digital image processing, 2nd ed. www ...csie/ycliaw/dip/01_introduction.pdfimage processing...

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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction

1.1 What is digital image processing1.2 The origins of digital image processing1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP1.5 Components of an image processing system



ImageImageA 2D function, f(x, y)f(x, y)xx and yy are spatial coordinatesAmplitude of ff is called the intensityintensity or gray levelgray level

x0

y0

f(xf(x0 0 , y, y0 0 ))

x1

y1

f(xf(x1 1 , y, y1 1 ))

1.1 What is digital image processing?

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Digital imageDigital imagexx, , yy, f(x, y)f(x, y) are all all finitefinite and and discretediscreteis composed of aa finite number of elementsfinite number of elementsThese elements are referred to as

picture elementsimage elementspelspixelspixels - most widely used


pixel



Digital image processingDigital image processingProcessing of digital images on adigital computerNot just limited to the visual band ofthe electromagnetic(EM) spectrum

Entire EM spectrumUltrasoundElectron microscopyComputer generated images

Source: http://www.cwb.gov.tw


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Image processing to computer visionImage processing to computer vision


Low-Level Processingnoise reduction, contrast enhancement,

image sharpening

Low-Level Processingnoise reduction, contrast enhancement,

image sharpening

Mid-Level Processingsegmentationclassification

Mid-Level Processingsegmentationclassification

High-Level ProcessingObject recognition

Artifact Intelligence

High-Level ProcessingObject recognition

Artifact Intelligence

Image Image

Image attributes

attributes making sense

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Newspaper industryNewspaper industryPictures were sent by submarine cable (海底電纜)between London and New York

Bartlane Bartlane cable picture transmission systemcable picture transmission system(1920s)

Transport a picture : a week < 3 hoursFigures 1.1 ~ 1.3

1.2 The origins of digital image processing



Reproduced by a telegraph printer with a special typefaceThis printing method was abandoned toward the end of 1921


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based on photographic reproduction - 19225 levels of graywith better tonal quality and resolution than Figure 1.1




1929Reproduced with 15 levels of gray

No image processing introducedNo image processing introduced


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Computer AdvancesComputer Advancesthe invention of the transistor by Bell Labs. in 1948the development of the high-level programming languagesthe invention of the IC at Texas Instruments in 1958the development of operation systems in the early 1960sthe development of microprocessor by Intel in the early 1970sintroduction by IBM of the personal computer in 1981Large Scale IC in the late 1970sVLSI in the 1980s, ULSI presentIC Technology, Mass storage and display systems

Computers have powerful processing capability to processimages




Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsThe first computers powerful enough to carry outmeaningful image processing tasks appeared in theearly 1960s - Fig. 1.4

Image enhancementImage enhancementImage restorationImage restoration


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Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsthe late 1960s and early 1970

medical imagingremote Earth resources observationsastronomy(天文學)

Solar System, http://en.wikipedia.orgSource:http://www.barco.com North Pole, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov




Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsComputerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

http://training.seer.cancer.gov

Source:http://w3.csmu.edu.tw/~sunday/psychology/93_1/chap02.ppt


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Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsFrom 1960s to present

image processing are used in a broad range of applicationsContract enhancement or code the intensity into color

X-RAY, Industrial, Medicine, Biological sciencesto study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery

Image enhancement and restorationused to process degraded images of unrecoverable objectsor experimental results too expensive to duplicateArcheology(考古學) - image restorationPhysics - electron microscopy

Astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law enforcement,defense, industrial applications




Principal energy source for imagesPrincipal energy source for imagesElectromagnetic Spectrum - Figure 1.5AcousticUltrasonicElectronic

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

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© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods Source:http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/pictures/emspec.gif





1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

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天鵝座天鵝座核子反應爐汽閥核子反應爐汽閥Gamma Gamma 放射線放射線

正子放射斷層掃描儀正子放射斷層掃描儀Positron Emission Positron Emission TomographyTomography

ApplicationsApplicationsNuclear MedicineAstronomical

1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging



血管造影法血管造影法contract-enhancement contract-enhancement

radiography(Xradiography(X光照像術光照像術))

胸部胸部XX光光

電腦斷層掃描電腦斷層掃描

電路板電路板

天鵝座天鵝座

導管

ApplicationsApplicationsMedicineIndustry

1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging

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ApplicationsApplicationslithography-平面印刷術industrial inspectionFluorescence microscopy 螢光顯微鏡lasersbiological imagingastronomical observations

http://www.monos.leidenuniv.nl

1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band



天鵝座天鵝座

患病的玉米患病的玉米Fluorescence microscopy

正常的玉米正常的玉米Fluorescence microscopy

1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

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ApplicationsApplicationsLight microscopyAstronomyRemote sensingIndustryLaw enforcement

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands



Light microscopyLight microscopy抗癌藥物

膽固醇

Microprocessor鎳氧化物

Audio CD表面有機超導體


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Infrared imagesInfrared images10-13.4um


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Visual SpectrumVisual SpectrumAutomatic visual inspection

PCBPackaged pillsBottlesBubbles in plastic productsCereal人造眼部水晶

structed light

deformations


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Visual SpectrumVisual SpectrumThumb printPaper currencyTraffic monitoring




ApplicationsApplicationsradar image

Southeast of Tibet(西藏)5800m above sea level

1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band

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ApplicationsApplicationsMedicine

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -磁共振影像

1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band

膝蓋膝蓋脊椎脊椎



ApplicationsApplicationsAstronomy

Crab Pulsar蟹脈沖星

高速旋轉之中子星

一秒可自轉30次

1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band

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Acoustic imagingAcoustic imagingHundreds of Hertz

Geological exploration

Millions of Hertz - ultrasoundIndustryMedicine

Electron microscopyElectron microscopySynthetic (computer generated) imagingSynthetic (computer generated) imaging

1.3.7 Examples in which other imagingmodalities are used



UltrasoundUltrasoundMineral or Oil exploration


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UltrasoundUltrasoundMedicine

甲狀腺




Electron Microscopy (EM)Electron Microscopy (EM)TEM - Transmission EMSEM - Scanning EM


鎢絲鎢絲 damaged ICdamaged IC

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Synthetic imagingSynthetic imaging

FractalsFractals

33D objectsD objects



© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods preprocessinginvolved

makes images betterhuman preferencesvery subjective

restoration of degraded images

color modelcolor processing

for reducingthe storage required

tools for extracting image components

partition an image into objects

Image Displaycan take place at the output of any stage

1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP

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1.5 Components of an image processing system

PrintersFilm camerasDigital Units

MoniterLCDDisplay Card

Short-Term-MemoryOn-Line-HD, CD-ROMsArchival-Tapes, CD-ROMs



• ID Card 製作系統

Example for an image processing system

ID Card製作系統

ID Card製作系統

大頭照

本人

CCDCCD

ScannerScanner

PrinterPrinter

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Card ImageGeneration

printercorrection

CCD

Scanner

imageacquisition

Printing

ID CardEditing

printerparametergeneration

input devicecorrection

input deviceparametergeneration

SaveImage

MemberDatabase

ImageProcessingand Editing

backgroundprocessing

.Image Acquisition

.Input Device Calibration

.Image Processing and Editing

.Employee/Client Database

.ID Card Designer & Generator

.Printer Calibration

.Printer Controller



• Image Acquisition– Scanner

• Scanner控制介面

– CCD• CCD&影像擷取卡• CCD控制介面

CCD

Scanner

imageacquisition bitmap file

固定大小


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• Input Device Parameter Generation

CCD

Scanner

imageacquisition

Target

Target

CorrectionParametersGeneration

Reference File

CorrectionParameters






• Input Device Correctioncorrection parameters

input devicecorrectioninput image corrected image

parametersanalysis

Input Device RGB sRGB




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• Background Processing– 去背與加背(背景)

• Image Processing and Editing– Image Editing Interface

• 提供去雜點,修補影像,影像強化(明暗,對比,色相調整,色調曲線)等功能

• 提供存取影像調整參數及自動調整影像功能

ImageEditing

backgroundprocessing




• Member Database– 儲存成員編號, 姓名, 照片, 及其它相關資料

• Save Image– 將影像存入Member Database

SaveImage

EmployeeDatabase


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• ID Card Editing– 供編輯及儲存卡片模版

• 底圖• 人像位置大小• 成員基本資料(link to employee/client database)• 其它圖示及說明文字

• Card Image Generation– 結合人像,成員資料,及卡片模版產生ID Card影像

Card ImageGeneration

ID CardEditing




• Printer Parameter Generation

Printer

imageacquisitionTarget

CorrectionParametersGeneration

Reference File

CorrectionParameters

Scanneror

CCD

printercorrection



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• Printer Correction

• Printer Controller

correctionparameters

Printercorrection

input image corrected image

parametersanalysis

sRGB Printer RGB

printercorrection





TGA File Format

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TGA File Format

digital image processing, 2nd ed. www ...csie/ycliaw/dip/01_introduction.pdfimage processing...

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