäíåâåêî-

âîãî Ïñêîâà áûë åùå îäèí äåíåæíûé íîìèíàë –÷åòâåðåòöà. Î åãî ñâîåîáðàçèè óæå ãîâîðèëîñü âïðåäûäóùåé ãëàâå. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïñêîâñêèå÷åòâåðåòöû èçâåñòíû ñ ñåðåäèíû XVIII â., îíè íè-êîãäà ñïåöèàëüíî ïîäðîáíî íå èçó÷àëèñü. Âïåðâûåòàêàÿ ìîíåòà áûëà èçäàíà â 1745 ã. â êàòàëîãå Êóí-ñòêàìåðû (Musei Imperialis Petropolitani, 1745. P. 16.¹ 2) (Ðèñ. 2).

Ïñêîâñêàÿ ÷åòâåðåòöà áûëà îïèñàíà Å. Áîëõî-âèòèíîâûì â 1831 ã. ñðåäè äðóãèõ ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò:«Â òðåòüåé ìîíåòå îêîëî ãîëîâû Êíÿçÿ òðè òî÷êè,à íà îáîðîòå ïðîñòî ñòðî÷íàÿ íàäïèñü: Ïñêîâú-ñêàÿ» (Áîëõîâèòèíîâ Å., 1831. Ñ.71). Âïëîòü äîêîíöà XIX â. ýòè ìîíåòû áûëè î÷åíü ðåäêèìè,ðåäêè è èõ ïóáëèêàöèè. Ïåðâîå èçäàíèå ïñêîâñêîé÷åòâåðåòöû, ñîïðîâîæäåííîå ðèñóíêîì, îñóùå-ñòâëåíî À. Ä. ×åðòêîâûì â 1834 ã. (×åðòêîâ À.Ä.,1834. Ñ. 152. ¹ 319) (Ðèñ. 82, 1). Â 1836–1837 ãã.

Ðèñ. 81. Ñõåìà ïîøòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé ðàííèõ («àðõàè÷åñêèõ») ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã(Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Òàáë. I, ôðàãìåíò). Óìåíüøåíî.

Ãëàâà 5


Ñ. Øîäóàð â ñâîåé èçâåñòíîé ðàáîòå îïèñàë òðèðàññìàòðèâàåìûå ìîíåòû è äàë ðèñóíîê îäíîé èçíèõ (Chaudoir S., 1837. P. 288. ¹ 3058–3060; 1836b.Pl. II, 52, 5) (Ðèñ. 82, 2). Â 1839 ã. È. Ï. Ñàõàðîâîïèñàë (áåç ðèñóíêà) ïñêîâñêóþ ÷åòâåðåòöó âñîñòàâå êîëëåêöèè È. Ò. ßêîâëåâà (Ñàõàðîâ È.Ï.,1839. Ñ.33. ¹ 83). Â òðóäàõ Ô. Ô. Øóáåðòà åñòüîïèñàíèå ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö, íî áåç ðèñóíêîâ. Âêàòàëîãå 1843 ã. èçäàíà îäíà, à â ñòàòüå 1847 ã.«Ïñêîâñêèå ìîíåòû» óæå òðè òàêèå ìîíåòû (Øó-áåðò Ô.Ô., 1843. Ñ.27. ¹ 111; 1847. Ñ.132. ¹ 76–78).Íåò èëëþñòðàöèé äëÿ ïÿòè ÷åòâåðåòö (îïèñàíûïîä îäíèì íîìåðîì) â êàòàëîãå ß. ß. Ðåéõåëÿ(Reichel J., 1842/1847. S.358,359. ¹ 4337–4341), àòàêæå äëÿ äâóõ ÷åòâåðåòö (îïèñàíû ïîä îäíèì íî-ìåðîì) â êàòàëîãå Ý. Ê. Ãóòòåí-×àïñêîãî (Ãóò-òåí-×àïñêèé Ý.Ê., 1875. Ñ.60, 61. ¹ 316).

Íàèáîëåå ïîëíóþ ñâîäêó ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòöèçäàë È. È. Òîëñòîé. Îí âêëþ÷èë â ñâîþ êíèãó 19ìîíåò: 18 èç ñâîåé êîëëåêöèè è îäíó èç êîëëåêöèèâåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ Ãåîðãèÿ Ìèõàéëîâè÷à, ïðèíàäëå-æàâøåé äî ýòîãî Ý. Ê. Ãóòòåí-×àïñêîìó. Äàòèðîâà-íû îíè ïåðèîäîì íåçàâèñèìîñòè Ïñêîâà. Ñèñòåìà-òèçèðîâàíû ÷åòâåðåòöû, êàê è äåíãè, ïî áóêâàì íàë. ñ. (Òîëñòîé È.È., 1886. Ñ. 41, 130–132. ¹ 577–595)(Ðèñ. 82, 3). À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà â ñâîåì èññëåäîâà-íèè ìëàäøèé íîìèíàë ìîíåòíîé ñèñòåìû Ïñêîâàíå çàòðàãèâàåò.

Èçâåñòåí îäèí ïèñüìåííûé èñòî÷íèê XV â., âêîòîðîì óïîìèíàåòñÿ ïñêîâñêàÿ ÷åòâåðåòöà. Îíäàâíî èçäàí, íî â ñðåäå íóìèçìàòîâ àíàëèçèðîâàë-ñÿ ðàíüøå òîëüêî Ä. È. Ïðîçîðîâñêèì è Í. Ï. Áàóå-ðîì (Ïðîçîðîâñêèé Ä.È., 1865á. Ñ. 221; Áàóåð Í.Ï.,À–1942. Àðõ. ¹ 4. Ë. 637, 638). Ýòî «Äîãîâîðíàÿãðàìîòà Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà è Ïñêîâà ñ åïèñêî-ïîì Þðüåâñêèì î ïåðåìèðèè íà 30 ëåò», êîòîðàÿäàòèðóåòñÿ 13 ÿíâàðÿ 1474 ã. Îãîâàðèâàÿ ðàçëè÷íûåâîïðîñû òîðãîâëè â Ïñêîâå è Äåðïòå (Þðüåâå),ãðàìîòà îòìå÷àåò: «À âåùîå ïñêîâè÷îìú ó þðú-

åâúöîâú, ó ãîñòåè, èìàòè îòú ìåõà ïî ÷åòüâåðúòú-öå, à îòú ñêîëîâîãî âåñà ïî äåíúçå; à þðúåâöîìúâú ïñêîâúñêèõú êóïöîâú âåñ÷îå èìàòè îòú ìåõà ïîëþáåöêîìó, à îòú ñêàëîâîãî âåñà èìàòè ïî ÷îòûðûëþáåöêèõú, ïî êðåñòíîìó öåëîâàíüþ» (ÃÂÍÏ.Ñ. 135. ¹ 78). Â ãðàìîòå ðå÷ü èäåò î ïîøëèíå («âå-ùîå») – ïëàòå çà âçâåøèâàíèå òîâàðà. Ïñêîâè÷èäîëæíû âçèìàòü ïëàòó çà âçâåøèâàíèå îäíîãî ìåõà(ò.å. ìåøêà êàê òîðãîâîé ìåðû ñûïó÷èõ òåë) â ðàç-ìåðå îäíîé ÷åòâåðåòöû, à çà «ñêàëîâûé âåñ» (ò.å.ðàçîâîå âçâåøèâàíèå íà ñêàëâàõ – ðàâíîïëå÷íûõêîðîìûñëîâûõ âåñàõ) – â ðàçìåðå îäíîé äåíãè. Çàòàêèå æå äåéñòâèÿ â Þðüåâå (Äåðïòå) ïñêîâñêèåêóïöû äîëæíû áûëè çàïëàòèòü ñîîòâåòñòâåííîîäèí è ÷åòûðå «ëþáåöêèõ». Ýòà ïàðàëëåëü ïðåêðàñ-íî ïîäòâåðæäàåò íå òîëüêî ñóùåñòâîâàíèå îòäåëü-íîé ôðàêöèè îñíîâíîãî äåíåæíîãî íîìèíàëà è ñî-âïàäåíèå åå ñòîèìîñòè ñ ëèâîíñêèì «ëþáåöêèì»ïôåííèãîì, íî è ðàâåíñòâî îäíîé ïñêîâñêîé äåíãè÷åòûðåì ïñêîâñêèì ÷åòâåðåòöàì. «Ñêàëîâûé âåñ»îáëàãàëñÿ íàëîãîì â ÷åòûðå ðàçà áîëüøèì, ÷åìâçâåøèâàíèå îäíîãî ìåõà, âåðîÿòíî ïîòîìó, ÷òîãðóçîïîäúåìíîñòü ñêàëâîâ äîñòèãàëà 500 êã (Êëåé-íåíáåðã È.Ý., 1973. Ñ. 145).

Äåíåæíûé òåðìèí «÷åòâåðåòöà» â Ïñêîâå, êàêè â Íîâãîðîäå, áûòóåò äîëãî. Â ïåðèîä ïðàâëåíèÿÂàñèëèÿ III â ïðèñîåäèíåííîì ê Êíÿæåñòâó âñåÿÐóñè Ïñêîâå, íåñìîòðÿ íà âèäîèçìåíåíèå ìîíåò-íîé ñèñòåìû, ïîëóøêà åùå òðàäèöèîííî íàçûâà-ëàñü ÷åòâåðåòöåé. Òàê â «Ðàñõîäíîé êíèãå» Ïñêîâ-ñêîé Óñïåíñêîé öåðêâè íà Çàâåëè÷üå 1531 ã. íàðÿ-äó ñ «äåíüãàìè» è «ìîñêîâêàìè» òðè ðàçà óïîìè-íàåòñÿ ýòîò òåðìèí: «Äàëè òðè ÷åòâåðåòöà çà ðåìå-íüÿ êú êîëîêîëàìú öåïüÿ âÿçàòü», «Âçÿëè 100 äåíåãè 2 äåíüãè ñú ÷åòâåðåòöåé çà ãîðîõú, çà áîáú, çàñåìÿ, äà çà îõâîñòüå äà ñó÷åâèöú», «Âçÿëè 70 äå-íåãú áåçú 5 ÷åòâåðòöåé çà 3 çîáíèöû õìåëþ ñú ïî-ëó÷åòâåðòêîþ, à èìàëè çà ÷åòü ïî ïîëóøåñòè äåíü-ãè» (Ñàõàðîâ È., 1851á. Ñ. 2, 3. ¹ 22, 64, 65).

1 2 3

Ðèñ. 82. Ðèñóíêè ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö â íóìèçìàòè÷åñêèõ êàòàëîãàõ XIX â.1 – ×åðòêîâ À.Ä., 1834. Òàáë. XIX; 2 – Øîäóàð Ñ., 1837á. Òàáë. II, 52;

3 – Òîëñòîé È.È., 1886. Òàáë. IX.

Ãëàâà 4 107

Äàæå â êîíöå XVI â. ïîëóøêó â Ïñêîâñêîì ðå-ãèîíå Ðîññèéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà íàçûâàëè ÷åòâåðåò-öåþ. Â êîíöå «Ïîäëèííîé ïèñöîâîé êíèãè ¹ 335»,ñîñòàâëåííîé â 1585–1587 ãã., çàïèñàíî: «È âñåãîëàâîêú è ïîëêîâú áûëî 259 ëàâîêú, 6 òðåïàëåíú äà17 ñêàìåé è ïîëêîâú, îáðîêó 29 ðóáëåâú è 29 àë-òûíú è 2 äåíãè ñú ÷åòâåðèöîþ» (Ñáîðíèê ÌÀÌÞ,1913. Ñ.70).

Íà êîíåö 2004 ã. àâòîðîì çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî375 ýêç. ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö. 285 èç íèõ õðàíÿòñÿ âìóçåÿõ (ÃÝ – 199 ýêç., ÃÈÌ – 36, ÍÌ – 32, ÏÌ –18), 88 – â íåñêîëüêèõ ÷àñòíûõ ñîáðàíèÿõ, à äâå èç-âåñòíû ïî àóêöèîííîìó êàòàëîãó è äðóãîìó èçäà-íèþ. Íà ë. ñ. ÷åòâåðåòö, êàê è íà äåíãàõ òèïà I, ïî-ìåùåíî ïîãðóäíîå èçîáðàæåíèå ÷åëîâåêà â êîðî-íå è ñ ìå÷îì â ïðàâîé ðóêå, à íà î. ñ. – íàäïèñü âòðè èëè ÷åòûðå ñòðîêè «ÏÑÊÎÂÑÊÀß» (Êàò.,¹ 188–353). Â îòëè÷èå îò äåíåã, íà ë. ñ. ÷åòâåðåòöïî÷òè íèêîãäà íåò áóêâåííûõ çíàêîâ, à ëåãåíäà î. ñ.ñîñòîèò ëèøü èç îäíîãî ñëîâà. Íè íà îäíîé òàêîéìîíåòå íåò èçîáðàæåíèÿ ÷åòâåðîíîãîãî æèâîòíî-ãî. Ýòè íåáîëüøèå ðàçëè÷èÿ â îôîðìëåíèè îñíîâ-íîãî è âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî äåíåæíîãî íîìèíàëàîáúÿñíÿþòñÿ, âåðîÿòíî, êðîøå÷íûìè ðàçìåðàìèìîíåòíîãî ïîëÿ ÷åòâåðåòö.

Â ðàìêàõ îäíîãî òèïà ïñêîâñêèå ÷åòâåðåòöûðàçäåëåíû íà òðè ãðóïïû.

Â ïåðâóþ ãðóïïó (òèï Ià) âûäåëåíû ìîíåòû,êîòîðûå, ïîäîáíî äåíãàì, ìîæíî íàçâàòü «àðõàè-÷åñêèìè». Êàê è áîëåå ñòàðøèé íîìèíàë, âñå îíèèçãîòîâëåíû èç ñåðåáðà, êîòîðîå èìååò òåìíûé, àèíîãäà ïî÷òè ÷åðíûé öâåò. Îíè ìåíüøå äðóãèõ, áî-ëåå ïîçäíèõ ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö è òîëùå («ïëîò-íåå») èõ. Ìîíåòíûå êðóæêè ïðîäîëãîâàòûå èîâàëüíûå, êðóãëûå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåäêî. Íà ìíîãèõìîíåòàõ âèäíû ñëåäû ðàçðóáîâ ïðîâîëî÷íûõ çàãî-òîâîê. Íà âñåõ âàðèàíòàõ íàäïèñü î. ñ. ðàñïîëîæåíàâ òðè ñòðîêè: «ÏÜÑ/ÊÎÂÜÑ/ÊÀIÀ». Êàê ïàëåîãðà-

ôèÿ, òàê è îðôîãðàôèÿ ýòîé íàäïèñè î÷åíü ïîõîæèíà îôîðìëåíèå «àðõàè÷åñêèõ» äåíåã, êîòîðûåÀ. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà ñêëîííà äàòèðîâàòü ïåðâîé ïî-ëîâèíîé XV â. (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 232, 233)Ëèøü íà îäíîì øòåìïåëå ïåðâàÿ áóêâà (Ï) íàäïè-ñè ïåðåäàíà ïðàâèëüíî. Â ïîäàâëÿþùåì æå áîëü-øèíñòâå âàðèàíòîâ ñòîÿò áóêâû Í èëè È. Èçîáðà-æåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà ÷åòâåðåòöàõ ïåðâîé ãðóïïû ñòè-ëèñòè÷åñêè î÷åíü áëèçêè ïîäîáíûì èçîáðàæåíèÿìðàííèõ ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã (Ðèñ. 80, 1, 2). Òàêèì îáðà-çîì, ìîæíî çàêëþ÷èòü, ÷òî øòåìïåëè äëÿ ÷åêàíêèè äåíåã, è ÷åòâåðåòö âûðåçàíû îäíèìè è òåìè æåìàñòåðàìè, è ÷òî âñå ýòè ìîíåòû èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü âîäíî âðåìÿ.

Èçâåñòíî 137 ÷åòâåðåòö ïåðâîé ãðóïïû, êîòî-ðûå îáúåäèíåíû â 31 âàðèàíò (Êàò., ¹ 188–218).Áîëüøèíñòâî ýòèõ âàðèàíòîâ (1–23) òåñíî ñâÿçàíûäðóã ñ äðóãîì îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿìè. Âàðèàíòû 26–30 îáúåäèíåíû ìåæäó ñîáîé, íî íå èìåþò îáùèõøòåìïåëåé ñ îñíîâíîé ìàññîé ìîíåò (Ðèñ. 83).

Áîëüøèõ ñëîæíîñòåé ñ âûäåëåíèåì îòäåëüíûõøòåìïåëåé ÷åòâåðåòö ïåðâîé ãðóïïû íå áûëî: âñåîíè, â îñîáåííîñòè øòåìïåëè ë. ñ., èíäèâèäóàëüíûè ëåãêî îòëè÷àþòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà äåòàëÿìè. Áîëü-øèíñòâî âàðèàíòîâ ñîñòîèò èç îäíîé-òðåõ ìîíåò,åñòü ñ ÷åòûðüìÿ-âîñåìüþ, à 12 ýêç. – ìàêñèìàëü-íîå êîëè÷åñòâî ìîíåò â îäíîì âàðèàíòå. Âàðèàíò31 ñòîèò îñîáíÿêîì. Ýòà ìîíåòà îò÷åêàíåíà î÷åíüïðèìèòèâíî èñïîëíåííûìè øòåìïåëÿìè, êîòîðûåêîïèðóþò ÷åòâåðåòöû ïåðâîé ãðóïïû, íî î÷åíüãðóáî è íåïðîôåññèîíàëüíî (Êàò., ¹ 218). Ýòîïðèìåð èëè ó÷åíè÷åñêîé ïðîáû, èëè, ÷òî âåðîÿò-íåå, ðàáîòû ôàëüøèâîìîíåò÷èêà XV â. Åå íèçêèéâåñ (0,15 ã) ãîâîðèò â ïîëüçó âòîðîãî ïðåäïîëîæå-íèÿ. Ìîíåòà ïðîèñõîäèò èç Íîâãîðîäà (ñì. Ïðèëî-æåíèå 1, ¹ 58).

×åòâåðåòöû ïåðâîé ãðóïïû – äîâîëüíî ðåäêèåìîíåòû. Èç íèõ 77 ýêç. íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîáðàíèè ÃÝ è

Ðèñ. 83. Ñõåìà ïîøòåìïåëüíûõ ñâÿçåé ïåðâîé ãðóïïû ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö. Òèï Ià.Òðåõçíà÷íûå ÷èñëà – ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà ïî Êàòàëîãó, îäíî- è äâóõçíà÷íûå – íîìåðà âàðèàíòîâ.

Ãëàâà 5


ïðîèñõîäÿò èç êîëëåêöèè Ô. Ì. Ïëþøêèíà. Îíèâîñõîäÿò ê êàêîìó-òî ðàííåìó êëàäó ïñêîâñêèõ ìî-íåò (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 2, ¹ 3). Âî âñåõ äðóãèõ ãîñó-äàðñòâåííûõ è ÷àñòíûõ êîëëåêöèÿõ èçâåñòíî ëèøü60 òàêèõ ìîíåò.

Ïîõîæàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ âûÿâëåíà À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêî-âîé äëÿ ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã «àðõàè÷åñêîãî» òèïà(Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 232, 233. Òàáë. I). «Àð-õàè÷åñêèõ» ïñêîâîê ìàëî (îê. 150 ýêç.), îíè âîñõî-äÿò ê 40 âàðèàíòàì è èìåþò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûåøòåìïåëüíûå ñâÿçè äðóã ñ äðóãîì (Ðèñ. 81). Èçãî-òîâëåíèå ÷åòâåðåòö ïåðâîé ãðóïïû ïðîèñõîäèëî,âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî, îäíîâðåìåííî ñ ÷åêàíêîé ðàí-íèõ äåíåã è äîâîëüíî íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ.Ó íàñ íåò íèêàêèõ ñâåäåíèé î ïðåêðàùåíèè èõïðîèçâîäñòâà, óñëîâíî îáùóþ õðîíîëîãèþ èçãî-òîâëåíèÿ ýòèõ ìîíåò ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü â 10 ëåò(1425–1435 ãã.).

Ãðàôèê âåñîâîé äèàãðàììû ÷åòâåðåòö ïåðâîéãðóïïû (ïî 118 ýêç.) ñâîèì ïèêîì óêàçûâàåò íà âåñ0,18 ã (Ðèñ. 84). Òàêîå æå çíà÷åíèå äàåò è ñðåäíèéâåñ. Îí ìåíüøå ÷åòâåðòè âåñîâîãî ìàêñèìóìà ðàí-íèõ ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã, êîòîðûé, ïî À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêî-âîé, ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,79 è 0,76 ã.

Ìîíåò âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï (òèï Iá è Iâ) íà-ñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ 238 ýêç. Îíè çàìåòíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò«àðõàè÷åñêèõ» ÷åòâåðåòö ñòèëèñòè÷åñêè è ïî ôîð-ìå. Âñå ìîíåòû áîëåå êðóïíûå è òîíêèå, äëÿ èõ èç-ãîòîâëåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíî ñåðåáðî äðóãîãî êà÷å-ñòâà. Ìîíåòíûå êðóæêè ÷àñòî êðóãëûå, à ñðåäèîâàëüíûõ ìíîãî áëèçêèõ ê êðóãëûì. Ñëåäû ðàçðó-áîâ ïðîâîëî÷íûõ çàãîòîâîê âèäíû íå âñåãäà. Èçîá-ðàæåíèå ÷åëîâåêà êðóïíåå, ÷åì íà ðàííèõ ÷åòâå-

ðåòöàõ, è íà ìîíåòíûå çàãîòîâêè öåëèêîì ïîìåùà-åòñÿ ðåäêî. Ëåãåíäà î. ñ. âåçäå îôîðìëåíà â ÷åòûðåñòðîêè: «ÏÚ/ÑÊÎÂ/ÚÑÊÀ/ß». Îñíîâíîå êîëè÷å-ñòâî ÷åòâåðåòö âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï õðàíèòñÿ âãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñîáðàíèÿõ (170 ýêç., èç íèõ 118 ýêç.â ÃÝ). Â ÷àñòíûõ êîëëåêöèÿõ óäàëîñü îñìîòðåòü 66ìîíåò, à äâå èçâåñòíû ëèøü ïî èçäàíèÿì.

Ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ ÷åòâåðåòö âòîðîé è òðåòüåéãðóïï ïîòðåáîâàëà ìíîãî óñèëèé. Èçîáðàæåíèÿ èíàäïèñè âåçäå îäèíàêîâû, èíîãäà ïî÷òè èäåíòè÷-íû, è â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ áûëî î÷åíü ñëîæíî íà îòäåëü-íûõ ìîíåòàõ âûÿâèòü îäèíàêîâûå øòåìïåëè. Ïðåä-ëàãàåìàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ïîä÷èíåíà ïîøòåìïåëü-íîìó, à íå õðîíîëîãè÷åñêîìó ïðèíöèïó. Ñåé÷àñíåâîçìîæíî ñêàçàòü, êàêèå âàðèàíòû ýòèõ ìîíåò èç-ãîòîâëåíû ðàíüøå, à êàêèå ïîçæå.

Âñå ÷åòâåðåòöû âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï ïî ñî-îòíîøåíèþ øòåìïåëåé ðàñïðåäåëèëèñü íà 135 âà-ðèàíòîâ. Âî âòîðîé ãðóïïå 125 ìîíåò îáúåäèíåíûâ 62 âàðèàíòàõ (Êàò., ¹ 219–280), â òðåòüåé – 113ìîíåò â 73 âàðèàíòàõ (Êàò., ¹ 281–353). Ðàçäåëåíèå÷åòâåðåòö íà äâå ãðóïïû î÷åíü óñëîâíî. Âñå èõ îò-ëè÷èå çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî èçîáðàæåíèå ÷åëîâå-êà íà ìîíåòàõ âòîðîé ãðóïïû íåìíîãî êðóïíåå,÷åì íà ìîíåòàõ òðåòüåé. Âî âòîðîé ãðóïïå ñîîòâåò-ñòâåííî 33 è 13 âàðèàíòîâ ìîíåò (¹ 1–33 è ¹ 37–49) îêàçàëèñü òåñíî ñâÿçàííûìè îáùèìè øòåìïå-ëÿìè è èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü, âåðîÿòíî, â êàêîå-òî áëèç-êîå âðåìÿ (Ðèñ. 85). Â òðåòüåé ãðóïïå òàêîé êàðòè-íû íåò. Øòåìïåëüíûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó âàðèàíòàìèåñòü, íî îíè íåçíà÷èòåëüíû (ìàêñèìàëüíî 8 âàðè-àíòîâ – ¹ 9–16) (Ðèñ. 86).

Áîëüøèíñòâî âàðèàíòîâ âòîðîé ãðóïïû ÷åòâå-ðåòö ñîñòîèò èç îäíîé-äâóõ ìîíåò, åñòü ñ òðåìÿ-ïÿ-òüþ, à 7 ýêç. – ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ìîíåò â îä-íîì âàðèàíòå. Áîëüøèíñòâî âàðèàíòîâ òðåòüåé ãðóï-ïû ñîñòîèò èç îäíîé-äâóõ ìîíåò, 6 ýêç. – ìàêñèìàëü-íîå ÷èñëî ìîíåò â îäíîì âàðèàíòå.

Ïðè ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè ÷åòâåðåòö òðåòüåé ãðóïïûó÷èòûâàëèñü íå òîëüêî ñîîòíîøåíèÿ øòåìïåëåé, íîè ñòèëèñòèêà èçîáðàæåíèÿ ë. ñ. Îñîáàÿ ñëîæíîñòüðàáîòû ñ íèìè îêàçàëàñü â òîì, ÷òî ëèøü íåìíîãèå÷åòâåðåòöû óäàëîñü îáúåäèíèòü îáùèìè øòåìïåëÿ-ìè â áëèçêèå ãðóïïû, îáðàçîâàâ íåáîëüøèå «öåïî÷-êè». Â êîíöå êàæäîé òàêîé ãðóïïû ïîñòàâëåíû îò-äåëüíûå, íå ñâÿçàííûå øòåìïåëÿìè, âàðèàíòû ìî-íåò, êîòîðûå ëèøü ñòèëèñòè÷åñêè áëèçêè ýòîé ãðóï-ïå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýòî ñäåëàíî «íà ãëàç». Ïðè îá-íàðóæåíèè íîâûõ ìîíåò ýòè «îäèíî÷êè» èëè ïðèñî-åäèíÿòñÿ ê «öåïî÷êå», èëè íåò. Îíè ìîãóò òàêæåîáúåäèíèòüñÿ ñ äðóãîé «öåïî÷êîé», è òîãäà ýòó ìî-íåòó íåîáõîäèìî áóäåò ïåðåíîñèòü â äðóãîå ìåñòîÊàòàëîãà.

Ìíîãèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà ÷åòâåðåòöàõâòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï ñòèëèñòè÷åñêè î÷åíü áëèç-êè òàêîâûì íà ïñêîâñêèõ äåíãàõ. Êàê è â ñëó÷àå ñãðóïïîé ðàííèõ ÷åòâåðåòö, ýòî íàáëþäåíèå ïîçâî-ëÿåò çàêëþ÷èòü, ÷òî ìíîãèå øòåìïåëè äëÿ ÷åêàíêèîáîèõ íîìèíàëîâ ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò çà÷àñòóþ èçãî-òàâëèâàëèñü îäíèìè äåíåæíûìè ìàñòåðàìè. Äàòè-ðîâàòü âûïóñêè ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã ìîæíî áóäåòòîëüêî ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ èõ ïîëíîé ñèñòåìàòèçà-öèè. Ëèøü òîãäà ó èññëåäîâàòåëåé ïîÿâèòñÿ âîç-

Ðèñ. 84. Äèàãðàììà âåñà ïåðâîé ãðóïïû ïñêîâñêèõ÷åòâåðåòö. Òèï Ià (Êàò., ¹ 188–218). Ïî 118 ýêç.

Ãëàâà 4 109

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Ãëàâà 5


Ðè

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Ãëàâà 4 111

ìîæíîñòü, îïèðàÿñü íà ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîå ñõîäñòâîðàçíûõ ìîíåòíûõ íîìèíàëîâ, äàòèðîâàòü áûòîâà-íèå îòäåëüíûõ ÷åòâåðåòö.

Ìîíåòà, âûäåëåííàÿ â âàðèàíò 73 òèïà Iâ, ñòî-èò îñîáíÿêîì (Êàò., ¹ 353; ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå ïîñëåîïèñàíèÿ ìîíåòû). Îíà çàìåòíî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò âñåõäðóãèõ ÷åòâåðåòö è âïîëíå ìîæåò áûòü ñâèäåòåëü-ñòâîì ðàáîòû ôàëüøèâîìîíåò÷èêîâ íà÷àëà XVI â.Ìîíåòà ïðîèñõîäèò èç Íîâãîðîäñêîãî Ïîîçåðüÿ(ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 74).

Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ìîíåòàìè âòîðîé è òðåòüåéãðóïï ðîæäàþò òå æå ñîîáðàæåíèÿ, ÷òî è àíàëèçíîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö (ñì.Ãë. 4). Íåçíà÷èòåëüíûåïîøòåìïåëüíûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó îòäåëüíûìè èõ âàðè-àíòàìè ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò ëèøü îá îãðàíè÷åííîñòèìàòåðèàëà. ×åòâåðåòö èçâåñòíî ïîêà íåçíà÷èòåëü-íîå êîëè÷åñòâî – ìåíåå 8 % ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äåíãà-ìè. Îäíàêî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â äåíåæíîìîáðàùåíèè Ïñêîâà, êàê è â Íîâãîðîäå, èõ áûëî íå-ìàëî. Íå ñëåäóåò çàáûâàòü, ÷òî ÷åòâåðåòöû, ïîäîá-íî ïóëàì, ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ïîïàäàëè â êëàäû, àèìåííî êëàäû äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè áûëè îñíîâ-

íûì èñòî÷íèêîì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ôîíäà ñðåäíåâå-êîâûõ ðóññêèõ ìîíåò.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðåäëîæåííóþ ñèñòåìàòèçà-öèþ ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö òèïà Iá è Iâ íè â êîåéìåðå íå ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü îêîí÷àòåëüíîé. Â áóäó-ùåì îíà áóäåò ìåíÿòüñÿ. Ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì â èññëåäî-âàíèå íîâûõ ìîíåò âûÿâÿòñÿ íîâûå ïîøòåìïåëü-íûå ñâÿçè; îòäåëüíûå âàðèàíòû ìîíåò ñîåäèíÿòñÿäðóã ñ äðóãîì; íåèçáåæíî ïîÿâÿòñÿ è ÷åòâåðåòöû,îò÷åêàíåííûå íîâûìè, íåèçâåñòíûìè ñåé÷àñøòåìïåëÿìè.

×åòêèé ïèê ãðàôèêà âåñîâîé äèàãðàììû ìî-íåò âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï ïîêàçûâàåò 0,17 ã (ïî155 ýêç.), ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î íåáîëüøîì ñíèæå-íèè âåñà ýòèõ ìîíåò ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ «àðõàè÷åñêè-ìè» ÷åòâåðåòöàìè. Ãðàôèêè, ïîñòðîåííûå äëÿ êàæ-äîé ãðóïïû ìîíåò îòäåëüíî, äàëè òàêîé æå ðåçóëü-òàò (Ðèñ. 87). Íåò íèêàêèõ äàííûõ ê õðîíîëîãè÷åñ-êîìó ðàçäåëåíèþ ðàçíûõ âûïóñêîâ ÷åòâåðåòöâòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï, èçâåñòíû ëèøü êðàéíèåïðåäåëû èõ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ: ñ 1435? äî 1510 ã. Íåèçâå-ñòíî òàêæå, ÷åêàíèëèñü ëè îíè ïîñòîÿííî íà ïðîòÿ-æåíèè ýòîãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè èëè èõ âûïóñêèáûëè ýïèçîäè÷åñêèìè. Íî ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü óñòàíîâ-ëåííûì, ÷òî èõ âåñîâàÿ íîðìà â ïåðèîä âñåãî âû-ïóñêà áûëà îäèíàêîâîé, à âåñîâîé ìàêñèìóì ñî-ñòàâëÿë 0,17 ã.

Êëàäîâ ñ ïñêîâñêèìè ÷åòâåðåòöàìè íå çàðåãè-ñòðèðîâàíî. Åñòü ëèøü êîñâåííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâà îáèõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèè (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 8, 12).Åäèíè÷íûõ æå íàõîäîê ýòèõ ìîíåò çàðåãèñòðèðîâà-íî óæå íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ. Â Ïñêîâå íàéäåíû 24ìîíåòû âñåõ ãðóïï (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 14–16,19–22, 24). Íà òåððèòîðèè Ïñêîâñêîé çåìëè îòìå-÷åíû íàõîäêè øåñòè ìîíåò âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóï-ïû. Òðè èç íèõ îáíàðóæåíû â ñðåäíåâåêîâîì ìî-ãèëüíèêå ó ä. ×óäñêàÿ Ðóäíèöà, åùå òðè ïðîèñõîäÿòèç Èçáîðñêà (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 27, 28, 30). ÑÏñêîâñêèì ðåãèîíîì ñâÿçàíû 80 ÷åòâåðåòö èç ÎÍÃÝ (êîëëåêöèÿ Ô. Ì. Ïëþøêèíà) è 14 ÷åòâåðåòö èçôîíäîâ ÏÌ (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 8, 11, 12). Â Âå-ëèêîì Íîâãîðîäå è åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàéäåíà 51ïñêîâñêàÿ ÷åòâåðåòöà: 13 «àðõàè÷åñêèõ» è 38 áîëååïîçäíèõ (ñì. Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, ¹ 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 58,64, 72, 74). Òîïîãðàôèÿ ìîíåòíûõ íàõîäîê ñâèäå-òåëüñòâóåò îá îáðàùåíèè ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö, âîñíîâíîì, â Ïñêîâñêîì ðåãèîíå. Èíòåðåñåí ôàêòìàññîâîãî îáðàùåíèÿ ýòèõ ìîíåò â Âåëèêîì Íîâ-ãîðîäå.

Ñðåäè ìîíåò âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï øåñòü÷åòâåðåòö îáðåçàíû, ÷òî ìîæåò ãîâîðèòü îá èõ îá-ðàùåíèè ïîñëå ïîòåðè Ïñêîâîì íåçàâèñèìîñòèâïëîòü äî äåíåæíîãî êðèçèñà 20-õ ãîäîâ XVI â.

Èòàê, â Ïñêîâå ñ íà÷àëà è, âåðîÿòíî, äî êîíöàñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé äåíåæíîé ÷åêàíêè â ìîíåòíîéñèñòåìå íàðÿäó ñ äåíãàìè âûïóñêàëèñü è èõ ôðàê-öèè – ÷åòâåðåòöû. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà âñåãî äîñ-òóïíîãî ìîíåòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà óäàëîñü óñòàíîâèòü,÷òî ñ 1425 ã. ÷åòâåðåòöû èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü âåñîì â0,18 ã (òèï Ià), à ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî ëåò (óñëîâíî 10)ïðîèçîøëî ïîíèæåíèå âåñîâîé íîðìû ñ íåçíà÷è-òåëüíûì èçìåíåíèåì ìîíåòíîãî òèïà, â ðåçóëüòàòå÷åãî íîâûå ìîíåòû ÷åêàíèëèñü âåñîì â 0,17 ã (òèï

Ðèñ. 87. Äèàãðàììà âåñà âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïïïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö. Òèïû Ià è Iá

(Êàò., ¹ 219–353) Ïî 155 ýêç.à – âåñ ìîíåò âòîðîé ãðóïïû. 84 ýêç.á – âåñ ìîíåò òðåòüåé ãðóïïû. 71 ýêç.

Ãëàâà 5


Iá è Iâ). Ìîíåòû âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ãðóïï âûïóñêà-ëèñü, âåðîÿòíî, âïëîòü äî ïîòåðè Ïñêîâîì íåçàâè-ñèìîñòè â 1510 ã.

Â Íîâãîðîäå âåñîâîé ìàêñèìóì ÷åòâåðåòö(0,19 ã) îêàçàëñÿ íà 0,01 ã ìåíüøå «óñòàâíîãî»(0,20 ã) (ñì. Ãë. 4). Ïî àíàëîãèè âåñîâóþ íîðìó èëè«óñòàâíûé» âåñ äëÿ ðàçíûõ âûïóñêîâ ÷åòâåðåòöÏñêîâà ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü â 0,19 è 0,18 ã. Ñóäÿ ïîýòèì öèôðàì ïîëó÷àåòñÿ, ÷òî «óñòàâíûé» âåñïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã â 1425 ã. áûë ðàâåí 0,76 ã, à ÷åðåçíåñêîëüêî ëåò áûë ïîíèæåí äî 0,72 ã. Ýòî íå ñîãëà-ñóåòñÿ ñ ýâîëþöèåé âåñà ïñêîâîê, êîòîðóþ ïðåäëî-æèëà À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà (ñì. âûøå). Ïî åå ìíåíèþ,ñíà÷àëà îíè âåñèëè 0,76 è 0,79 ã, çàòåì äëèòåëüíîåâðåìÿ âåñ äåíåã êîëåáàëñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ 0,74–0,77 ã, àâ ïîñëåäíèå äâà äåñÿòèëåòèÿ íåçàâèñèìîñòè Ïñêî-âà áûë óâåëè÷åí è ñîñòàâèë 0,79 ã (Òàáë. Å).

* * *Ìåòðîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åò-

âåðåòö âñòóïàþò, òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ïðîòèâîðå÷èåñ ñóùåñòâóþùåé ñõåìîé îñíîâíûõ ýòàïîâ äåíåæ-íîãî äåëà Ïñêîâà. Äëÿ ïðîâåðêè ýòîé ñõåìû èñ-ïîëüçîâàíà êàðòîòåêà ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã À. Ñ. Ìåëü-íèêîâîé ñ âåñîì êàæäîé ìîíåòû (õðàíèòñÿ â àðõè-âå ÎÍ ÃÈÌ, ëþáåçíî ïðåäîñòàâëåíà àâòîðîì êàð-òîòåêè äëÿ íàñòîÿùåãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ) è òàáëèöûñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìîíåòíûõ øòåìïåëåé (Ìåëüíèêî-

âà À.Ñ., 1963. Òàáë. I–V). Ïî ýòèì äàííûì ÿ ïî-ñòðîèë ãðàôèêè âåñîâûõ äèàãðàìì äëÿ âñåõ ãðóïïïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ñâåäåíûâ òàáëèöó (Òàáë. Æ). Â íåé ìîíåòû ðàçíûõ òèïîâ(è ñ íàäïèñüþ, è ñ áàðñîì) îòäåëåíû äðóã îò äðó-ãà ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí, óêàçàííûõ íèæå. Äëÿ áîëü-øèíñòâà ãðóïï ìîíåò âåñîâûå ìàêñèìóìûïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâïàëè ñ äàííûìè À. Ñ. Ìåëü-íèêîâîé. Ðàññìîòðèì èõ.

Òàáëèöà I, âàðèàíòû 1–49 («àðõàè÷åñêèå» äåí-ãè ñ íàäïèñüþ). 80 ýêç. ìîíåò ïîêàçàëè áîëüøîéðàçáðîñ âåñà (îò 0,60 äî 0,82 ã) è äâà âåñîâûõ ìàê-ñèìóìà: 0,76 è 0,79 ã. Ïðîâàë íà ãðàôèêå ìåæäóýòèìè öèôðàìè ñâÿçàí, íàâåðíîå, ñ îãðàíè÷åííî-ñòüþ ìîíåòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Ïðè åãî óâåëè÷åíèèîí, âåðîÿòíî, ñãëàäèòñÿ. Âðÿä ëè ñëåäóåò äóìàòü,÷òî ýòè ìîíåòû, î íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè âûïóñêàêîòîðûõ ãîâîðèëîñü âûøå, ïðåòåðïåëè â ïðîöåññåèçãîòîâëåíèÿ ïîíèæåíèå âåñîâîé íîðìû. Åñëè ìîèðàññóæäåíèÿ âåðíû, òî ìû âïðàâå ïðèíÿòü çà âåñî-âîé ìàêñèìóì ýòèõ ìîíåò ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå óêà-çàííûõ öèôð, ò. å. âåñ 0,77–0,78 ã.

Òàáëèöà II, âàðèàíòû 1–336 (äåíãè ñ íàäïè-ñüþ). Âåñ 615 ìîíåò ïîêàçàë íà äèàãðàììå ÷åòêèéïèê â 0,76 ã.

Òàáëèöà III, âàðèàíòû 1–165, 222–225 (äåíãè ñíàäïèñüþ). Âåñ 262 ìîíåò ïîêàçàë íà äèàãðàììå÷åòêèé ïèê â 0,75–0,76 ã.

Таблица Е

Классификация псковских монет

(по А. С. Мельниковой)

Таблицы,

варианты

Типы* Весовые

нормы, г

Количество

монет

Хронология

I I 0,76 и 0,79 150 1425 – ? г.

II I 0,76 400 ? – 1460 г.

III I

II

0,75

0,76–0,77

500 1460–1490 гг.

IV, V, 1–271

V, 308–421

II 0,74–0,75

0,79

700 1460–1490 гг.

1490–1510 гг.

Василий III – 0,79 – 1510–1533 гг.

* Тип I – с надписью на о. с. Тип II – с изображением барса на о. с.

Таблица Ж

Классификация псковских монет

(по архиву ОН ГИМ)

Таблицы, варианты Типы* Весовые максимумы, г Количество монет

I, 1–49 I 0,76 и 0,79 (0,77–0,78) 80

II, 1–336 I 0,76 615

III, 1–165, 222–225 I 0,75–0,76 262

IV, 1–103, 1–10 II 0,72–0,73 154

V, 1–230, 238–271;

III, 166–221

II 0,75–0,77 ок. 540

V, 308–421 II 0,78 166

Василий III – 0,77 1302

* Тип I – с надписью на о. с. Тип II – с изображением барса на о. с.

Ãëàâà 4 113

Òàáëèöà III, âàðèàíòû 166–221 (äåíãè ñ áàð-ñîì). Âåñ 101 ìîíåòû ïîêàçàë íà äèàãðàììå ïèê â0,75–0,77 ã (ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì âåñà 0,75 ã).

Òàáëèöà IV, âàðèàíòû 1–103, 1–10 (äåíãè ñ áàð-ñîì). Âåñ 154 ìîíåò ïîêàçàë íà äèàãðàììå ïèê â0,72–0,73 ã.

Òàáëèöà V, âàðèàíòû 1–230, 238–271 (äåíãè ñáàðñîì). Âåñ 440 ìîíåò ïîêàçàë íà äèàãðàììå ïèêâ 0,75–0,77 ã (ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì âåñà 0,75 ã). Ïî-ñêîëüêó òî÷íî òàêèå æå ïîêàçàòåëè îêàçàëèñü ó ìî-íåò ñ áàðñîì, ïîìåùåííûõ íà òàáëèöå III, â òàáëè-öå Æ îáå ýòè ãðóïïû îáúåäèíåíû (ñì. Òàáë. Æ).

Òàáëèöà V, âàðèàíòû 308–421 (äåíãè ñ áàð-ñîì). Âåñ 166 ìîíåò ïîêàçàë íà äèàãðàììå ïèê â0,78 ã.

Äåíãè ñ èìåíåì Âàñèëèÿ III, èçãîòàâëèâàâøèå-ñÿ â Ïñêîâå ñ 1510 ïî 1533 ã. Âåñ 1302 ìîíåò ïîêà-çàë íà äèàãðàììå ïèê â 0,77 ã.

Èòàê, ñðàâíåíèå òàáëèö 1 è 2 ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òîèõ äàííûå ïî÷òè ñîâïàäàþò. Ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ñëåäó-åò ïîìíèòü, ÷òî À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà â ìåòðîëîãè÷å-ñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèêàõ îïåðèðîâàëà ïîíÿòèåì «âå-ñîâîé íîðìû», ò. å. «óñòàâíîãî» èëè ðåêîíñòðóè-ðîâàííîãî âåñà, à ÿ – ïîíÿòèåì «âåñîâîé ìàêñè-ìóì», êîòîðûé ïîëó÷åí íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà âåñàðåàëüíûõ ìîíåò. Îòëè÷èÿ íåáîëüøèå. Íà òàáëèöå 2èìååòñÿ ãðóïïà ìîíåò ñ áàðñîì, âåñîâîé ìàêñè-ìóì êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,72–0,73 ã. Ïî äàííûìòàáëèöû 1 ìîíåò ñ òàêèì âåñîì íåò. Ïîçäíèå («òÿ-æåëûå») ìîíåòû ñ áàðñîì, à òàêæå ìîíåòû Âàñè-ëèÿ III, ïî äàííûì òàáëèöû 1, èìåþò åäèíóþ âåñî-âóþ íîðìó – 0,79 ã. Ïî äàííûì òàáëèöû 2 âåñîâûåìàêñèìóìû ðàçíûå: ó ìîíåò ñ áàðñîì – 0,78 ã, à óìîíåò Âàñèëèÿ III – 0,77 ã.

Èìåííî ñîâïàäåíèå âåñà òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «òÿ-æåëûõ» äåíåã ñ áàðñîì è ìîíåò Âàñèëèÿ III ïîçâî-ëèëî À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé âûñêàçàòü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå,÷òî ýòè «òÿæåëûå» ìîíåòû – ñàìàÿ ïîçäíÿÿ ãðóïïàïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã, à âðåìÿ èõ ÷åêàíêè îòíåñòè ê1490–1510 ãã. Ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ïîäêðåïëåíî ñâå-äåíèÿìè èç ïèñüìåííûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, êîòîðûå, ïîìíåíèþ èññëåäîâàòåëÿ, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ïåðåõî-äå â Ïñêîâå â 90-å ãîäû XV â. íà îáùåðóññêèé ñ÷åò(Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 236–238). Îäíàêî ñîñòàâ-ëåíèå ýòèõ ïèñüìåííûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñå-ðåäèíå XVI â. è ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îíè î ïåðåîðèåí-òàöèè äåíåæíîé ñèñòåìû Ïñêîâà íà «ìîñêîâñêîå÷èñëî» íå ñòîëü óæ î÷åâèäíî. Îá ýòîì, êñòàòè, ïè-

øåò è ñàì àâòîð (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963. Ñ. 238). Òà-êèì îáðàçîì, ÿ ñ÷èòàþ ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î ïåðåõîäåäåíåæíîé ñèñòåìû Ïñêîâà â 1490-å ãîäû íà âåñî-âûå íîðìû ìîñêîâñêîé (îáùåðóññêîé) äåíåæíîéñèñòåìû íåäîêàçàííûì, à äàòèðîâêó ãðóïïû «òÿ-æåëûõ» ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò ñ áàðñîì 1490–1510 ãã.ïðåæäåâðåìåííîé.

Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ ñõåìû ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìîíåòíûõøòåìïåëåé, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà òàáëèöàõÀ. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé, ÿ îáðàòèë âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òîâî âñåé ìîíåòíîé ÷åêàíêå Ïñêîâà ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåòïîøòåìïåëüíîé ñâÿçè ó ìîíåò ðàçíûõ òèïîâ: ñ íàä-ïèñüþ è ñ áàðñîì. Ìîæíî íàçâàòü âñåãî ëèøü äâàñëó÷àÿ ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ., 1963.Òàáë. V). Äåíãà ¹ 272 ñ íàäïèñüþ îäíîâðåìåííîñâÿçàíà åùå ñ òðåìÿ øòåìïåëÿìè î. ñ. ìîíåò ñèçîáðàæåíèåì áàðñà (¹ 265, 282, 284). Äåíãà ¹ 402ñ íàäïèñüþ òàêæå îäíîâðåìåííî ñâÿçàíà ñ òðåìÿøòåìïåëÿìè î. ñ. ìîíåò ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì áàðñà(¹ 401, 403, 404). Ïðè ïðîâåðêå äåíãè ¹ 402 ïî êàð-òîòåêå îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî íà êàðòî÷êå ñ åå îïèñàíèåìíàõîäèòñÿ ðèñóíîê áàðñà, à íå íàäïèñü, êàê íà òàá-ëèöå â èçäàíèè. Åñëè ýòî îøèáêà, âêðàâøàÿñÿ â ðà-áîòó èçäàòåëüñêîãî õóäîæíèêà – îôîðìèòåëÿ òàá-ëèö, òî ñëó÷àè øòåìïåëüíîé ñâÿçè ìîíåò ðàçíûõòèïîâ âîîáùå ñâîäÿòñÿ ê îäíîìó!

Òàêàÿ ïîëíàÿ èçîëèðîâàííîñòü äðóã îò äðóãàäâóõ òèïîâ ïñêîâñêèõ ìîíåò íàïîìèíàåò Íîâãîðîä,ãäå øòåìïåëè äåíåã ðàçíûõ òèïîâ (ñî ñòîÿùåé èëè ññèäÿùåé ëåâîé ôèãóðîé) òàêæå ñîâåðøåííî íå ñâÿ-çàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé. Èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè íîâãîðîäñêèõìîíåò âûñêàçàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ýòî ïðîäóê-öèÿ äâóõ öåíòðîâ äåíåæíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà (äåíåæ-íûõ äâîðîâ?), ñóùåñòâîâàâøèõ â Íîâãîðîäå íà ïðî-òÿæåíèè âñåãî ïåðèîäà ÷åêàíêè ñîáñòâåííûõ ìîíåòè òàêèì îáðàçîì ïîìå÷àâøèõ ñâîþ ïðîäóêöèþ(Ñîòíèêîâà Ì.Ï., 1999. Ñ. 30, 31; 2001á. Ñ. 2–5).

Ïî àíàëîãèè ñ Íîâãîðîäîì ðàçóìíî âûñêàçàòüè äëÿ Ïñêîâà òî÷íî òàêîå æå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå: äåíãèðàçíûõ òèïîâ èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü äâóìÿ ãðóïïàìè äå-íåæíûõ ìàñòåðîâ (íà äâóõ äåíåæíûõ äâîðàõ?). Ðàç-äåëèì íà äâå ÷àñòè ïñêîâêè ðàçíûõ òèïîâ è âûñò-ðîèì ðàçíûå èõ ãðóïïû ïî âåñó. Â îòäåëüíîé òàá-ëèöå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû: ñëåâà ïîìåùåíûìîíåòû ñ íàäïèñüþ, à ñïðàâà – ñ áàðñîì (Òàáë. Ç).Äåíãè ñ áàðñîì ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà òðè ãðóïïû ñ âåñî-âûìè ìàêñèìóìàìè 0,78, 0,75–0,77 è 0,72–0,73 ã.Äåíãè ñ íàäïèñüþ ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà äâå ãðóïïû ñ

Ãëàâà 5

Таблица З

Классификация псковских монет по типам и весу

(без архаического типа)

Тип I (на о. с. надпись) Тип II (на о. с. барс)

Таблицы,

варианты

Весовые

максимумы, г


монет

Таблицы,

варианты

Весовые

максимумы, г


монет

V, 308–421 0,78 166

II, 1–336;

III, 1–165,

222–225

0,76

0,75–0,76

615

262

V, 1–230,

238–271;

III, 166–221

0,75–0,77 ок. 540

IV, 1–103, 1–10 0,72–0,73 154

Общее количество монет 877 Общее количество монет ок. 860


áëèçêèìè âåñîâûìè ìàêñèìóìàìè 0,76 è 0,75–0,76 ã. Ìîíåò I è II òèïîâ íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ ïî÷òè ïî-ðîâíó: 877 è îê. 860 ýêç.

Ïîÿâëåíèå áàðñà íà ïñêîâñêèõ äåíãàõÀ. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà îòíîñèò ê 1460-ì ãîäàì. Ïî åå ñõå-ìå ñíà÷àëà ÷åêàíèëèñü ìîíåòû âåñîì â 0,74–0,75 ã, àïîòîì – âåñîì â 0,79 ã. Âîçìîæíî è äðóãîå õðîíîëî-ãè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå, îñíîâàííîå íà ïîñòåïåííîì ïî-íèæåíèè âåñà ìîíåò. Âåñ «òÿæåëûõ» äåíåã ñ áàðñîì(0,78 ã) ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâïàäàåò ñ ïðåäëîæåííûììíîé âåñîâûì ìàêñèìóìîì ðàííèõ ïñêîâñêèõ äå-íåã (0,77–0,78 ã). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà÷àëî ÷åêàíêè äå-íåã ñ áàðñîì âïîëíå âîçìîæíî îòíîñèòü ê 1430-ìãîäàì, à ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ îíà ìîãëà äî 1510 ã. Ïîñòå-ïåííîå ñòóïåí÷àòîå ñíèæåíèå âåñà ýòèõ äåíåã òîëü-êî ïîäòâåðæäàåò ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î äîëãîâðåìåííîñ-òè òàêîé ÷åêàíêè. «Òÿæåëûõ» ìîíåò (âåñîì 0,78 ã)íåìíîãî (166 ýêç.). Âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îíè ÷åêà-íèëèñü íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. «Ëåãêèõ» äåíåã(âåñîì 0,72–0,73 ã) òàêæå íåìíîãî (154 ýêç.). Âîçìîæ-íî, îíè ÷åêàíèëèñü â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû íåçàâèñèìîñ-òè Ïñêîâà. Ñàìàÿ áîëüøàÿ ãðóïïà ìîíåò (îê. 540ýêç.) èìååò âåñ 0,75–0,77 ã è, êàê ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, îíàìîãëà âûïóñêàòüñÿ ìåæäó ÷åêàíêîé «òÿæåëûõ» è«ëåãêèõ» äåíåã â òå÷åíèå äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè. Êýòîìó ñëåäóåò äîáàâèòü, ÷òî íà íåñêîëüêèõ øòåìïå-ëÿõ ë. ñ. «òÿæåëûõ» äåíåã ñ áàðñîì (íå ìåíåå 12) óïëå÷à ÷åëîâåêà ïîìåùåí çíàê ÄÒ, ñòîÿùèé íà âñåõðàííèõ «àðõàè÷åñêèõ» äåíãàõ (Ìåëüíèêîâà À.Ñ.,1963. Òàáë. V Á. ¹ 325–328, 331–333, 335, 343, 344 èäð.). Ýòî íàáëþäåíèå òàêæå ìîæåò ñâèäåòåëüñòâî-âàòü î õðîíîëîãè÷åñêîé ïðååìñòâåííîñòè äâóõãðóïï ìîíåò.

Ñðåäè äåíåã ñ íàäïèñüþ íåò ãðóïïû ìîíåò ñâåñîì, áëèçêèì 0,78 ã. Âåñ âñåõ ìîíåò òèïà I ðàâåí0,75–0,76 ã, ïîýòîìó ãîâîðèòü îá îäíîâðåìåííîìíà÷àëå âûïóñêà îáîèõ òèïîâ ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã íåòíèêàêèõ îñíîâàíèé. ×åêàíêà äåíåã òèïà I íà÷àëàñü,âåðîÿòíî, íåìíîãî ïîçæå è ïðîäîëæàëàñü ïàðàë-ëåëüíî ñ âûïóñêîì îñíîâíîé ìàññû ìîíåò òèïà IIíà ïðîòÿæåíèè äîëãîãî âðåìåíè. «Ëåãêèõ» ìîíåòñðåäè äåíåã ñ íàäïèñüþ íåò, è âïîëíå âîçìîæíî,÷òî â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû íåçàâèñèìîñòè Ïñêîâà îíèâîîáùå íå ÷åêàíèëèñü.

Òàêîâ íîâûé ïðîåêò ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè ïñêîâñêèõäåíåã. Îí îñíîâàí íà ïðèçíàíèè «òÿæåëûõ» ìîíåòáîëåå ðàííèìè, à òàêæå íà äîïóùåíèè îäíîâðåìåí-íîñòè âûïóñêà äâóõ òèïîâ ìîíåò. Ïî íåìó âåñîâîéìàêñèìóì ïñêîâñêèõ äåíåã ïîñòåïåííî óìåíüøàåò-ñÿ ñ 0,78 äî 0,72 ã. Îäíàêî ýòî, êàê áóäòî, âñòóïàåò âïðîòèâîðå÷èå ñ ìåòðîëîãèåé ÷åòâåðåòö.

Îïðåäåëåííûé âûøå âåñ ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòöðàçíûõ ãðóïï ðàâåí 0,18 è 0,17 ã. Åñëè îðèåíòèðî-âàòüñÿ íà íåãî, òî òåîðåòè÷åñêèé âåñîâîé ìàêñè-ìóì äëÿ äåíåã äîëæåí ñîñòàâëÿòü 0,72 è 0,68 ã. Òà-êèì îáðàçîì, ìåæäó ðåàëüíûì âåñîì äåíåã è ÷åò-âåðåòö ïðè äåëåíèè íà 4 íåò äîëæíîãî ðàâåíñòâà:âåñ äåíåã ïðè âñåõ ðàçóìíûõ äîïóùåíèÿõ îñòàåòñÿáîëåå âûñîêèì.

Âûøå áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà òåñíàÿ âçàèìîñâÿçüìåæäó äåíãàìè «àðõàè÷åñêîãî» òèïà è ÷åòâåðåòöà-ìè òèïà Ià è äîêàçàíà ñèíõðîííîñòü èõ âûïóñêà.Åñëè ýòî òàê, òî ìû äîëæíû ïðèçíàòü, ÷òî äåíãè âå-

ñîì 0,77–0,78 ã è ÷åòâåðåòöû âåñîì 0,18 ã áûòîâàëèîäíîâðåìåííî. È ýòî ïðè òîì, ÷òî ðåàëüíîå ñîîò-âåòñòâèå âåñà äâóõ ìîíåò çàìåòíî íå ñîâïàäàëî. Òå-îðåòè÷åñêèé âåñ ÷åòâåðåòöû ïðè òàêîì âåñå äåíãèäîëæåí ñîñòàâëÿòü 0,192–0,195 ã.

×åòâåðåòöû âåñîì 0,17 ã (òèï Iá–â), òàêèì îá-ðàçîì, äîëæíû áûòü ñèíõðîííû äåíãàì äâóõ òèïîâ:ñ íàäïèñüþ è âåñîì 0,75–0,76 ã, à òàêæå ñ áàðñîì èâåñîì 0,75–0,77 ã. Çäåñü, êàê è ñ ðàííèìè ìîíåòà-ìè, íåò ðåàëüíîãî ñîâïàäåíèÿ âåñà äåíãè è ÷åòâå-ðåòöû (òåîðåòè÷åñêèé âåñ ôðàêöèè ïðè òàêîì âåñåîñíîâíîãî íîìèíàëà äîëæåí ñîñòàâëÿòü 0,187–0,192ã). Âåñ ÷åòâåðåòö òèïà Iá–â áëèæå âñåãî ñòîèò êâåñó «ëåãêîé» ãðóïïû äåíåã ñ áàðñîì (0,72–0,73 ã).Íî è çäåñü íåò ðåàëüíîãî ñîâïàäåíèÿ âåñîâ ìîíåò.Òåîðåòè÷åñêèé âåñ ôðàêöèè ïðè òàêîì âåñå îñíîâ-íîãî íîìèíàëà äîëæåí ñîñòàâëÿòü 0,180–0,182 ã.

Ñíèæåíèå âåñà ÷åòâåðåòö âòîðîé è òðåòüåéãðóïï íà 0,01 ã ìîæåò ïîêàçàòüñÿ ñëó÷àéíûì, åñëèáû íå âåñîâûå ïîêàçàòåëè ìîíåò. Ôîðìà âåñîâûõòðåóãîëüíèêîâ íà ãðàôèêàõ (ñ óçêèì îñíîâàíèåì èâûñîêîé âåðøèíîé) ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî ÷åò-âåðåòöû òèïîâ Ià è Iá–â èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü ïî ðàçíûìâåñîâûì íîðìàì. Âûâåðåííûé âåñ ìîíåò ðàçíûõâûïóñêîâ íå ïîçâîëÿåò ñîìíåâàòüñÿ â òîì, ÷òîïñêîâñêèì äåíåæíûì ìàñòåðàì ñòîëü íåçíà÷èòåëü-íîå, íî ïëàíîâîå ñíèæåíèå âåñà ÷åòâåðåòö áûëîâïîëíå äîñòóïíî.

Èòàê, â Ïñêîâå íà âñåì ïðîòÿæåíèè ñóâåðåí-íîé ÷åêàíêè ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ïðèñóòñòâèå â äåíåæ-íîé ñèñòåìå ìåëêîé ôðàêöèè äåíãè. Îäíàêî âåñ ÷å-òûðåõ ÷åòâåðåòö çäåñü âñåãäà áûë íèæå âåñà îäíîéäåíãè. À ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî ÷åòâåðåòöû â Ïñêîâå îá-ðàùàëèñü ïî ñëåãêà çàâûøåííîìó êóðñó. Â ýòîìñîñòîèò ñâîåîáðàçèå ïñêîâñêîé äåíåæíîé ñèñòåìûXV – íà÷àëà XVI â., ïîñêîëüêó â Íîâãîðîäå òàêîãîâåñîâîãî íåñîîòâåòñòâèÿ äâóõ ìîíåòíûõ íîìèíà-ëîâ íå áûëî. Ðåàëüíûé âåñ íîâãîðîäñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòöñîñòàâëÿë 0,19 ã, à âåñ íîâãîðîäñêîé ïî÷êè, ê êîòî-ðîé áûë ïðèðàâíåí «óñòàâíûé» âåñ ÷åòâåðåòö, –0,20 ã (ñì. Ãë. 4).

Â äåíåæíîé ìåòðîëîãèè Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà èÏñêîâà â XV â. ìîãëè èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ îäíè è òå æåâåñîâûå åäèíèöû. Åñëè ýòî òàê, òî «óñòàâíûé» âåñðàííèõ ïñêîâñêèõ ÷åòâåðåòö áûë ìåíüøå íîâãîðîä-ñêîé ïî÷êè íà 5 %, à âåñ áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ÷åòâåðåòö(òèï Iá–â) – íà 10 %. Íå èñêëþ÷åíà òàêæå âîçìîæ-íîñòü òîãî, ÷òî â Ïñêîâå â XV â. áûëè ñâîè ðåãèî-íàëüíûå âåñîâûå åäèíèöû è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ñâîÿäåíåæíàÿ ìåòðîëîãèÿ (ñî ñâîåé ïñêîâñêîé ïî÷-êîé), ïî êîòîðîé è èçãîòàâëèâàëèñü ìîíåòû, íî íàýòîò ñ÷åò íåò íèêàêèõ êîíêðåòíûõ ñâåäåíèé.

×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïðåäëîæåííîé âûøå íîâîé ïåðè-îäèçàöèè ïñêîâñêîé äåíåæíîé ÷åêàíêè, òî åå ñëå-äóåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü ëèøü êàê ïðåäâàðèòåëüíóþ.Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ýòîãî âîïðîñà íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäïðè-íÿòü íîâîå ìåòðîëîãè÷åñêîå èññëåäîâàíèå ïñêîâñ-êèõ äåíåã. È íà÷àòü åãî íàäî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñêëàäîâûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, íà îñíîâå êîòîðûõ, âîçìîæ-íî, óäàñòñÿ óòî÷íèòü ìåòðîëîãèþ è ïðîñëåäèòüõðîíîëîãèþ îòäåëüíûõ ãðóïï ìîíåò (â ïåðâóþ î÷å-ðåäü, «òÿæåëûõ» äåíåã ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì áàðñà), âû-äåëåííûõ À. Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâîé.

SUMMARY

The study «Russisn coins (poludengas,chetveretses and polushkas) of the 14th–17thcenturies» is a part of a larger study «Minor coinunits of medieval Rus’ (chetveretses, polushkas andpula of the end of the 14th to the 17th century)»,which was defended as a doctoral dissertation in 1999.The other half of this work titled «Russian coppercoins of the end of the 14th to the l6th century» waspublished as a monograph in Moscow in 1993.

This monograph consists of two parts («Theresearch» and «The catalogue») and five appendicescontaining specific data. The smallest silver coins –chetveritses and poluden’gas (polushkas) with thevalue of respectively one-fourth and one-half of theden’ga (the main monetary unit of the Russian middleage period) were the main subject of this study.Nearly 10,000 coins have been analyzed.

As a result of the analysis of all the collecteddata, Russian silver coins typical for the monetarysystem of the 14th–17th centuries have been fullysystematized and a detailed Catalogue has beencompiled. This was the first attempt of the analysis ofsmall coins in the context of Russian medieval coinminting and coin circulation. The research wasparticularly innovative for the period from the late14th century to the end of the first third of the 16thcentury. In the past, numismatists gave considerationto poluden’gas dated from 1533 to the late 17thcentury with no detailed analysis and only in generalterms within the study of the history of the nationalmonetary system. The monograph presents a detailedstudy of numismatic and written sources whichallowed a conclusion with regard to long-termcirculation of silver coins of small value.

Poluden’ga (literary meaning “half-den’ga”) withthe value of a half of silver den’ga and the weight of0,45–0,52g was first struck in the Principality ofMoscow in the late 14th century and it remained anintegral part of the monetary system of Rus’ and ofRussia for three centuries. The tiny silver polushkawhich by the mid 17th century weighed 0.08–0.09g andwas no bigger than 5 x 7 mm, was replaced in 1700 witha copper coin with the weight of approximately 3.10g.

The first part of the monograph (Research)consists of ten chapters. A detail overview of theHistoriography is given in Chapter 1 («History ofstudy into poluden’gas and chetveretses»). Innumismatic literature there are no other studies intothe smallest units of the Russian monetary system ofthe 14th–17th centuries. Such an objective has notbeen pursued by scholars before. It should beadmitted, that up until the recent past, the paucity ofavailable numismatic material prevented any attempts

to tackle the entire problem. On the other hand,poluden’gas, certain types dated from the 16th–17thcenturies in particular, have been known tonumismatists for a long time and studies into thesecoins have been always closely linked to the researchon silver coins minted in the Russian principalities inthe 14th–15th centuries, as well as to the research ontsarist coins of the 16th–17th centuries. However,Russian poluden’gas were always very rare coins,which left its mark on the quality of the study: it was,basically, limited to descriptions and publications ofsome of these coins. The historiography of threeperiods – the 18th to the early19th century, mid 19thcentury to 1917 and from 1917 to present days – hasbeen reviewed and analysed.

Chapter 2. «Sources. Review of the museum andprivate collections». The monograph is based on thecomplex study of numismatic and written sources.Written evidence for the existence of small coin unitsin the Russian monetary system of the 14th–17thcenturies provides only auxiliary material, therefore,this research is based mainly on coins, an assemblageof 9870 specimens from fifty collections includingtwenty four state collections (containing 90% of thecoins) and twenty six private collections (10% of thecoins). Data on sixty five hoards concealed during the15th – early 18th century and containing 7376 of thestudied 9870 coins have been analysed. There is asignificant number of written sources giving someevidence to small silver coins, including acts,customs and revenue books, records of the NovgorodMint, various writings of contemporaries, notes offoreigners, materials from foreign dictionaries andphrase-books. There are very few 15th centurysources, the great majority dating from the 16th and17th centuries.

Chapter 3. «Poluden’gas of the Great Principalityof Moscow and other principalities of North-East Rus(late 14th – first half of the 15th century). The chapterstarts with the overview of coin minting in Moscowduring the reign of Dmitriy Ivanovich Donskoy (1359–1389) and Vasiliy Dmitrievich (1389–1425), with thefollowing detailed review of all the small coins.

Poluden’gas bearing the name of DmitryDonskoy have not been found yet, although apossibility of such a discovery cannot be excluded.As a new monetary unit, the poluden’ga was detectedfor the first time in Moscow no later than at thebeginning of the reign of Vasily Dmitrievich. The nameof the unit is suggested by the inscriptions of severalcoins of this prince: «MOSCOW POLUDEN’GA»(Catalogue, ¹ 52–55). Written sources reveal such aterm no earlier than in the late 15th century.

402 ÊàòàëîãSummary

The very fact of the appearance of a coin unitequal in value to half of that of the main unit (den’ga),is very important. This testifies to the rapiddevelopment and differentiation of the Russianmonetary system after the start of minting of nationalcoins. The following counting system was establishedin Moscow by the late 14th century: a silver ingotweighing around 200 grs. (ruble) was equal to 2poltinas, or 10 grivnas, or 33 and 1/3 altyns, or 200dengas and 400 poluden’gas, grivna and altyn beingnot real coins, but accounting units only.

For the late 14th – first half of the 15th century,poluden’gas have been identified only in the Greatprincipality of Moscow and its appanages, as well as inthe principalities of Rostov, Nizhny-Novgorod-Suzdal’.A total of 206 poluden’gas of these principalities aredescribed in the Catalogue. Small coins of otherregional coin minting centres (Riazan’, Tver’,Yaroslavl’) are not known. It is not impossible that thecoins were not minted in these towns at all then.

A total of 173 poluden’gas of the Greatprincipality of Moscow have been recorded including107 specimens associated with Prince VasilyDmitrievich. The design of many poluden’gasresembles that of the main monetary unit. Monetarystamps were often used for their manufacture. A totalof 22 types of poluden’gas of Prince VasilyDmitrievich have been described in the Catalogue.The weight of these types gradually diminishes from0,52g to 0,22g. (Catalogue, ¹ 4–62). Minting of thesecoins can be traced throughout the reign of thissovereign.

Only four coins are associated with Prince VasilyII (1425–1462), two of them only conditionally(Catalogue, ¹ 62a–63b). Their weight fluctuatesbetween 0,16g and 0,28g. and the stylistic featuresmake it possible to date the poluden’gas to the firstperiod of the reign of this Prince (1425–1448). Later,most likely, these units were not minted in Moscow.Cease of minting can be explained by the long civilwar of the second quarter of the 15th century whichleft the economy and finances of the principality ofMoscow seriously undermined.

Poluden’gas from five appanage centers of theGreat Principality of Moscow have been recorded:those of Serpukhov and Borovsk (17 specimens),Zvenigorod (2), Mozhaisk (29) and Dmitrov (8). Theirweight is close to that of the Moscow coins. PrincesSemion Vladimirovich Borovsky (1410–1426) andVasily Yaroslavich (1426–1456) minted poluden’gas inSerpukhov; Prince Yuri Dmitrievich (1389–1434) and,probably, Prince Dmitry Yurevich (1434–1453) – inZvenigorod ; Princes Andrei Dmitrievich (1389–1432)and Ivan Andreevich (1432–1454) – in Mozhaisk andPrince Piotr Dmitrievich (1389–1428) – in Dmitrov,(Catalogue, ¹ 64–82b).

Five poluden’gas have been associated with thePrincipality of Rostov and nine with the Principalityof Nizhny-Novgorod-Suzdal’. They date to the late14th – first half of the 15th centuries (Catalogue,¹ 83–89). Twenty coins have not been identified dueto anonymous features or poor preservation(Catalogue, ¹ 90–102).

Chapter 4. «Chetveretses of Novgorod». Themonetary systems of Novgorod and Pskov during theperiod of independence also featured two monetaryunits. However, unlike in Moscow, the small unit inNovgorod the Great and in Pskov, the chetveretsa,was equal not to a half, but to a quarter of the den’ga.It is quite probable that at the time of the emergenceof monetary systems in these towns in the 1420s, thecoins were adapted to correspond to the monetarysystems of the trading partners of Novgorod andPskov in the Baltic region and Western Europe, onthe one hand, and that of the Great principality ofMoscow, on the other hand. The weight of the maincoin (den’ga) corresponded to the monetary system ofMoscow, whereas that of the small unit (chetveretsa) –to the Livonian system.

Data on 142 Novgorod chetveretses has beencollected, but only 119 coins have been examined,recorded and included in the Catalogue. They coverthe entire period of Novgorod independent minting(1420–1478) and are divided into five types(Catalogue, ¹ 103–187). The weight of the coins is0,19g. A chronicle reports that the den’ga ofNovgorod (weighing around 0,76–0,80g.) was equal toweigh four pochkas. The Novgorod pochka, a smallmetrological unit of the 15th century, weighed,therefore, around 0,20g. Chetverets of Novgorod theGreat equal in weight to one pochka had a value ofone-fourth of the den’ga.

Chapter 5. «Pskov Chetveretses». Threehundred and seventy five Pskov chetveretses havebeen recorded. All the coins have similar design andare described in the Catalogue as belonging to thesame type, but they may be conditionally divided intothree groups (Catalogue, ¹ 188–353). A total of 137chetveretses minted during the first decade ofindependent minting in Pskov (1425–1435?) havebeen allocated to the first group (type la). Theirweight is 0,18g. Coins of the second and third groups(type l-b and 1-c) include 238 coins and were probablyminted until the end of the period of independence ofPskov (1510). Their weight is 0,17g. The metrologicalcomparison of chetveretses and den’gas has shownthat there was no weight conformity between thesemonetary units. The weight of den’gas in Pskovduring the entire period of their minting was higher. Aconclusion can be drawn that, unlike theirNovgorodian counterparts, the Pskov chetveretsesalways circulated with a slightly higher value.

Chapter 6: «The minting of poluden’gas in thePrincipality of all Russia (Princes Ivan III and VasilyIII)». During the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505) theminting of small coins was resumed only in the late1470s – early 1480s. Polushkas, with or without thename of this sovereign, minted in Moscow are known.There are also recorded a few issues of polushkasbearing inscription «OSPODAR’ VSEIA RUSI» theminting of which was started in Novgorod after 1478(Catalogue, ¹ 354–367).

During the reign of Vasily III (1505–1533) mintingof poluden’gas bearing inscription «GOSUDAR» inelaborate characters begins in Moscow. Minting ofpolushkas with the inscription «GOSUDAR’ VSEIA

Òàáëèöû ïðîðèñåé 403Summary

RUSI» is associated with the activities of the Tver’Mint. Minting of polushkas bearing inscription«GOSUDAR’ VSEIA RUSI» in elaborate charactersbegan also in Pskov after 1510 (Catalogue, ¹ 368–383).

Russian chronicles reveal that, until l533 thetheoretical weight of Novgorod den’ga, Moscowden’ga and poluden’ga coins was respectively 0, 78g,0,39g and 0,195g. Nearly 300 poluden’gas have beenassociated with the reign of Princes Ivan III andVasily Ivanovich. The maximum weight of these coinsamounts to 0,17g – 0,18g, which corresponds quitewell with the theoretical weight.

Chapter 7. «The monetary reform of PrincessElena Glinskaya and the small unit of the monetarysystem». The reform was carried out in 1535-1538. Itresulted in a complete renewal of all units in themonetary system, which weight was decreased. Mintsthroughout the country began to strike silver coins ofthree new types: kopeks (0,68g), den’gas (1/2 kopek,0,34g) and poluden’gas or polushkas (1/4 kopek,0,17g). Numismatists associate four groups ofpolushkas with the reign of Prince/Tzar Ivan IV (1533–1584): those with inscription «GOSUDAR» inelaborate characters, as well as those bearinginscriptions «VELIKOGO NOVGORODA»,«PSKOVSKAYA» and «TVERSKAYA». Until theauthor’s research, many issues of polushkas remainedundetermined as to their origin and the precise periodof minting.

Further in the chapter, the author examines thecontroversial question in connection with aninteresting group of coins (the so-called «hybrid»coins) which until now have been not identified,although some researchers associate them withevents preceding the reform of 1535–1538. The authorcomes to the conclusion that these were fake coinsmanufactured by counterfeits of the second third ofthe 16th – early 17th century. They remain beyond thisresearch.

Chapter 8. «Typology and dating of polu-den’gas bearing inscription «GOSUDAR» in elaboratecharacters». Polushkas bearing inscription«GOSUDAR» in elaborate characters were retained inMoscow after 1535. Minting of these coins beganduring the reign of Prince Vasily III and this type ofpoluden’ga became most common and widespreadamongst the small coins of the Russian monetarysystem not only during the reign of Ivan IV, butthroughout the entire 17th century.

Over 8000 poluden’gas bearing inscription«GOSUDAR» in elaborate characters have beenrecorded. They are divided into ten variants, six ofwhich (1, 2, 5–7) were minted in Moscow and four (3,4, 8, 9) – in Pskov (Catalogue, ¹ 384–393).

The original weight of poluden’ga was based onthe normative weight of 0,l7g, which was the model forpolushkas of the variants 1–5 with the maximumweight of 0,15g–0,16g. The weight of the coin wasdecreased in Moscow in 1613 when poluden’gaobtained a normative weight of 0,127g. Polushkas ofvariants 6–9 was based on this weight, their actualweight being 0,12g. Polushkas of variant 10 weigh

0,08g–0,09g. This allows dating them to the year 1681when, after the decrease of the coin weight, thenormative weight of kopeks reached 0,40g.

Judging by the hoards, the circulation of thedifferent variants of polushkas bearing inscription«GOSUDAR» in elaborate characters continuedthroughout the entire 17th century.

Chapter 9. «Typology and chronology ofpoluden’gas beating names». During the reign of IvanIV, polushkas bearing town names were struck inNovgorod, Pskov and Tver’. Four hundred and ninetythree coins of this type have been recorded.

Three variants of poluden’gas bearing the nameof «VELIKIY NOVGOROD» (Novgorod the Great)were struck in Novgorod (287 coins, Catalogue,¹ 394–396). Metrological analysis and hoardsdemonstrate that the coins of the first variant are theoldest. They were struck from 1535 to the end of thereign of Ivan IV. Coins of the second variant closelyrelated to the coins of the first variant are very few.Polushkas of the third variant are the youngest. Oneshould bear in mind that minting of these coins isassociated Tzar Fyodor Ivanovich (1584–1598). Theywere struck discontinuously till the Swedishoccupation of Novgorod in 1611. Their minting wasresumed in 1617 and continued until the mid 1620s.

Minting of polushkas bearing the name of PrinceVasiliy Ivanovich Shuysky (1606–1610) undoubtedlydated to 1609–1610 was traced in Novgorod (3 coins, Catalogue, ¹ 397). Polushkas bearing the name ofTzar Mikhail Fiodorovich (1613–1645) wereintroduced in 1626 as a result of another reduction ofthe coin weight (22 coins, Catalogue, 398). Minting ofthese coins ceased shortly in 1627 when theNovgorod Mint was closed.

Three variants of poluden’gas bearing inscription«PSKOVSKAYA» were struck in Pskov (169 coins,Catalogue, ¹ 399–401). Based on the evidence of thehoards, one can see that the coins of the first variantwere the oldest, and their minting starting in 1535.Poluden’gas of the second variant are associated withthe reign of Tzar Fyodor Ivanovich. It was also thenwhen the unique poluden’gas of the third variantwere struck.

Poluden’gas bearing inscription «TVERSKAYA»are the least numerous amongst the small coins of the16th century. Two issues of these coins are known(37 coins, Catalogue, ¹ 402–403). Minting of thesecoins probably began in 1535, but not for long, sincethe Tver’ Mint was closed in the late 1540s – early1550s.

Theoretically, circulation of various issues ofpoluden’gas struck in Novgorod and Pskov could havecontinued throughout the entire 17th century; whereaspoluden’gas struck in Tver’ circulated till the late 16th

century.The analysis of poluden’gas minted in Moscow,

Novgorod, Pskov and Tver’ has demonstrated thatthese tiny coins were struck in the 16th–17th centuriesin much smaller quantities than units of higher value –kopeks and den’gas. Minting of poluden’gas was notprofitable either for the client or for the craftsmen; theirproduction was, therefore, discontinuous throughout

404 ÊàòàëîãSummary

the entire period. During the second half of the 17thcentury they were struck most sporadically.

Chapter 10. «Dating of ‘polushkas’ bearing animage of a double-headed eagle under three crowns».A tiny silver coin with the image of a double-headedeagle and the inscription «TZAR» (Catalogue, ¹ 419),has been studied in the last chapter. It is a coin well-known to all collectors of Russian coins and allnumismatists associate it with poluden’ga of TzarAlexey Mikhailovich (1645–1676). One hundred andninety two coins with the maximum of 0,11g–0,12ghave been recorded. The coin is not featured in thehoards of the second half of the 17th century whichraises some doubts with regard to the correctness oftheir chronology. On the basis of re-examination ofthe evidence from the written sources, as well as ofthe analysis of a formerly unknown hoard of the early18th century containing such coins, the author hascome to the conclusion that they belong to themonetary reform of Tzar Peter I in the late 17th – early18th centuries. From 1698 onwards, the normativeweight of a kopek was as low s 0,28g. It is commonlybelieved that silver kopeks with this weight werestruck till 1717, but no special metrological study hasbeen carried out yet. It is likely that the normativeweight of kopeks was not followed precisely, and thatthey became lighter. Such coins bearing theinscription «TZAR’» and with the weight close to ahalf of the weight of the silver kopeks of Peter I from1698 to 1717 should be called den’gas, and notpoluden’gas.

The following Appendices are attached to thefirst part of the monograph: geographical distributionof poluden’gas and chetveretses (Appendix 1),summarised on hoards of Russian coins containingpoluden’gas and chetveretses (Appendix 2), data onthe hoards of Russian coins allegedly containingpoluden’gas in which the latter have been actuallynot found (Appendix 3), geography of collectionscontaining coin included in the Catalogue(Appendix 4) and an index of the attributions of thecoins (Appendix 5).

The second part of the monograph («Catalogue»)contains detailed information concerning 9870Russian silver coins, described under 457 numbers.The Catalogue contains all the known poluden’gasand chetveretses of the 14th and 15th centuries fromMoscow, Serpukhov, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Dmitrov,Rostov, Nizhny-Novgorod, Suzdal’, Novgorod andPskov, as well as 16th–17th century polushkas of thefrom Moscow, Tver’, Novgorod and Pskov. Certainsections contain a description of 14th–15th centurycoins with an uncertain place of minting andcounterfeit polushkas of the 16th–17th centuries. TheCatalogue is well-illustrated, each number with a coindescription containing also an exact drawing of a coinin real size.

Tables following the text of the Catalogue containdrawing (Scale 2:1) and photographs (Scale 3:1) ofcoins.

Translated by Goldie Scarr (Brussels)and Liubov’ Holden (Muenchen)

ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ

ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ .................................................................................................................................. 5

×àñòü I. ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ

ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Ãëàâà 1. ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈß ÏÎËÓÄÅÍÅÃ È ×ÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÖ .................................................. 11

«Äî÷åðòêîâñêèé» ïåðèîä .................................................................................................... 11

Îò À. Ä. ×åðòêîâà äî À. Â. Îðåøíèêîâà ............................................................................ 17

Ïîñëå 1917 ãîäà ..................................................................................................................... 21

Ãëàâà 2. ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÈ. ÎÁÇÎÐ ÌÓÇÅÉÍÛÕ È ×ÀÑÒÍÛÕ ÊÎËËÅÊÖÈÉ .............................. 27

Íóìèçìàòè÷åñêèå èñòî÷íèêè.............................................................................................. 27

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ñîáðàíèÿ .......................................................................................... 32

×àñòíûå ñîáðàíèÿ ........................................................................................................... 33

Ïèñüìåííûå èñòî÷íèêè ....................................................................................................... 34

Ðóññêèå äîêóìåíòû ......................................................................................................... 34

Çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêèå äîêóìåíòû .................................................................................. 39

Ãëàâà 3. ÏÎËÓÄÅÍÃÈ ÂÅËÈÊÎÃÎ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÀ ÌÎÑÊÎÂÑÊÎÃÎ È ÄÐÓÃÈÕ

ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂ ÑÅÂÅÐÎ-ÂÎÑÒÎ×ÍÎÉ ÐÓÑÈ (êîíåö XIV – ïåðâàÿ ïîëîâèíà XV â.) ............. 44

Ìîñêâà ................................................................................................................................... 60

Óäåëû Ìîñêâû ...................................................................................................................... 69

Ñåðïóõîâñêîå êíÿæåñòâî ................................................................................................ 71

Çâåíèãîðîäñêî-Ãàëèöêîå êíÿæåñòâî ............................................................................ 73

Ìîæàéñêîå êíÿæåñòâî ................................................................................................... 75

Äìèòðîâñêîå êíÿæåñòâî ................................................................................................. 79

Ðîñòîâñêîå êíÿæåñòâî .......................................................................................................... 81

Íèæåãîðîäñêî-Ñóçäàëüñêîå êíÿæåñòâî ............................................................................. 83

Ìîíåòû ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì ìåñòîì ÷åêàíêè ................................................................... 87

Âûâîäû ................................................................................................................................... 90

Ãëàâà 4. ÍÎÂÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÈÅ ×ÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÖÛ .................................................................................... 92

Ãëàâà 5. ÏÑÊÎÂÑÊÈÅ ×ÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÖÛ ......................................................................................... 103

Ãëàâà 6. ×ÅÊÀÍÊÀ ÏÎËÓÄÅÍÅÃ Â ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÅ ÂÑÅß ÐÓÑÈ (Èâàí III è Âàñèëèé III) .... 115

Ïîëóäåíãè Èâàíà III ........................................................................................................... 120

Ìîñêâà ........................................................................................................................... 120

Íîâãîðîä ....................................................................................................................... 123

Ïîëóäåíãè Âàñèëèÿ III ....................................................................................................... 126

Ìîñêâà ........................................................................................................................... 126

Òâåðü .............................................................................................................................. 128

Ïñêîâ ............................................................................................................................. 129

Âûâîäû ................................................................................................................................ 131

Ãëàâà 7. ÄÅÍÅÆÍÀß ÐÅÔÎÐÌÀ ÅËÅÍÛ ÃËÈÍÑÊÎÉ È ÌËÀÄØÈÉ ÍÎÌÈÍÀË

ÌÎÍÅÒÍÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ......................................................................................................... 133

Ãëàâà 8. ÒÈÏÎËÎÃÈß È ÄÀÒÈÐÎÂÊÀ ÏÎËÓÄÅÍÅÃ Ñ ÍÀÄÏÈÑÜÞ ÂßÇÜÞ

«ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÜ» ........................................................................................................................... 140

Ãëàâà 9. ÒÈÏÎËÎÃÈß È ÄÀÒÈÐÎÂÊÀ ÏÎËÓÄÅÍÅÃ Ñ ÍÀÇÂÀÍÈÅÌ ÃÎÐÎÄÀ ............. 152

Íîâãîðîäñêèå ïîëóøêè..................................................................................................... 152

Ïñêîâñêèå ïîëóøêè ........................................................................................................... 157

Òâåðñêèå ïîëóøêè ............................................................................................................. 159

406 Êàòàëîã

Ãëàâà 10. Î ÄÀÒÈÐÎÂÊÅ «ÏÎËÓØÅÊ» Ñ ÈÇÎÁÐÀÆÅÍÈÅÌ ÄÂÓÃËÀÂÎÃÎ ÎÐËÀ

ÏÎÄ ÒÐÅÌß ÊÎÐÎÍÀÌÈ ..................................................................................................... 162

ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ............................................................................................................................... 169

Ïðèëîæåíèå 1. Òîïîãðàôèÿ íàõîäîê ïîëóäåíåã è ÷åòâåðåòö ................................................. 173

Ïðèëîæåíèå 2. Êëàäû ðóññêèõ ìîíåò XV – íà÷àëà XVIII â.

ñ ïîëóäåíãàìè è ÷åòâåðåòöàìè .............................................................................................. 187

Ôîòî ïîëóøåê èç êëàäîâ (Òàáë. 1–46) ............................................................................ 195

Ïðèëîæåíèå 3. Íåñóùåñòâóþùèå êëàäû ñ ïîëóäåíãàìè è êëàäû ðóññêèõ ìîíåò

XVI – íà÷àëà XVIII â., â êîòîðûõ ïîëóøêè çíà÷àòñÿ îøèáî÷íî ........................................ 241

Ïðèëîæåíèå 4. Òîïîãðàôèÿ õðàíåíèÿ ìîíåò, îïèñàííûõ â Êàòàëîãå ................................... 242

Ïðèëîæåíèå 5. Óêàçàòåëü àòðèáóöèé ìîíåò ............................................................................. 246

×àñòü II. ÊÀÒÀËÎÃ

ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ...................................................................................................................................... 248

Îòäåë I. ÂÅËÈÊÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ÌÎÑÊÎÂÑÊÎÅ È ÄÐÓÃÈÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÀ

ÑÅÂÅÐÎ-ÂÎÑÒÎ×ÍÎÉ ÐÓÑÈ (êîíåö XIV – ïåðâàÿ ïîëîâèíà XV â.) .......................... 251

×àñòü 1. ÌÎÑÊÂÀ .................................................................................................................. 251

Âåëèêèé êíÿçü Äìèòðèé Èâàíîâè÷ (1359–1389 ãã.)

èëè âåëèêèé êíÿçü Âàñèëèé I Äìèòðèåâè÷ (1389–1425 ãã.) ...................................... 251

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è âåëèêîêíÿæåñêîé ëåãåíäîé ....................................................... 251

Âåëèêèé êíÿçü Âàñèëèé I Äìèòðèåâè÷ (1389–1425 ãã.) .................................................. 252

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è âåëèêîêíÿæåñêîé ëåãåíäîé (èìåííûå è àíîíèìíûå) ........... 252

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è ëåãåíäîé (ñ íàçâàíèåì íîìèíàëà è ìåñòà ÷åêàíêè) ............... 259

Ñ èìåííîé âåëèêîêíÿæåñêîé ëåãåíäîé è ïîäðàæàíèåì àðàáñêîé íàäïèñè ........ 260

Ñ ïîäðàæàíèåì àðàáñêîé íàäïèñè íà îáåèõ ñòîðîíàõ ........................................... 260

Âåëèêèé êíÿçü Âàñèëèé II Âàñèëüåâè÷ (1425–1462 ãã.) .................................................. 260

×àñòü 2. ÓÄÅËÛ ÌÎÑÊÂÛ ................................................................................................... 261

ÑÅÐÏÓÕÎÂÑÊÎÅ ÓÄÅËÜÍÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ................................................................ 261

Êíÿçü Âëàäèìèð Àíäðååâè÷ Õðàáðûé (1358–1410 ãã.) ............................................ 261

Êíÿçü Ñåì¸í Âëàäèìèðîâè÷ Áîðîâñêèé (1410–1426 ãã.) ......................................... 261

Êíÿçü Âàñèëèé ßðîñëàâè÷ (1426–1456 ãã.) ................................................................. 262

ÇÂÅÍÈÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÎ-ÃÀËÈÖÊÎÅ ÓÄÅËÜÍÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ....................................... 263

Êíÿçü Þðèé Äìèòðèåâè÷ (1389–1434 ãã.)

èëè êíÿçü Äìèòðèé Þðüåâè÷ (1434–1453 ãã.) ...................................................... 263

ÌÎÆÀÉÑÊÎÅ ÓÄÅËÜÍÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ..................................................................... 263

Êíÿçü Àíäðåé Äìèòðèåâè÷ (1389–1432 ãã.) ............................................................... 263

Êíÿçü Èâàí Àíäðååâè÷ (1432–1454 ãã.) ...................................................................... 266

ÄÌÈÒÐÎÂÑÊÎÅ ÓÄÅËÜÍÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ .................................................................. 266

Êíÿçü Ï¸òð Äìèòðèåâè÷ (1389–1428 ãã.) .................................................................... 266

×àñòü 3. ÐÎÑÒÎÂÑÊÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ................................................................................. 268

Êíÿçü Àíäðåé Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷ (1404–1415 ãã.) ................................................................ 268

Êíÿçüÿ Ô¸äîð Àíäðååâè÷ (1409–? ãã.) è Àíäðåé Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷ (1404–1415 ãã.) ...... 268

×àñòü 4. ÍÈÆÅÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÎ-ÑÓÇÄÀËÜÑÊÎÅ ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ............................................ 269

ÍÈÆÍÈÉ ÍÎÂÃÎÐÎÄ (ïîä âëàñòüþ Ìîñêâû – 1392–1408 ãã.) ................................... 269

Âåëèêèé êíÿçü Âàñèëèé I Äìèòðèåâè÷ ...................................................................... 269

ÑÓÇÄÀËÜ............................................................................................................................ 269

Êíÿçü Äàíèèë Áîðèñîâè÷ (1394–1408 ãã.) .................................................................. 269

Òàáëèöû ïðîðèñåé 407

ÍÈÆÍÈÉ ÍÎÂÃÎÐÎÄ (ïîä âëàñòüþ Ìîñêâû – ïîñëå 1428 ã.) .................................... 269

Âåëèêèé êíÿçü Âàñèëèé II Âàñèëüåâè÷ ....................................................................... 269

×àñòü 5. ÌÎÍÅÒÛ Ñ ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÌ ÌÅÑÒÎÌ ×ÅÊÀÍÊÈ .................................. 270

Îòäåë II. ÂÅËÈÊÈÉ ÍÎÂÃÎÐÎÄ (1420–1478 ãã.) ...................................................................... 272

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà» .................................................. 272

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Âåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ» ........................................................... 280

Îòäåë III. ÏÑÊÎÂ (1425–1510 ãã.) ................................................................................................. 281

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Ïñêîâñêàÿ».................................................................... 281

Îòäåë IV. ÊÍßÆÅÑÒÂÎ ÂÑÅß ÐÓÑÈ (1462–1533 ãã.) ............................................................... 298

×àñòü 1. ÂÅËÈÊÈÉ ÊÍßÇÜ ÈÂÀÍ III ÂÀÑÈËÜÅÂÈ× (1462–1505 ãã.) .............................. 298

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è èìåíåì êíÿçÿ .................................................................................... 298

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Îñïîäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» ................................................... 298

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Ìîñêîâñêàÿ» ................................................................ 299

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è òàéíîïèñüþ ....................................................................................... 300

Ïîäðàæàíèÿ ïîëóøêàì âåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ Èâàíà III ......................................................... 300

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Îñïîäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» ............................................. 300

×àñòü 2. ÂÅËÈÊÈÉ ÊÍßÇÜ ÂÀÑÈËÈÉ III ÈÂÀÍÎÂÈ× (1505–1533 ãã.) .......................... 300

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» ................................................... 300

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» ........................................ 301

Ñ íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» íà îáåèõ ñòîðîíàõ...................................... 301

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü» .......................................................... 301

Ñ íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü» íà îáåèõ ñòîðîíàõ ....................................................... 302

Ïîäðàæàíèÿ ïîëóøêàì âåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ Âàñèëèÿ III ...................................................... 302

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» .............................................. 302

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» .................................. 302

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü» .................................................... 302

Îòäåë V. ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÅ ÖÀÐÑÒÂÎ (îò âåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ Èâàíà IV äî öàðÿ Ïåòðà I) ............. 304

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü» .......................................................... 304

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàçâàíèåì ãîðîäà ............................................................................. 305

Íîâãîðîä ....................................................................................................................... 305

Ïñêîâ ............................................................................................................................. 306

Òâåðü .............................................................................................................................. 307

Ñ íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» íà îáåèõ ñòîðîíàõ...................................... 308

Ïîäðàæàíèÿ ïîëóøêàì Ðîññèéñêîãî öàðñòâà ............................................................... 308

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü» .................................................... 308

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Âåëèêîãî Íîâãîðîäà» ............................................ 309

Ñ íàäïèñüþ âÿçüþ «Ãîñóäàðü âñåÿ Ðóñè» íà îáåèõ ñòîðîíàõ ................................ 309

Ïðèëîæåíèå. ÌÎÍÅÒÛ, ÐÀÑÑÌÀÒÐÈÂÀÞÙÈÅÑß ÊÀÊ ÏÎËÓØÊÈ ............................... 310

Ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì è íàäïèñüþ «Öàðü» .............................................................................. 310

ÈËËÞÑÒÐÀÖÈÈ ........................................................................................................................... 311

Òàáëèöû ïðîðèñåé (Òàáë. I–XXI) ...................................................................................... 312

Ôîòîòàáëèöû (Òàáë. XXII–LXXIV) ..................................................................................... 333

ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ È ÀÐÕÈÂÍÛÅ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ ........................................................................... 386

ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ÑÎÊÐÀÙÅÍÈÉ .............................................................................................................. 399

SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 401

ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈß ÍÀÓÊ ...paleog.com/im/polush/gaidukov.pdf ·...

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