Agiemin BaubecLimba turc/ contemporan/ (Trkenin grameri)

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Agiemin Baubec

LIMBA TURC? CONTEMPORAN?(Trkenin grameri)

Editura Universitii din Bucureti 20053

Editura Universitii din Bucureti os. Panduri, 9092, Bucureti 050663; Telefon/Fax: 410.23.84 E-mail: editura_unibuc@yahoo.com Internet: www.editura.unibuc.ro

Tehnoredactare computerizat: Victoria Iacob

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei BAUBEC, AGIEMIN Limba turc contemporan (Trkenin grameri)/ Agiemin Baubec Bucureti: Editura Universitii din Bucureti, 2005 326 p. Bibliogr. ISBN 973-737-007-4 811.512.161 4

SUMARCuvnt nainte ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 nsz ............................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Bibliografie selectiv ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Abrevieri (sigle i semne) .............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Introducere .................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 19 FONETIC-FONOLOGIE (Ses bilgisi-Ses bilimi) ................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Fonetic (Ses bilgisi) ...................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Aspectele foneticii .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Fonologia sau fonetica funcional (Ses bilimi veya grevsel sesbilimi) ......................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Fonemele vocalice (nl fonemler) ............................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 44 Vocalele lungi primare ................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 47 Vocalele lungi etimologice ............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................ 48 Vocalele lungi secundare ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 48

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Vocalele lungi expresive ................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ 48 Fonemele consonantice (nsz fonemler) ...................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 Vocalismul silabei neiniiale. Armonia vocalic i consonantic (nl ve nsz uyumu) .............. ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Armonia vocalic ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Armonia vocalic palatal (Byk nl uyumu) ............................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Armonia vocalic labial (Kk nl uyumu) ............................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 51 Armonia consonantic .................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 Grupuri consonantice (nsz gruplar) .......................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 53 Structura silabei (Hece yaps) ....................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 54 Accentul (Vurgu) ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 Alternana consoanelor surde cu consoanele sonore (Yumuak ve sert nsz arasunda deiimler) ..................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 58 Accidente fonetice (Ses hadiseleri) ................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ 59 MORFOLOGIE (Yapbilgisi) ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 60 Structura morfologic a cuvntului n limba turc. Aglutinarea (Trk dilinin morfolojik yaps) . . ................................................................................................................................................................ 60 Clasificarea prilor de vorbire (Kelime eitleri) ........................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 63 Structura morfologic a cuvntului ................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 64 Morfemul radical, tematic i flexionar ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 64 Substantivul (sim-Ad) ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 65 Categoria genului (similerde cins) ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 66 Categoria numrului (simlerde say) ............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 67 Categoria apartenenei (simlerde iyelik) ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 71 Categoria cazului (simlerde hal) ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 73 Funciile sintactice ale cazurilor (Durumlarn sentaktik grevleri) ................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 78 Categoria determinrii i nedeterminrii (articulat i nearticulat) ................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 83 Formarea substantivelor (sim yapm) ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 84 Derivarea substantivelor (sim retimi) .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 84 Compunerea (Birleim. Birleik kelime) ......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Schimbarea valorii gramaticale substantivizarea (Baka kelime snflarndan isimler) ................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 93 Substantivizarea contextual .......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 93 Substantivizarea contextual ocazional ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 94 Substantivizarea morfologic ......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 94 Adjectivul (Sfat) ..................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 94 Adjective calificative (Niteleme sfatlar) ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 95 Adjective determinative (Belirtili sfat) .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 96 Formarea adjectivelor (Sfat yapm) .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 96 Adjective derivate de la rdcini nominale (simden sfat yapm) ................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 97 Adjective derivate de la rdcini verbale (Fiilden sfat yapm) ..................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 98 Adjectivele diminutivale (Kltme sfatlan) ................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 99 Adjective cu forme intensive (Berkitme sfatlar) ........................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 100 Adjective formate prin compunere adjective compuse (Birleim yoluyla yaplm sfatlarbirleik sfatlar) .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................ 101 Trecerea altor pri de vorbire n categoria adjectivelor adjectivizarea (Sfat olarak kullanlan kelimeler-sfatlama) ...................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 102 Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivelor (Sfatlarda karlatrma dereceleri) ................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 102 Pronumele (Zamir) ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 103 Pronumele personale (Kii zamirleri) ............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 104 Pronumele posesive-predicative (yelik ekleri) ............................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 105 Pronumele demonstrative (aret zamirleri) ...................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 106 Pronumele reflexive (Dnllk zamirleri) .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 106 Pronumele interogative (Soru zamirleri) ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 108 Pronumele nehotrte (Belirsizlik zamirleri) .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 109 Pronumele negative (Olumsuzluk zamirleri) .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 109 Trecerea altor pri de vorbire n categoria pronumelui sau pronominalizarea (Baka kelimelerin zamir grevinde kullanlmalar) ..................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 109 Numeralul (Say) .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 110 Numeralele cardinale (Asl say) .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 111 Numerale ordinale (Sra says) ...................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 112 Numerale distributive (letirme saylar) ..................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 113 Numerale colective (Topluluk saylar) .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 113 Numerale aproximative (Oranlama saylar) ................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 114 Numeralul bir (Bir says) .............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 114 Adverbul (Zarf veya Belirte) .............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 115 Clasificarea adverbelor dup form ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 115 Adverbe primare ............................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 115 Adverbe derivate ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 115 Adverbe compuse i locuiuni adverbiale ....................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 116 Clasificarea adverbelor dup neles ............................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 117 Adverbele de timp (Zaman zarflar/belirteleri) ............................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 117 Adverbele de loc (Yer/yn zarflar/belirteleri) ............................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 118 Adverbele de mod (Tarz/durum zarflar/belirteleri) ..................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 119 Adverbele de cauz (Sebep zarflar) .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 120 Gradele de comparaie ale adverbelor (Zarflarda karlatrma dereceleri) ................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 120 Verbul (Fiil) .......................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 121 Formele verbale personale ............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 121 Formele verbale nepersonale .......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 121 Infinitivul i numele de aciune (Mastar fiil) .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 122 Categoriile gramaticale ale verbului (Fiil ats, kipi, zaman, ekli, ahs ve says) ...................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 123 Diateza verbului (Fiilin ats) ....................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 123 Diateza activ (Etken fiil) ............................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 123 Diateza reflexiv (Dnl fiil) ......................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 124 Diateza pasiv (Edilgen fiil) ........................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 125 Diateza factitiv (Ettirgen fiil) ....................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 126 Diateza reciproc/reciprocitii (te/karlkh at) ...................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 128 Modul, timpul i persoana verbului (Fiilde kip, zaman ve kii anlam) ......................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 129 Modurile personale (ekimli fiiler) ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 133 Modul imperativ (Emir kipi) .......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 133 Modul indicativ (Haber kipi) ......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 135 Prezentul I (sau n -yor) (imdiki zaman) ....................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 135 Prezentul-viitor (Geni zaman) ...................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 140 Timpul prezent-durativ (Sureklik bildiren imdiki zaman) ............................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 145 Trecutul (Gemi zaman) ............................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 146 Timpul trecut nedeterminat sau preteritul (Belirsiz gemi zaman) ................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 149 Imperfectul determinat (imdiki zamann hikyesi) ........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 152 Imperfectul nedeterminat (Geni zamann hikyesi) ....................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 154 Mai mult ca perfectul I (Belirli gemi zamann hikyesi) .............................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 156 Mai mult ca perfectul II (Belirsiz gemi zamann hikyesi) .......................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 159 Timpul trecut durativ (Surekli bildiren gemi zaman) .................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 161 Viitorul (Gelecek zaman) ............................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 163 Timpul viitor categoric (Gelecek zaman) ....................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 163 Timpul viitor n trecut (Gelecek zamann hikyesi) ........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 166 Modul condiional-optativ (Dilek art kipi) .................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 169 Timpul trecut determinat al modului condiional-optativ (Dilek artn hikyesi) ........................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 171 Timpul trecut nedeterminat al modului condiional-optativ (Belirsiz gemi zamann art) .......... ................................................................................................................................................................ 173 Condiionalul timpurilor indicativului (Haber kipi zamanlarnn art) ......................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 173 Condiionalul timpurilor necesitativului (Gereklik kipinin art) .................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 177 Modul necesitativ (Gereklik kipi) ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 179 Timpul trecut determinat al necesitativului (Gerekliin belirli gemi zaman) ............................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 180.......................................................................................................................................................... Timpul trecut nedeterminat al necesitativului (Gerekliin hikyesi) .............................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 181 Modul conjunctiv (stek kipi) ......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 182 Timpul prezent (imdiki zaman) .............................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 182 Timpul trecut determinat (stein hikyesi) ............................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 183 Timpul trecut nedeterminat (stein rivayeti) ......................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 183 Modurile nepersonale (ekimsiz fiil kipleri) ................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 185 Modul infinitiv i numele de aciune (Mastar-ad fiil) .................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 185 Modul participiu sau participiile (Sfat fiileri) ................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 187 Modul gerunziu Gerunziile sau converbele (Zarf-fiil) ................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 189 Aspectul verbal i formele perifrastice ale verbului (Karmak ve tasvir fiileri) ............................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 193 Aspecte verbale formate cu sufixe verbale ..................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 193 Negativul ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 193 Aspectul imposibilitativ (imposibilitii) ................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspectul frecventativ-intensiv ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspecte verbale formate pe cale analitic .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspectul posibilitativ sau posibilitii ..................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspectul incoativ .................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspectul aciunii instantanee .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspectul iterativ-durativ .........................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Aspectul intenional ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 195 Aspectul aproximativ ............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 195 Aspectul ntreruperii spontane ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 195 Aspectul rezultativ ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 196 Aspectul prezumtiv ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 196 Formarea verbelor (Fiil yapm) ..................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 196 Formarea verbelor pe cale sintetic ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 196 Verbe nederivate (radicale) ............................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 197 Verbe derivate ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 197 Formarea verbelor pe cale analitic ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 200 Postpoziia (Edat) ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 203 Postpoziiile simple sau propriu-zise (Kk olan edatlar) ................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ 204 Postpoziiile simple sau propriu-zise care se construiesc cu numele n cazul absolut i pronumele n genitiv ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ 204 Postpoziiile care se construiesc cu cazul dativ .............................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 208 Postpoziiile care se construiesc cu cazul ablativ ............................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 209 Numele postpoziionale sau postpoziiile-nume (Addan reme edatlar) ......................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 211

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Conjuncia (Bala) ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 216 Clasificarea conjunciilor dup forma i funcia lor ........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 216 Conjunciile coordonatoare (Sralama balalar).......................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 217.......................................................................................................................................................... Conjunciile copulative (Birletirici balaar) ....................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 217 Conjunciile disjunctive (Ayrma balalar) ......................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 219 Conjunciile adversative (Kartlama balalar) ................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 220 Conjunciile conclusive (Varg balalar) ............................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 221 Conjunciile alternative (Almama balalar) ....................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 221 Conjunciile subordonatoare (Yan cmle balalar) ..................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 221 Interjecia (nlem) ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 222 Interjeciile primare (pure) ............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 222 Interjeciile derivate ....................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 223 Onomatopeea (Yansma) ...................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 225 SINTAXA (SZ DZM) ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 227 Obiectul sintaxei .................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 227 Mijloacele de exprimare a raporturilor sintactice ...................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 228 Sintaxa propoziiei ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 230 Clasificarea propoziiilor ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 230 Clasificarea semantic a propoziiilor .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 230 Propoziiile enuniative .................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 230 Propoziia enuniativ propriu-zis ......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 231 Propoziia enuniativ optativ ............................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 231 Propoziia enuniativ imperativ ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 232 Propoziia enuniativ condiional ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 233 Propoziia enuniativ necesitativ ......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 233 Propoziiile interogative ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 234 Propoziiile exclamative ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 234 Clasificarea structurasl a propoziiilor .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 235 Propoziiile neanalizabile ............................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 235 Propoziiile analizabile ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 235 Propoziiile simple i propoziiile dezvoltate .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 236 Propoziii bimembre i propoziii monomembre ............................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 236 Propoziii verbale i propoziii nominale ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 237

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Propoziiile incidente ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 238 Prile propoziiei. Clasificarea prilor de propoziie ............................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 240 Prile principale ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 240 Prile secundare ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 241 Prile simple de propoziie .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 242 Prile dezvoltate de propoziie .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 243 Prile complexe ale propoziiei ............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 243 Subiectul ........................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 245 Subiectul simplu ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 246 Subiectul multiplu .................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 246 Subiectul complex .................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 248 Predicatul ....................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 248 Predicatul verbal ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 248 Predicatul nominal ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 250 Copula .................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 250 Numele predicativ .................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 251 Numele predicativ simplu ............................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 251 Numele predicativ complex ............................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 254 Acordul predicatului cu subiectul ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 254 Atributul ......................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 256 Atributul adjectival ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 256 Atributul adjectival complex .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 258 Atributul substantival ............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 261 zafetul I ......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 262 zafetul II ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 263 zafetul III ...................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 264 zafetul persan ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 267 Atributul substantival complex ....................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 267 Atributul substantival reduplicat ..................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 268 Atributul pronominal .............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 268 Atributul circumstanial .......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 269 Atributul predicativ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 270 Atributul predicativ multiplu .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 273 Complementul direct ...................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 274 Complementul direct simplu .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 274

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Complementul direct complex ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 277 Complementul indirect ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 278 Complementul indirect n dativ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 278 Complementul indirect n locativ ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 279 Complementul indirect n ablativ ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 279 Complementul indirect complex ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 280 Complementul relativ ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 282 Complementul de agent .................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 283 Complementul circumstanial de loc .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 283 Circumstanialul complex de loc ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 286 Complementul circumstanial de timp ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 286 Complementul circumstanial complex de timp ..................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 289 Complementul circumstanial de mod ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 292 Circumstanialul complex de mod .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 294 Complementul circumstanial de msur ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 298 Complementul circumstanial comparativ ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 299 Circumstanialul comparativ complex .................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 300 Complementul circumstanial de cauz ..........................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 301 Circumstanialul complex de cauz ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 302 Complementul circumstanial de scop ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 302 Circumstanialul complex de scop .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 302 Complementul circumstanial instrumental .................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 303 Complementul circumstanial sociativ ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 303 Complementul circumstanial de excepie ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 304 Complementul circumstanial complex de excepie ................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 304 Complementul circumstanial condiional ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 304 Complementul circumstanial concesiv .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 305 Sintaxa frazei ........................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 306 Coordonarea ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 306 Coordonarea copulativ .......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 307 Coordonarea disjunctiv ......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 308 Coordonarea adversativ ........................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 309 Coordonarea conclusiv ......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 310 Subordonarea ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 310 Subordonarea paratactic .......................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................................ 311 Subordonarea lexical .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 311 Subordonarea morfologic ............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 312 Subordonarea intonaional ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 317 Subordonarea interogativ indirect ............................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 318 Subordonarea conjuncionla ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 319 Vorbirea direct i vorbirea indirect ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 323 Vorbirea direct independent ........................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 323 Vorbirea direct legat ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 324 Vorbirea indirect subordonat ...................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ 325 Vorbirea indirect liber ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 325

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Cuvnt nainteLimba turc este limba unei vechi i bogate culturi i civilizaii i, n acelai timp, este una din limbile care, ntr-o oarecare msur, au influenat limba romn. nsuirea ei ntr-o form aprofundat nu ar fi dect un ctig pentru fiecare, mai ales n condiiile n care relaiile, pe toate planurile, dintre Romnia i Turcia au perspective deosebite de dezvoltare. Lucrarea de fa, care cuprinde fonetica-fonologia, morfologia i sintaxa limbii turce, se adreseaz n primul rnd studenilor seciei de Limba i Literatura Turc din cadrul Facultii de Limbi i Literaturi Strine a Universitii din Bucureti. De asemenea, ea va putea fi utilizat de ctre studenii altor secii i faculti care, ntr-o form sau alta, studiaz limba turc, precum i de ctre elevii unor coli unde se pred limba turc, de ctre alte grupuri sau persoane care sunt interesate de cunoaterea limbii turce contemporane. n ceea ce privete problemele de fonetic, ne-am limitat la prezentarea celor mai importante fapte de limb, care prezint i o importan practic, considernd c nu este util s separm ntr-un capitol special faptele de fonologie, ele fiind tratate laolalt cu problemele de fonetic. n abordarea problemelor de morfologie s-a avut n vedere faptul c dou grupuri distincte sunt constituite de nume (substantivul, adjectivul, pronumele, numeralul i adverbul) i de verbe: fiecare dintre aceste grupuri de pri ale vorbirii prezint particulariti lexicale care le disting net pe una de cealalt. Clasificarea lexico-gramatical a prilor de vorbire se face lund n considerare att coninutul lor semantic, ct i valoarea lor gramatical, nsuiri pe care orice parte de vorbire le posed n acelai timp i n aceeai msur. Pornind de la sensul lexicogramatical al cuvintelor, de la particularitile lor morfologice i de la funciile lor sintactice, ntregul fond lexical al limbii turce a fost mprit n urmtoarele grupe principale: 1. Cuvinte semnificative (substantivul, adjectivul, pronumele, numeralul, adverbul i verbul). 2. Cuvinte auxiliare (conjunciile, postpoziiile i numele postpoziionale). 3. Interjeciile i onomatopeele. Grupul sau mbinarea de cuvinte, propoziia i fraza reprezint cele trei uniti ale sintaxei care formeaz obiectul unei analize detaliate n cadrul capitolului Sintax. Aici se acord o importan deosebit analizei aa-numitelor pri secundare complexe ale propoziiei, care sunt constituite din diferite forme nominale ale verbului i care exprim aproape toate raporturile de subordonare pe care, n limba romn i n alte limbi 22

flexionare, le exprim diversele propoziii subordonate. Acestea, datorit complexitii lor logice i sintactice, sunt numite i cvasi-propoziii, deoarece forma nominal respectiv a verbului reprezint al doilea centru de predicaie al propoziiei, iar grupul de cuvinte care conine o asemenea form nominal este asemntor, din punct de vedere al coninutului, cu o propoziie. Animat de dorina de a uura ct se poate de mult utilizarea fenomenelor de limb teoretic pentru nevoile practice, respectiv pentru nelegerea mai lesnicioas i nsuirea adecvat cu adevrat a limbii turce, am fcut peste tot n lucrare, i referiri la modurile de ntrebuinare ale unor categorii fonetice, morfologice i sintactice, utiliznd pentru ilustrare materialul oferit de gramaticile celor mai de seam turcologi turci i strini. Aceste lucrri sunt: Ailearov, . S., Ucebnik tureckogo jazyka, Moscova, 1954; Banguolu, Tahsin, Trkenin Grameri, Istanbul, 1974; Grammaire de langue turque. Dialecte osmanli, Paris, 1921; Traducerea turceasc: Ali Ulvi Elve, Trk Dili Grameri (Osmanl Lehesi), Istanbul, 1941; Ediskun, Haydar, Yeni Trk Dilbilgisi, Istanbul, 1963; Emre, Ahmet Cevat, Trk Dilbilgisi, Istanbul, 1945; Ergin, Muharrem, Trk Dil Bilgisi, Istanbul, 1972; Gencan, Tahir Nejat, Dilbilgisi, Istanbul, 1975; Hacieminolu, M. Necmettin, Trk Dilinde Edatlar, Istanbul, 1971; Kononov, A. N., Grammatika sovremennogo tureckogo literaturnogo jazyka, Moscova-Leningrad, 1956; Lewis, G. L., Turkish Grammar, Oxford, 1967; Maizel, S. S., Arabskie i persidskie elementy v tureckom jazyke, Moscova, 1945 i Izafet v tureckom jazyke, Moscova-Leningrad, 1957; Sevortjan, E. V., Fonetika tureckogo literaturnogo jazyka, Moscova, 1955; Zlfikr, Hamza, Dilbilgisi, Ankara, 1976. Concepia i redactarea unei asemenea lucrri a implicat mari dificulti. in s aduc pe aceast cale mulumirile mele Conf. dr. Luminia Munteanu, care prin sugestiile i observaiile preioase fcute a contribuit la mbuntirea acestei lucrri.

A. Baubec

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NSZRomanyada Trkoloji retimi iin o unutulmaz 1957 ylnda Bkre niversitesi Yabanc Diller Fakltesi Dou Dilleri Blmnde Trk Dili ve Edebiyat Anabilim Dalnn da alacan duyunca, Kstencede liseyi yeni bitirmi olan bir gen olarak ilk iim, gelecekle ilgili tm hayallerimi bir kenara brakarak, Trkoloji renimi grmek iin, bu blme giri snavna katlmaya komak olmutu. Bugn, bir dnp geri baktmda, o gnlerin heyecann yeniden yaar gibiyim.Geen bunca yl boyunca, nce renci, sonralar da retim yesi olduum bu blmde, birok kuak Romen trkologunu yetitirmi,Trkeyi renmekte gerekli olan ders kitaplar ve antolojileri hazrlam, Trk Dili ve Diyalektolojisi bilim dalnda Romanyada ilk doktor nvann kazanm, Trke-Romence ve Romence-Trke Szlk ve Konuma Klavuzlarn, yine ilk defa olarak yaynlam olmaktan son derece gururluyum. Romence ad Gnmz Trk Dili olan bu Trkenin Grameri kitabm da, Romanyada bu kapsam ve seviyede baslan ilk kitaptr. Bu dilbilgisi kitabmda, Trkiye Trkesinin geirdii evreleri, balca zelliklerini, gelimekte olduu ynlerini ve bugnk eilimlerini belirtmeye altm. Bu almamn, bata Romen niversitelerinde okuyan Trkoloji rencilerinin gereksinimleri olmak zere, Trkeyi renmek isteyen Romenlerin ve genel dilbilim aratrmalarnda dilcilerin gereksinimlerini de karlayabilecek nitelikte olduuna inanyorum. tekileri gibi, bu kitabm da Trkiyenin, bu defa konutuu diliyle, Romanyada daha iyi tannmasn ve bylelikle halklarmzn birbirine daha da yaknlamasn salayacana inanyorum.

Agiemin Baubec

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Bibliografie selectivAilearov, . S., Uebnik tureckogo jazyka, Moscova, 1954. Aksan, Doan, Trkiye Trkesinin Dn, Bugn, Yarn, Ankara, 2000. Aksoy, mer Asm, Gelien ve zleen Dilimiz, Ankara, 1970. Arat, Reid Rahmeti, Trk ivelerinin tasnifi, n Trkiyat Mecmuas X, Istanbul, 1953. Atalay, Besim, Trk Dilinde Ana Kelimeler veya Trkede Tretme Szl, Ankara, 1967. Banguolu, Tahsin, Trk Grameri, Birinci Blm: Sesbilgisi, Ankara, 1959. Banguolu, Tahsin, Trkenin Grameri. Istanbul, 1974. Baskakov, N. A., Tjurskie jazyki, Moscova, 1961. Baskakov, N. A., Vvedenie v izuenie tjurkskih jazykov, Moscova, 1969. Baubec, Agiemin; Baubec Geafar, Deniz, Limba turc fr profesor, Bucureti, 1995. Bazin, Louis, Structures et tendances communes des langues turques (Sprachbau), n PhTF, I, Wiesbaden, 1959, p. 1113. Benzing, J., Classification of the Turkic Languages, n PhTF, I, Wiesbaden, 1959, p. 15. Caferolu, Ahmet, Die anatolischen und rumelischen Mundarten, n PhTF, I, Wiesbaden, 1959, p. 239260. Caferolu, Ahmet, Trk Dili Tarihi, I, Ediia a II-a, Istanbul, 1970; Trk Dili Tarihi, II, Istanbul, 1964. Deny, J., Grammaire de la langue turque. Dialecte osmanli, Paris, 1921; traducerea n turc: Elve, Ali Ulvi; Trk Dili Grameri (Osmanl Lehesi), Istanbul, 1941. Deny, J., Principes de Grammaire Turque, Paris, 1955. Deny, J., LOsmanl moderne et le Turc de Turquie, n PhTF, I, Wiesbaden, 1959, p. 182236. Dilar, A., Trk Diline Genel bir Bak, Ankara, 1964. Dilar, A., Trkiyede Dil zlemesi, Ankara, 1969. Dimitriev, N. K., Tureckij jazyk, Moscova, 1960. Drimba, Vladimir, Syntaxe comane, Bucureti-Leiden, 1973. Drimba, Vladimir, Repartiia graiurilor turceti din Dobrogea, n SCL, nr. 1, p. 5177. Drimba, Vladimir, Cercetri asupra foneticii gguze, (III), n SCL, XII (1961, nr. 3, p. 399 419 i nr. 4, p. 555575. Dobrian, Nicolae, Curs de fonetic i morfologia limbii arabe contemporane, Bucureti, 1975. Dizdarolu, Hikmet, Trkede Szck Yapma Yollar, Ankara, 1962. Ediskun, Haydar, Yeni Trk Dilbilgisi, Istanbul, 1963. Emre, Ahmet Cevat, Trk Dilbilgisi, Istanbul, 1945. Emre, Ahmet Cevat, Trk Lehelerinin Mukayeseli Grameri, I, Fonetik, Istanbul, 1949. Ergin, Muharrem, Trk Dil Bilgisi, Istanbul, 1972. Gabain, Annemarie von, Alttrkische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1950. Gencan, Tahir Nejat, Dilbilgisi, 2. Bask, Istanbul, 1971. Gordlevski, V. A., Grammatika tureckogo jazyka, Moscova, 1928. Gkalp, Ziya, Trkln Esaslar, Istanbul, 1970. Gramatica limbii romne, vol. III, Bucureti, 1963. Hazai, Gy., Kurze Einfhrung in das Studium der trkischen Sprache, Budapest, 1978.

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mer, Kmile, Trk yaz dilinde dil devriminin balangcndan 1965 yl sonuna kadar zleme zerine sayma dayanan bir aratrma, n Trkoloji Dergisi v/1, Ankara, 1973, p. 175190. Introducere n lingvistic, ed. II, Bucureti, 1965. Issledovanija po sravnitelnoj grammatike tjurkskih jazykov, I-II, (Pod obsej redakciej N. K. Dimitrieva i N. A. Baskakova), Moscova, 19581962. Istorieskoe razvitie leksiki tjurkskih jazykov (Pod redakciej N. K. Dimitrieva, N. A. Baskakova, E. I. Ubrjatova), Moscova, 19551956, 19611962. Istoriseskoe razvitie leksiki tjurkskix jazykov (Glavnyj redaktor akademik V. V. Vinogradov), Moscova, 1966. Karamanlolu, Ali, Trk Dili (Nereden Geliyor, Nereye Gidiyor), Istanbul, 1972. Kononov, A. N., Grammatika sovremennogo tureckogo literaturnogo jazyka, MoscovaLeningrad, 1956. Korkmaz, Zeynep, Trk Dilinin Tarih ak inde Atatrk ve Dil Devrimi, Ankara, 1963. Kowalski, Tadeuz, Les lments ethniques turcs de la Dobroudja, n ,,Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XIV (1938), p. 6-80. Lewis, G. L., Turkish Grammar, Oxford, 1967. Maizel,S. S., Arabskie i persidkie elementy v tureckom jazyke, Moscova, 1945. Maizel, S. S., Izafet v tureckom jazyke, Moscova-Leningrad, 1957. Malov, S. E., Pamiatniki drevnetjurskoj pismennosti, Moscova-Leningrad, 1951. Mansurolu, Mecdut, Anadoluda Trk Yaz Dilinin Balama ve Gelimesi, n TDED IV, Nr. 3, Istanbul, 1951, p. 215226. Martinet, Andr, Elemente de lingvistic general. Traducere i adaptare la limba romn, de Paul Miclu, Bucureti, 1970. Manges, Karl H., The Turkic Languages and Peoples, Wiesbaden, 1968. Nemeth, Julius, Trkische Grammatik, Berlin und Leipzig (ed. engl., 1962). Nicolaus, Poppe, Introduction to Altaic Linguistics, Wiesbaden, 1965. zdemir, Emin, Dil Devrimimiz, Ankara, 1969. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, I, Wiesbaden, 1965 (citat PhTF). Pokrovskaja, L. A., Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka, Fonetika i morfologija, Moscova, 1964. Ramsted, G. J., Einfhrung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft, I, Lautlehre, Helsinki, 1957; II, Formenlehre, Helsinki, 1952. Rsnen, Martti, Materialen zur Lautgeschichte der trkischen Sprachen, Helsinki, 1949. Rsnen, Marti, Materialen zur Morphologie der trkischen Sprachen, Helsinki, 1957. Sevortjan, E. V., Fonetika tureckogo literaturnogo jazyka, Moscova, 1955. Sezer, Ayhan, Turkish-English Contras