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digital data aquisition and networks

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Chapter 15 Digital data acquisition and networks The advent of digital electronic circuitry has brought a steady stream of technological progress to indus trial instrument atio n. F rom early appli cations of digi tal computin g in the 1960’s to the first distributed control systems (DCS) in the 1970’s to the “smart” transmitter revolution of the 1980’s, digital technology has expanded on the capabilities and information-sharing ability of measuring and control instruments. It is the purpose of this chapter to give a general overview of digital technology as it applies to data acquisition (measuring and recording process data) and digital communication, highlighting some of the more common standard s used in indus try. Subse quen t cha pter s will be devoted to more in-depth discussions of specific digital instrumentation standards. One of the greatest advantages of digital technology over analog is the ability to communicate vast amounts of data over a limited number of data channels. In the world of 4-20 mA signaling (or 3-15 PSI signaling, for that matter!) each pair of wires could communicate only  one  variable. In the world of digital networks, one pair of wires can communicate a nearly limitless number of variables, the only limit being the  speed  of that data communication 1 . Thi s one -si gna l-pe r-c han nel limit of 4-20 mA ana log sig nal s repres en ts a techno log ic al “bottleneck” restricting data transfer between instrumen ts and control systems. While it certainly is possible to devote a dedicated wire pair to each and every variable in an instrument system, this is very expensive to do. It is particularly cumbersome for instruments generating multiple variables of measurement, such as Coriolis flowmeters which simultaneously measure process fluid mass flow rate, fluid density, and fluid temperature; or “smart” valve positioners which continuously measure the stem position, actuator pressure(s), supply pressure, and temperature of a control valve. The data- rich capabilities of digital field instruments demands a digital form of communication to overcome the “bottlenec k” of anal og 4-20 mA signa ls. Rosemount’s HART standard was a valiant attempt to provide the “best of both worlds” in indus trial instru men tati on. With HART digital signa ls superi mposed on 4-20 mA analog signals, one could retain the simplicity and certainty of analog signaling while enjoying the multi-variable 1 The technical term for the “speed limit” of any data communications channel is  bandwidth , usually expressed as a frequency (in Hertz). 723

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Kuphaldt, T. Chapter 15 Digital Data Acquisition and Networks. In Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation; 2013; pp 742–853.

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