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    Running head: Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent parents 1

    Aggression From Anxious/Ambivalent Parents: A Vicious Cycle

    Muhammad Dinie Bin Sudiyono

    U1130039H

    Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information

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    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 2

    Aggression from anxious/ambivalent parents: A vicious cycle.

    Children learn about attachment, love and security from their early caregivers, typically their

    parents (Inman-Amos, Hendrick, and Hendrick, 1994 p. 456)

    As supported by the authors mentioned above, it is likely that parent's attachment style would

    have a significant effect on their children's eventual attachment style. Parents are the most direct

    source of learning for these children. Hence, they will tend to adapt or take up the various types of

    interactions from their parents (Inman-Amos et. al.).

    There are numerous positive and negative interactions that children can adopt from their

    parents. Therefore, this study aims to narrow down on the negative interaction influence of

    aggression. Aggression is defined as the infliction of injury (Berkowitz, 1989, p. 61).

    Nevertheless, there are different types of aggression that can be looked on such as non-verbal

    and verbal aggression. Non-verbal aggression can be regarded as physical harm or violence. On the

    other hand, verbal aggression can be seen as a communication intended to cause psychological pain

    to another person, or a communication perceived as having that intent (Vissing, Straus, Gelles, and

    Harrop, 1991, p. 224).

    These forms of aggression are related to the charactheristics associated with the raising of

    children from anxious and ambivalent parents (Levy, Blatt, and Shaver, 1998). Hence, this study

    hopes to see the impact of aggression, be it verbal and non-verbal, on whether a parent with an

    anxious and ambivalent attachment style would raise a child with similar attachment style.

    H1: There is a likelihood of a recurring usage of aggression amongst generations of anxious

    and ambivalent parents with regards to raising a child.

    Over the years, there have been many experiments done to find out more about the impact of

    various types of aggression, the significance of a parent's attachment style and how it affects their

    children and other forms of parent-child relationships.

    Nevertheless, it is important to discuss about the characteristics of an anxious and Aggression

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    from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 3

    ambivalent attachment style before describing the effects of aggression. Levy, Blatt and Shaver

    (1999) carried out an experimental design which explored the correlation between a child's

    attachment style with the subject and makeup of the child's perceptions of his or her parents. They

    used attachment measures from Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) in their study. An important result

    of the study to note was that the anxious and ambivalent people who performed the experiment

    portrayed their parents as retributive and punishing but, at the same time, kindly and compassionate.

    These are characteristics that describe how people who are anxious and ambivalent are likely to be.

    With regards to the attachment measures used in the above-mentioned experiment,

    Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) performed a series of quantitative and qualitative studies in

    order to come up with a new method to find out about the attachment styles of different people by

    using references of positive or negative outlook of one's own self and the positive or negative outlook

    of others on one's character. This attachment measure has been widely referred to and cited by

    numerous studies after it has been introduced.

    Hence, the results of the experiment performed by Levy, Blatt, and Shaver (1991) supports the

    hypothesis that parents with an anxious and ambivalent attachment style tend to raise children with

    similar attachment style due to the nature of the treatment they provide to their children.

    Charactheristics such as being retributive, punishing, but yet kindly and compassionate will rub onto

    their children as they grow up to become adults.

    With regards to punishing one's child, Roberto, Carlyle, Goodall and Castle (2009) examined

    the consequences of parents' verbal aggression and responsiveness (p.90) on children's future

    attachment styles in their amorous relationships. They also compared those forms of interactions with

    the level of contentment that the children have with their parents. Results suggested that the children's

    understanding of their communication with their parents has a substantial effect and the end results of

    these damaging forms of interactions are grave and Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents

    4

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    enduring. This indicates that children who experience these forms of psychologically affecting

    maltreatments of verbal abuse will be affected and more likely to bring it with them into their future

    amorous relationships. Therefore, it supports the hypothesis that verbal aggression is an important

    factor when it comes to child bearing, especially for families with an anxious and ambivalent

    attachment style background.

    In addition to verbal aggression, physical harm has also been considered for this study.

    Vissing, Straus, Gelles and Harrop (1991) conducted a study to see the consequences of constant

    verbal and non-verbal aggression from parents on their children. Results suggested that children who

    went through these forms of destructive interactions whilst growing up were most likely to portray

    negative characteristics and influences such as violence, dereliction, and relational problems with

    other people. This clearly shows that aggression has numerous negative effects with regards to raising

    a child.

    Therefore, these studies pointed out how impactful verbal and non-verbal aggression can be to

    shape the development of a child, especially for children from anxious and ambivalent parents who

    are prone to these forms of interactions.

    However, it is also important to note that these forms of communication between parent and

    child may not be the determining factor that contributes to the child's development.

    O'Neil, Murray-Johnson and Fay (2004) conducted a study to find out more about family

    communication and love patterns. Participants that were made up of students and their parents

    answered questionnaires that use the Love Attitude Scale from Hendrick and Hendrick (1990) and the

    Revised Family Communication Patterns from Ritchie and Fitzpatrick (1990). The Love Attitude

    Scale by Hendrick and Hendrick is an extensive measure used to gauge the love styles of different

    people. On the other hand, the Revised Family Communication Patterns model by Ritchie and

    Fitzpatrick (1990) was introduced to understand and predict the effect and manner of which families

    handle their arguments and the influences that shape the orientation of the child of the Aggression

    from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 5

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    family. The results indicated that despite verbal communication amongst family members, the level

    of openness may be questioned by young adult children. Thus, it showcases the confining effects of

    their family's conformity-orientation which is referred to how obedient the young adult children are to

    their prarents. However, it was also noted that the conformity-orientation of the family does not

    impact the development of the young adult's love style.

    Concurrently, parents may not be the determinant factor that shapes the orientation of the

    child. There are other people other than one's parents such as his or her romantic partner that

    contribute to one's development.

    The experiment conducted by Le Poire, Chepard, and Duggan (1999) required participants

    made up of couples to go through series of interviews and questionnaires with regards to the theory by

    Ainsworth (1991), that attachment styles are unique to one's own style and the attachment style

    will last on its own. It also referred to Le Poire, Haynes, Driscoll, Driver, Wheelis, Hyde, Prochaska,

    and Ramos (1997) notion that people who get into a relationship tend to have a universal tendency

    and perception to their own attachment. Hence, the outcome of this particular attachment style and

    it's impact on other people are formed by the interaction of people who are in a relationship. With

    that, an important result from the experiment to this study would be that partners' romantic attachment

    style directly affects one's interactions whilst the effect of one's parental attachment was watered

    down.

    However, the focus of the study by Le Poire, Chepard, and Duggan (1999) was solely directed

    on the attitude of interaction with regards to people in amorous relationships. It does not totally relate

    to the focus of this study which concentrates on aggression used by parents on their children. These

    children with anxious and ambivalent parents will be more influenced to aggression that has a lasting

    psychological effect as compared to direct interactions with their romantic partners.

    Therefore, it is understood that we should not put the impact of parent's attachment style

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 6

    aside even though one's romantic partner can have an impact on one's well-being too.

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    With that, it is evident that aggression from a parent, regardless of it being verbal or non-

    verbal, contribute to a detrimental and long-lasting effect on his or her children. It also supports the

    concept that an anxious and ambivalent attachment style leads to a vicious cycle if these forms of

    destructive interactions persists. Despite having other factors that contribute significantly to one's

    character formation and psychological well being, parent's aggression on their children cannot be

    ignored. Thus, the result of this experiment would assist parents to realize that their aggression

    towards their children which might prompt them to avoid such interactions in the future.

    Based on research findings and analysis, it can be affirmed that a parent with an anxious and

    ambivalent attachment style is more likely to use aggression with their children. The form of

    aggression could be either verbal or non-verbal. Thus, it will lead to the children receiving these

    forms of destructive interactions to adopt similar attachment style with their anxious and ambivalent

    parent.

    Methods

    The proposed research method would be a quantitative study that includes a series of

    questionnaires to find out whether a group of anxious and ambivalent attachment styled parents have

    used aggression when they raised their children and to take note if there is a pattern of occurrance.

    The questions that will be used for this study are attached in Appendix A, C, D, and E. These

    questionnaires are appropriate as it addresses the various issues regarding child bearing and the effects

    that attachment style and aggression have on the development of the child.

    An important aspect of this study is to differentiate the anxious and ambivalent parents from

    the rest. Hence, a modified version of the Four-Category model by Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991)

    will be used to find out what are the participants' attachment styles as seen in Appendix A.

    Consequently, the comparison of the results will see whether the parent's and the child's attachment

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 7

    style will match. This will help to see if the child has picked up his or her parent's attachment style.

    Another test that will be used for this study is the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales

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    (CTSPC) by Straus and Mattingly (2007) which is reflected in Appendix C. It is a short, succinct and

    straightforward survey that addresses verbal and non-verbal aggression associated with disciplining

    and raising a child. The likert scale of this test gives options and varying degrees to measure the

    amount and type of aggression that have been used to raise the parent's child.

    Conversely, the experiment also aims to find out about the perceived aggression from the

    child's point of view. This coincides with the notion that aggression from ambivalent parents is a

    pattern. Therefore, the reversed version of the CTSPC, as seen in Appendix D, is necessary for the

    parent to recall whether he or she went through a similar type of childhood.

    In addtion to that, it is also appropriate that there should be a comparison with how the parent

    viewed his or her parent and how their children view them. The study aims to find out whether the

    child has gone through an aggressive form of childhood that is similar to what his or her parent had

    gone through during the parent's childhood. Hence, the reversed version of the CTSPC that is

    reflected in Appendix D will be given to the child for his or her completion. This will further support

    the hypothesis of aggression being a vicious cycle by anxious and ambivalent parents.

    Apart from that, there will be survey questions that will require participants to provide

    standard demographic information about themselves such as their age, gender, race, marital status,

    employment status, education level and family size which is reflected in appendix E.

    With that, the parent will be answering the questionnaires that is reflected in Appendix A, C,

    D, and E while the child will provide feedback for the questionnaires that is seen in Appendix A, D,

    and E.

    Overall, the time spent on answering these questionnaires will take a rough estimate of fifteen

    to twenty minutes from each participant, for both parent and child.

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 8

    Ideally, the target participants will be a parent who has an anxious and ambivalent attachment

    style and his or her child. The target age for the child, however, would be 16-25. A child

    of this suitable age will be able to gauge and give proper feedback for the study. It is also preferred if

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    the child is not in a long-term romantic relationship. This is because romantic partners can play a role

    in influencing the child's attachment that may be different from what the parent has brought up thus

    far as suggested by O'Neil, Murray-Johnson, and Fay (2004).

    Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to find this group of people in any given location at one

    time. Hence, the questionnaires on Appendix A, C, D, and E will be randomly sent to numerous

    households in Singapore until 20 pairs of an anxious and ambivalent parent and child have responded

    back to our mail. The reason for randomly sending out the questionnaires to various households is that

    child-raising by parents is mostly done at home. Therefore, a home setting would make the

    participants more familiar with their surroundings when it comes to recalling the methods of child

    bearing used in the household.

    The mailed package of questionnaires will also include informed consent forms for both

    parent and child as seen in Appendix F and G. The form will explain that the study aims to find out

    about the effects of child bearing and that their contributions to the study is voluntary. It will also

    include instructions such as the parent and child are advised to perform the questionnaires separate

    from one another. This is to ensure that one will not influence the answers of the other participant.

    There will be a stamped envelope with the address of the researcher that will allow them to mail back

    the questionnaires along with the signed consent forms to the researcher. The consent forms will also

    highlight that both parent and child will receive $10 each via mail upon receiving their feedback

    within a month and that all the information they provided for the study will be strictly confidential.

    Apart from receiving $10 remunerations each, the reply letter that the participants of this study

    will receive will also include a debrief letter to explain the aims of the study so they would be

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 9

    more informed about the study itself which can be seen in Appendix H.

    Areas for further research

    It is unavoidable that it may take time to collect the required amount of 20 pairs of anxious

    and ambivalent parent with their children. Furthermore, the remaining collected data will include

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    inputs from parents that are from other attachment styles such as secures, dismissives and fearful that

    can be seen in Appendix B which is an adaptation from the reference scale of the interview from

    Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These data will be rejected as it does not coincide with the

    hypothesis.

    Therefore, future research can use the remaining data to see the correlation of aggression with

    other types of attachment style to find out if there are other interesting patterns.

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 10

    References

    Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1991). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. Attachment

    across the life cycle, 33-51.

    Bartholomew, K., Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-

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    category model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 No. 2, 226-244.

    Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation.

    Psychological Bulletin, 106, No. 1, 59-73.

    Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S.S. (1990). A relationship specific version of the love attitude scale.

    Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 239-254.

    Levy, K.N., Blatt, S.J., Shaver, P.R. (1998). Attachment styles and parental representations.Journal

    of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 No. 2, 407-419.

    Le Poire, B.A., Haynes, J., Driscoll, J., Driver, B.N., Wheelis, T.F., Hyde, M.K., Prochaska, M.,

    Ramos, L. (1997). Attachment as a function of parental and partner approach-avoidance

    tendencies.Human Communication Research, 23, 413-447.

    Le Poire, B.A, Chepard, C., Duggan, A. (1999). Nonverbal involvement, expressiveness, and

    pleasantness as predicted by parental and parnter attachment style. Communication

    Monographs, 66, 293-311.

    O'Neil, N.B., Murray-Johnson, L., Fay, M. (2004). Passing the love along: an intergenerational

    study of family communication and love styles.Family Communication and Love Styles, 1,

    1-32.

    Ritchie, L.D., Fitzpatrick, M.A. (1990). Family communication patterns: measuring intrapersonal

    perceptions of interpersonal relationships. Communication Research, 17, 523-544.

    Roberto, A.J., Carlyle, K.E., Goodall, C.E., Castle, J.D. (2009). The relationship between parents

    verbal aggressiveness and responsiveness and young adult childrens attachment style and

    relational satisfaction with parents.Journal of Family Communication, 9, 90106.

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 11

    Straus, M.A., Mattingly, M.J. (2007) A short form ans severity level types for the parent-child

    conflict tactics scales.Family Research Laboratory. CTS38T7 web.doc, 24-Sep-07, 1-22.

    Vissing, Y.M, Straus, M.A, Gelles, R.J, Harrop, J.W. (1991). Verbal aggression by parents and

    psychosocial problems of children. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15, 223-238.

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    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 12

    Appendix A

    With 1 being the least and 7 being the most,

    1) How would you rate yourSelf-disclosure in friendships?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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    2) How would you rate yourIntimacy of friendships?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    3) How would you rate the amount ofBalance of control in friendships?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    4) Have you been in a romantic relationship?

    Yes / No

    5) If yes, was it a long-term relationship?

    Yes / No

    6) If Yes to Qn 5, How long was it?

    _______________

    7) If Yes to Qn 4, how would you rate yourBalance of control in your romantic relationships?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    8) How would you rate yourSelf-confidence?

    1 2 3 4 5

    9) How would you rate yourEmotional expressiveness?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    10) How would you rate yourCrying frequency within a year?

    1 2 3 4 5

    11) How would you rate your Warmth with others?

    1 2 3 4 5

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 13

    12) How would you rate yourReliance on others?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    13) How often do you Use others as a secure base when you are upset?

    1 2 3 4 5

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    14) Would you consider crying with other people around you?

    Yes / Maybe / No

    15) Do you have this urge to be caregiving?

    Yes / Maybe / No

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 14

    Appendix B

    Self-Report Attachment Style Prototypes

    Secure. It is relatively easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending

    on others and having others depend on me. I don't worry about being alone or having others not

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    accept me.

    DismissingI am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is very important to me to feel

    independent and self-sufficient, and I prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me.

    Anxious and Ambivalent. I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find

    that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I am uncomfortable being without close

    relationships, but I sometimes worry that others don't value me as much as I value them.

    FearfulI am somewhat uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships,

    but I find it difficult to trust others completely, or to depend on them. I sometimes worry that I will be

    hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others.

    Note. In subsequent revisions, the word relatively has been deleted from thesecureprototype and the

    wordssomewhatandsometimes have been deleted from thefearfulprototype.

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 15

    Appendix C

    Discipline problems

    Children often do things that are wrong, disobey, or make their parents angry. We would like to know

    what you have done when your child did something wrong or made you upset or angry.

    Here is a list of things you might have done in the past year and we would like you to tell us whether

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    you have: done it once in the past year, done it twice in the past year, 3-5 times,

    6-10 times, 11-20 times, or more than 20 times in the past year. If you haven't done it in the past year

    but have done it before, we would like to know this too.

    1 = Once in the past year

    2 = Twice in the past year

    3 = 3-5 times in the past year

    4 = 6-10 times in the past year

    5 = 11-20 times in the past year

    6 = More than 20 times in the past year

    7 = Not in the past year, but it happened before

    0 = This has never happened

    1) Put him/her in "time out" (or sent to his/her room) .................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    2) Hit him/her on the bottom with something like a belt, hairbrush, a stick or some other hard

    object .....................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    3) Shouted, yelled, or screamed at him/her ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    4) Hit him/her on some other part of the body besides the bottom with something like a belt,

    hairbrush, a stick or some other hard object ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    5) Spanked him/her on the bottom with your bare hand.............................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    6) Swore or cursed at him/her ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    7) Explained why something was wrong ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 16

    8) Threw or knocked him/her down ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    9) Had to leave your child home alone, even when you thought some adult should be with

    him/her.......................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    10) Were not able to make sure he/she got the food he/she needed .......................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

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    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 17

    Appendix D

    Disciplined problems

    Recall events that happened in the past year and during your childhood days when you were

    disciplined for doing something wrong.

    This is a list of things you might have gone through and we would like you to tell us whether you

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    have gone through any of these discplined methods: experience it once in the past year, experience it

    twice in the past year, 3-5 times, 6-10 times, 11-20 times, or more than 20 times in the past year. If

    you haven't experience it in the past year but have experience it before, we would like to know this

    too.

    1 = Once in a year

    2 = Twice a year

    3 = 3-5 times a year

    4 = 6-10 times a year

    5 = 11-20 times a year

    6 = More than 20 times a year

    7 = Vaguely remember it happening

    0 = This has never happened

    1) Put in "time out" (or sent to your room) .................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    2) been hit on the bottom with something like a belt, hairbrush, a stick or some other hard

    object .....................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    3) Shouted, yelled, or screamed at ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    4) Been hit on some other part of the body besides the bottom with something like a belt, hairbrush, a

    stick or some other hard object ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    5) Been spanked on the bottom with your bare hand.............................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    6) Swore or cursed at ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 18

    7) Explained why something was wrong ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    8) Been thrown or knocked down ...........................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    9) Been left home alone, even when your parent thought some adult should be with

    you.......................................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

    10) Were not able to make sure you got the food you needed ...............................1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

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    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 19

    Appendix E

    Demographics questions

    What is your age? __________________

    What is your gender? M / F

    What is your race? __________________

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    Are you married, single or divorced? __________________

    Are you currently working? Yes / No

    What is your highest educational level? ___________________

    How many members are currently living in your household? ___________________

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 20

    Appendix F

    Parent Consent Form

    A team of students from the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information at the

    Nanyang Technological University is conducting this study. The Principal Investigators of this study

    are Muhammad Dinie Bin Sudiyono, Evonne Ong, Muhammad Kamaredzwan bin Kamarudin and

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    Wanda Loh.

    In this study, we are interested in establishing the relationship attachment styles with regards

    to raising a child. It is thus a requirement that you, as a parent, have a child within an age range of 16-

    25 years old that is willing to participate in this study. The both of you will be presented with a series

    of questions that will require you to recall past events. Please try your best to recall as accurately as

    possible. The study will take approximately 15 minutes to complete. Both you and your child will

    receive $10 each for your participation after you have mailed your feedback to us with the enveloped

    that is attached to this letter. We will send your remuneration, along with a debrief letter within a

    month after you have sent your feedback.

    It is highly encouraged that you and your child answer the questionnaires that have been given

    to each of you separately.

    No significant risks have been known to the investigators at this point of time. We do hope

    that you will benefit from this experience and be able to learn more about the research process by

    participating. Data collected from this study will contribute to a greater understanding of raising a

    child.

    As in any study, your participation in this study is strictly voluntary. You may withdraw by not

    replying to our mail. Your refusal to participate will pose no penalty and will not have any effect on

    your status at or future relations with Nanyang Technological University.

    The information you give will be kept strictly confidential. All data will be stored on a secure,

    password protected server and computers that only researchers have access to.

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 21

    If you have any questions later, please contact the representative investigator at

    [email protected] (email) or 92737685 (phone number).

    By participating in this study, you certify that all of the following are true:

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    I understand that participation is voluntary. Refusal to participate will involve no penalty or

    loss of benefits to which I am otherwise entitled. I understand that I may discontinue participation at

    any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which I am otherwise entitled. I declare that I am at

    least 16 years of age.

    Name: ________________________________

    I/C No.: _____________________

    _______________________________

    Signature

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 22

    Appendix G

    Child Consent Form

    A team of students from the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information at the

    Nanyang Technological University is conducting this study. The Principal Investigators of this study

    are Muhammad Dinie Bin Sudiyono, Evonne Ong, Muhammad Kamaredzwan bin Kamarudin and

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    Wanda Loh.

    In this study, we are interested in establishing the relationship attachment styles with regards

    to raising a child. It is thus a requirement that you are a child within an age range of 16-25 years old

    that is willing to participate in this study. You will be participating in this study with your parent. The

    both of you will be presented with a series of questions that will require you to recall past events.

    Please try your best to recall as accurately as possible. The study will take approximately 15 minutes

    to complete. Both you and your parent will receive $10 each for your participation after you have

    mailed your feedback to us with the enveloped that is attached to this letter. We will send your

    remuneration, along with a debrief letter within a month after the both of you have sent your

    feedbacks.

    It is highly encouraged that you and your parent answer the questionnaires that have been

    given to each of you separately.

    No significant risks have been known to the investigators at this point of time. We do hope

    that you will benefit from this experience and be able to learn more about the research process by

    participating. Data collected from this study will contribute to a greater understanding of raising a

    child.

    As in any study, your participation in this study is strictly voluntary. You may withdraw by not

    replying to our mail. Your refusal to participate will pose no penalty and will not have any effect on

    your status at or future relations with Nanyang Technological University.

    The information you give will be kept strictly confidential. All data will be stored on a

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 23

    secure, password protected server and computers that only researchers have access to.

    If you have any questions later, please contact the representative investigator at

    [email protected] (email) or 92737685 (phone number).

    By participating in this study, you certify that all of the following are true:

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    I understand that participation is voluntary. Refusal to participate will involve no penalty or

    loss of benefits to which I am otherwise entitled. I understand that I may discontinue participation at

    any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which I am otherwise entitled. I declare that I am at

    least 16 years of age.

    Name: ________________________________

    I/C No.: _____________________

    _______________________________

    Signature

    Aggression from Anxious/Ambivalent Parents 24

    Appendix H

    Study Debriefing

    Thank you for participating in the study.

    Studies suggested that children tend to take up their parent's attachment styles and aggression

    has a lasting negative effect on children with regards to raising a child.

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    Hence, the purpose of the study is to examine the effects of aggression on child bearing and

    whether it repeats itself within generations of families, with a focus on those that with anxious and

    ambivalent attachment styles.

    Please kindly refrain from discussing about this study with other students, as it would possibly

    bias the results of the study.

    We greatly appreciate your participation. We hope that this has been an interesting learning

    experience for you. The researcher will be glad to answer any questions you have. We want to assure

    you that the data will be used by qualified scientific personnel and by students who are thoroughly

    briefed in their responsibilities as researchers and in the importance of confidentiality.

    If you have any questions about the study or your rights as a participant, you may contact the

    representative investigator at D [email protected] (email) or 92737685 (phone number).

    Once again, we thank you for your participation in this study.