digital cinematography tamil kannadasan pathipagam balaji sample

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E-mail : [email protected] Our website : www.kannadasanpathipaggam.com

vr;rhpf;iffhg;gpiul; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; gjpt[ bgw;Ws;s ,e;E}ypy; ,Ue;J vija[k; Kd; mDkjpapd;wpg; gad;gLj;jf; TlhJ.

jtwpdhy; rptpy;/ fphpkpdy; rl;l';fspd;go eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;. - fhe;jp fz;zjhrd;/ gp.V/ gp.vy;./

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T§lTô£¬Vo - §Ú.Lôk§ LiQRôNu

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DIGITAL CINEMATOGRAPHYTamil book (with english words) on Digital cinema making

Written by : R.BALAJI First Edition : September, 2012 Publishing Editor : GANDHI KANNADHASAN Published by : KANNADHASAN PATHIPPAGAM #23, Kannadhasan Salai, Thiyagaraya Nagar, Chennai -17 Ph: 044- 24332682, 24338712 ISBN : 978-81-8402-705-1

Our Branches : No.1212, Range Gowder Street, Coimbatore - 641 001. Ph:0422-2479774 : No.1, Annai Complex, III Street, Vasantha Nagar, Madurai - 625 003, Ph:0452 - 2373793, 2373180 : No.37, Bharathy Street, Puducherry - 605 001. Ph.0413-4200143 : No.32 & 33, Old Bus Stand, Municipal New Shopping Complex,

Vellore - 632 004. Ph. 0416 - 2223312

Our Bankers : State Bank of India, T.Nagar, Chennai - 17.

Printed by :

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sample

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rpdpkh cyfnk khiafs; epiwe;jJ. ,Ul;lhd bgl;of;Fs; btspr;rj;ijg;

gjpt[ bra;J/ ,Ul;onyna kf;fSf;F fhl;Lk; rpf;fyhd gzpahFk;. gpypk;

nfkuhf;fspdhy; kl;Lk; rpdpkhf;fs; cUthdnghJ/ Kiwahd fy;tpa[k;/ bry;tr;

brHpg;g[k; cilath;fSf;F kl;Lk; chpajhf ,Ue;j xspg;gjpthsh; JiwahdJ/

etPd o$pl;ly; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd; tpisthf/ rhkhdpah;fSf;Fk; vl;Lk; bjhiytpy;

cs;sJ.

,t;thW Mh;tk; kl;Lk; cilath;fs;/ nghjpa gapw;rpapd;wp/ gy;ntW

FiwfSld; Toa fhl;rpfisg; gjpt[ bra;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jifath;fSf;F

rpdpnkhl;nlhfpuhgp bjhlh;ghf ehd; mwpe;j jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf; bfhs;s cjt[k;

Clfnk ,e;jg; g[j;jfk;. o$pl;ly; nfkuhf;fis fz;zhy; kl;Lk; ghh;j;jth;fs;

Tl/ Rkhuhd juKila fhl;rpia gjpt[ bra;a itf;Fk; mstpy; ,g;g[j;jfj;jpd;

fUj;Jf;fs; mog;gilapy; ,Ue;J Jt';Fgit.

,g;g[j;jfj;ij cUthf;f cjtpath;fSf;Fk;/ gjpg;gpj;j jpU.fhe;jp fz;zjhrd;

mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfisr; rkh;g;gpf;fpnwd;. ,g;g[j;jfk; bjhlh;ghd Fiw

epiwfs; kw;Wk; c';fs; mDgt';fis vd;Dld; gfph;e;J bfhs;st[k;.

(e-mail:camera man [email protected], Mobile:7708749460)

thH;j;Jf;fSld;

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sample

sample

1. o$pl;ly; rpdpkh

2. nfkuh tiffs;

3. o$pl;ly; nfkuh ghf';fs;

4. nfkuhitj; njh;e;bjLj;jy;

5. nfkuhitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

6. nfkuh nfhz';fs;

7. nfkuh mirt[fs;

8. iyl;o';

9. nfkuh nuhyp';

10. vol;o';/ rt[z;l; kw;Wk; gpdp#p';

1

6

19

74

81

111

133

150

217

232

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sample

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sample

20Mk; E}w;whz;oy; njhd;wpa rpdpkh Jiw

mile;Js;s ,d;iwa tsh;r;rpfisf; fz;lhy;/ jhk!;

My;th vornd xU fzk; mre;J nghthh;. mj;jifa

mRuj;jdkhd bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rp rpdpkh Jiwapy;

xt;bthU ehSk; Vw;gl;Lf; bfhz;L tUfpwJ.

gy nfhofs; tpiya[ila nfkuhf;fspdhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l jpiug;gl';fs;/ ,d;iwa bjhHpy;El;g

tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf/ jpUkz epfH;r;rpfspy; nghl;nlh

vLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; !;oy; (HDSLR) nfkuhf;fisf;

bfhz;nl glkhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jahhpg;g[r; brytpy;

Rkhh; Kg;gJ tpGf;fhl;il tpG';;fpa gpypk; RUs;fSf;Fg;

gjpyhf/ ekJ bry;nghd;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; bkkhp

fhh;Lfns jpiug;glk; vLf;f nghJkhdjhFk;.

,j;jifa o$pl;ly; g[ul;rpapd; tpisthf

nfhO!;tuh;fSf;F kl;Lnk brhe;jkhf ,Ue;j glj;jahhpg;g[/

fLikahf ciHj;jhy; rhkhdpah;fSf;Fk; rhj;jpag;gLk;

vd;w epiy ,d;W cUthfpa[s;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf

Kiwahd gapw;rp ,y;yhJ/ Mh;tk; kl;Lk; bfhz;l

,is"h;fs; nfkuhit ifapy; vLf;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa

njly; cs;sth;fSf;F nfkuh bjhHpy;El;gk; bjhlh;ghd

mog;gilfs; vl;lhf; fdpahfnt cs;sd.

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2

sample

,j;jifath;fSf;F o$pl;ly; bjhHpy; El;gj;jpd;

mog;gilfis tH';Ftnj ,g;g[j;jfj;jpd; ,yf;fhFk;.

,jpYk; neuoahf o$pl;ly; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpw;Fs; Fjpf;fhky;/

md;WKjy; ,d;Wtiu epfH;e;j bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rpfspd;

mog;gilfis mwptJ eyk;.

1.1.£²Uô®u úRôt\m

jhk!; My;th vordpd; fpdlh!;nfhg; kw;Wk;

Y}kpah; rnfhjuh;fspd; rpdpnkhl;nlhfpuhgp nghd;w

fz;Lgpog;g[fspd; tHpna gog;goahf brJf;fg;gl;l

fiyr; rpw;gnk rpdpkhthFk;. ntjpg;bghUl;fs; g{rg;gl;l

xspg[ff;Toa gpsh!;of; my;yJ fz;zho ml;ilfs;

byd;rpd; gpd;dhy; bghUj;jg;gl;l xU kug;bgl;oahf

,Ue;jnj Muk;gfhy gpypk; nfkuhthFk;.

Fiwe;j Jy;ypaKk;/ Fiwe;j bray;jpwDk; bfhz;l

me;j nfkuhf;fs; ifapdhy; RHw;wp ,af;fg;gl ntz;oait.

,jdhnyna ,f;nfkuhtpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhl;rpfs;

,ay;ghd ntfj;jpy; ,y;yhky;/ fpLfpLbtd XLk;

jd;ikbfhz;litahf ,Ue;jd. rhh;yprhg;spd; fhyj;jpa

jpiug;gl';fs; ,d;iwa gl';fspypUe;J ntWgl ,Jt[k;

xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. ,jd;gpd; gy;ntW bjhHpy;El;g

Kd;ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthf/ rpwpa kpd;nkhl;lh; cjtpa[ld;

,a';Fk; jukhd gpypk; nfkuhf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.


3

sample

md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu jpiug;glj; Jiwapy;

,j;jifa gpypk; nfkuhf;fns fhl;rpj;juj;jpy; nfhnyhr;rp

tUfpd;wd.

Muk;g fhy rpdpkhf;fshdJ ,d;iwa rpdpkhitg;

nghy; fk;g;a{l;liuf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lit my;y.

Jtf;fj;jpy; nfkuhtpy; ,Ue;j xU vspa ikf; \ynk

fhl;rpf;fhd bkhj;j xypa[k; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;ld. gpd;dzp

,ir kw;Wk; ghly;fSk; #^l;o'; eilbgWk; nghnj

nfkuhtpd; mUfpnyna ,irf;fg;gl;ld. mLj;jLj;j

nlf;FfSf;F ,irf;fiy"h;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghlt[k;

,irf;ft[k; ntz;oapUe;jJ.

Mdhy; ,d;W glg;gpog;g[ jdpahft[k;/ mjw;fhd

,ir nrh;g;g[ jdpahft[k; eilbgWfpd;wd. ,jpYk;

,irf;fUtpfisj; jdpahf ,irj;J/ ghlfh;fis xt;bthU

thpahff; Tl jdpahfg; ghlitj;J ,izf;Fk; mst[f;F

rt[z;l; l;uhf; bjhHpy;El;gk; tsh;e;Js;sJ.

rkPgj;jpa mjpetPd o$pl;ly; nfkuhf;fspd;

bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rp/ gpypk; nfkuhf;fSf;F rthy;

tpLtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ glj;jpd; juk; kw;Wk; njhw;wj;jpd;

mog;gilapy; gpypk; nfkuhit o$pl;ly; bjhHpy;El;gj;jhy;

bty;ynt KoahJ vdyhk;.


4

sample?

sample

sample

2.1.© −m úLUWô

Muk;gj;jpy; Twpathnw ntjpg; bghUl;fs;

g{rg;gl;l/ xspg[ff;Toa gpsh!;of; ml;ilfspy; gjpt[

bra;tnj gpypk; nfkuhf;fs; MFk;. cyfpd; 90rjtPj

jpiug;gl';fs; ARRIFLEX kw;Wk; PANAVISION nghd;w gpypk;

nfkuhf;fspnyna glkhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpypkpd; mstpd; mog;gilapy;

(Gauge) gpypk; nfkuhf;fis 8mm, 16mm, 35mm kw;Wk;

70mm vd ehd;F gphpt[fshf gphpf;fyhk;. bgUk;ghyhd

jw;fhy jpiug;gl';fs; 35mm mst[ila gpypkpy;

vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

70mm gpypkhdJ rpy bjhHpy;El;g gpur;rpidfshy;

mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. vz;gJfspy; mjpfk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l 16mm gpypkpYk; rpy gPhpal; kw;Wk;

nyh gl;b$l; gl';fs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 8mm gpypkhdJ

Muk;gfhyk; Kjny lhf;Fbkd;lhp nghd;w kpff; Fiwe;j

njitfSf;nf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

bgUk;ghyhd ,e;jpa jpiug;gl';fs; mhpg;gpsf;!;

tif nfkuhf;fspYk;/ bgUk;ghyhd Qhypt[l; gl';fs;

bgd;dhtp#d; nfkuhtpYk; glkhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Jtf;f

tpiyna nfhofspy; cs;sJ kl;Lkpd;wp/ ,tw;wpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; byd;Rfs; gy yl;r';fs; tpiya[ilait.


7

sample

,jw;fhd gpypk; RUs;fSk; kpf mjpf tpiy

cilanj. xU tpdho fhl;rpiag; gjpt[ bra;a Rkhh;

,uz;L mo ePs gpypk; njit. xU mo ePs gpypkpd;

tpiy Rkhh; +gha; Ik;gJ/ ,J kl;Lkpd;wp nfkuhtpy;

gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l gpypkpid bltyg; (befl;ot;)

bra;at[k;/ mijf;bfhz;L gphpz;l; (ghrpl;ot;) bra;at[k;/

xU tpdhof;F Rkhh; E}W +gha; tiu brytplg;gLfpd;wJ.

xU tpdhof;nf ,t;tst[ bryt[ bra;a ntz;oa

epiyapy;/ KGePs jpiug;glj;jpw;Fk;/ fhl;rpfspd; jd;ik

kw;Wk; eofh;fspd; jpwikf;nfw;g gj;jhapuk; Kjy;

gjpide;jhapuk; mo ePs gpypk; RUs; njitg;gLk;.

,Jkl;Lkpd;wp gpypkpidf; nfkuhtpy; bghUj;Jk;

rkaj;jpnyh my;yJ gphpz;l; bra;a[k; epiyfspy;

rpW jtW Vw;gl;lhYk;/ mg;gFjp gpypk; KGikahf

gadw;wjhfptpLk;. First copy vdg;gLk; Kjy; gpujpf;nf

,t;tst[ bryt[ bra;ag;gLtJ kl;Lkpd;wp/ jpiuaplg;gl

ntz;oa xt;bthU jpnal;lUf;Fk; Rkhh; gj;jhapuk; mo

gpypk; RUs; mr;rplg;gl;L te;jd.


8

sample

bghpa gl;b$l; gl';fspd; gpypKf;Fr; brytplg;gLk;

gzj;ij kl;Lk; bfhz;nl xU nyh gl;b$l; o$pl;ly;

jpiug;glj;ij cUthf;f Koa[k; vd;gJk; xU Rthu!;akhd

jfty;.

etPd o$pl;ly; f;a{g; (DIGITAL QUBE) bjhHpy;El;gj;jhy;

bgUk;ghyhd ,d;iwa jpiug;gl';fs; gpypk; RUspy;

my;yhky;/ DTHidg; nghd;W braw;iff;nfhs; tHpna

fk;gpapy;yhky; (Wireless) xt;bthU jpnal;lUf;Fk;

mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa f;a{g; Kiwapy;

jpiug;gl';fs; xspgug;gg;gLtjhy; gpypk; gphpz;o';

bryt[ bgUkst[ Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,j;jifa rpf;fYk;/ bryt[k; cs;s nghJk; rpwe;j

fhl;rp juj;jpw;F gpypk; nfkuhf;fisna ehoahf ntz;oa

fl;lhak; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ.


9

sample?

sample

sample

3.1.CúUw ùNuNôo (Image Sensor)

,nk$; brd;rhh;fs;/ nfkuhtpd; xsp czUk;

gFjpahFk;. nfkuhtpd; byd;!pd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk;

,it/ jd;kPJ tpGk; gpk;gj;ij kpd;iriffshf khw;Wk;.

Kd;dnu ghh;j;jthW CMOS kw;Wk; CCD brd;rhh;fns ,nk$;

brd;rhh;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. bgUk;ghyhd HDSLR

nfkuhf;fspy; rPnkh!; brd;rhUk;/ bgUk;ghyhd tPonah

nfkuhf;fspy; rprpo brd;rhUk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Mdhy; etPd bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd; tpisthf

rpy g[jpa tif HDSLR nfkuhf;fspy; CCD brd;rhUk;/

bul; nghd;w tPonah nfkuhf;fspy; rPnkh!; brd;rhUk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. brd;rhhpd; bray;jpwd;/ mjdhy;

gjpt[bra;a ,aYk; gpf;ry;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia kl;Lkpd;wp

mjd; cUt msita[k; bghWj;jjhFk;. o$pl;ly;

brd;rhh;fis cUtj;jpd; mog;gilapy; ,Ugphpt[fshf

gphpf;fyhk;. mit Full frame censor kw;Wk; Cropped censor

Mfpait MFk;.

o$pl;ly; nfkuhf;fspd; brd;rhh; msthdJ gpypk;

nfkuhtpd; gpypkpd; mst[ld; xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. 35mm

gpypk; nfkuhthdJ 35X24mm mstpy; gl';fisg; gjpt[

bra;a[k;. ,nj mst[ila brd;rhh; bfhz;l nfkuhf;fs;

Full frame censor nfkuhf;fs; vdg;gLk;.


20

sample

,ijtpl Fiwthd cUt mst[ila brd;rhh;fs;

mjd; mstpw;F Vw;g 1/2’, 1/3’, 3/4’, APS-C kw;Wk; APS-H

tif nfkuhf;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1/2’ mst[ila brd;rhh;fs;/ ghapd;l; mz;L

#^l; nfkuhf;fspYk;/ 1/3’ mst[ila brd;rhh;fs; (Tl;L

brd;rhh;fs;) bgUk;ghyhd bjhHpy;Kiw MiniDV tPonah

nfkuhf;fspYk;/ 3/4’ brd;rhh;fs; Micro third vdg;gLk;

,ilepiy nfkuhf;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 35mm

gpypk; msittpl rw;W rpwpa gpypk; tiffshd APS-C

kw;Wk; APS-H gpypk;fspd; mstpid xj;j brd;rhh;fs;

APS mst[ila brd;rhh;fs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

bgUk;ghyhd bjhHpy;Kiw HDSLR nfkuhf;fspy; ,j;jifa

mst[ila brd;rhh;fns gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

bul; xd;/ mbyf;!h nghd;w gpypk; byty; o$pl;ly;

nfkuhf;fSk;/ Canon 5D markII, Canon 5D MarkIII, Nikon

D700 kw;Wk; Sony Alpha 900 nghd;w HDSLR nfkuhf;fSk;

Full frame mst[ila brd;rhhpid cilait. o$pl;ly;

nfkuhf;fspdhy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gLk; fhl;rpapd; jukhdJ

brd;rhhpd; cUt mstpidg; bgUkst[ rhh;e;jjhFk;. rpwpa

brd;rhh;fspd; xspczUk; jpwd;/ bghpa brd;rhh;fistplg;

gykl';F FiwthFk;. ,tw;wpd; ildkpf; nu";/ fyh;

ngyl;od; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; fhkh kjpg;ghdJ bghpa

brd;rhiu beU';fnt KoahJ.


21

sample

nkYk; fhl;rpapd; blg;j;Jk; brd;rhhpd; msitg;

bghWj;nj mika[k;. bghpa brd;rhh;fs; fhl;rpia Shallow

depth of field clDk; rpwpa brd;rhh;fs; Wider depth of field

clDk; fhl;rpiag; gjpt[ bra;a[k;.

,it kl;Lkpd;wp/ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; byd;Rfspd;

Ftpaj;J}uKk; brd;rhhpd; mstpw;F Vw;g khWk; jd;ik

bfhz;ljhFk;. cjhuzkhf 50mm byd;rhdJ Full frame

brd;rhh; nfkuhf;fspy; kl;Lnk 50mm byd;rhf bray;gLk;.

APS-C brd;rhh; nfkuhtpy; bghUj;jg;gLk; nghJ/ ,nj

byd;rhdJ 80mm byd;rpidg; nghd;W bray;gLk;

(50X1.6=80mm). ,ijna Crop factor vd;W miHg;gh;.

brd;rhhpd; cUtst[ Fiwa[k;nghJ byd;rpd; Ftpaj;

J}uk; njhw;wj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

3.2.CúUw lWôN^o (Image Processor)

,nk$; g;uhr!h;fs; brd;rhhpy; ,Ue;J bgwg;gLk;

kpd;iriffis/ fk;g;a{l;lh; g[hpe;J bray;gLk; o$pl;ly;

fhl;rpfshf (Electric signals to 0’s &1’s) khw;Wk; gzpia

bra;fpd;wd. Canon tif nfkuhf;fspy; DIGIC 4 kw;Wk;

DIGIC 5 tif g;uhr!h;fSk;/ nrhdp tif nfkuhf;fspy;

BIONZ tif g;uhr!h;fSk;/ bul; nfkuhtpy; mjw;nf chpa

bul; g;uhr!h;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU nfkuhtpd;

bray;jpwid g;uhr!h; bgUkst[ ghjpf;Fk;.


22

sample?

sample

sample

rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ tiu njh;e;bjLf;f

tha;g;ng ,y;yhJ ,Ue;j epiyapy;/ ,d;W vijj;

njh;e;bjLg;gJ vd;W FHk;g[k; mst[ tha;g;g[fs;

bgUfpa[s;sd. nfkuhitj; njh;e;bjLf;f Kjypy;

c';fs; njit vd;d vd;gijj; jPh;khdpa[';fs;. vij

vLf;fg;nghfpwPh;fs;/ v';F vLf;fg;nghfpwPh;fs;/ ahUf;fhf

vLf;fg;nghfpwPh;fs;/ vt;tst[ brytpy; vLf;fg;nghfpwPh;fs;

vdf; fzf;fpL';fs;.

,ad;wtiu KGePsg; gl';fis bul; my;yJ

mbyf;!h nghd;w gpypk; byty; nfkuhf;fspy; vLf;f Kaw;rp

bra;a[';fs;. ,d;W HDSLR bjhHpy;El;gk; bgUk; tsh;r;rp

fz;lhYk;/ rpdpkh vLf;Fk; mstpw;F fk;gpu#d; mw;w

4:4:4 rg;nrk;g;sp'; epiy tUk; tiu ehk; fhj;jpUf;fnt

ntz;Lk;.

fpuhgpf;!; vdg;gLk; Visual effects fhl;rpfis HDSLR

nfkuhf;fspy; vLf;f epidg;gJ gadw;wJ. Vbddpy;

,t;tiff; fhl;rpfSf;F fyh; rg;nrk;g;sp';nf kpft[k;

Kf;fpa njitahFk;. fk;gpu#d; fhuzkhf ouhf;fp';/ fPap';

kw;Wk; khh;gp'; nghd;w bjhHpy;El;gr; bray;ghLfSf;F

HDSLR bjhHpy;El;gk; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy.


75

sample

Qhypt[l;oy; Tl ,t;tiff; fhl;rpfis gpypk;

nfkuhtpy; ,d;wp bul; nghd;w gpypk; byty; o$pl;ly;

nfkuhf;fspnyna gjpt[ bra;fpd;wdh;. KGePsj;

jpiug;gl';fisj; jtpu FWk;gl';fs; kw;Wk; Mtzg;

gl';fSf;F ntz;Lbkdpy; HDSLR bjhHpy;El;gk; kpft[k;

bghUe;jf; ToajhFk;.

bjhiyf;fhl;rpfSf;F vLf;fg;gLk; FWk;

gl';fSf;F HDSLR bjhHpy;El;gj;ij jtpu ntW rpwe;j

kw;Wk; vspa tHpna ,y;iy vd;nw Twyhk;. Rygkhd

vol;o'; kw;Wk; ngh!;l; ntiyfSf;F bul; nfkuhit

tpl ,itna a{!h; g;buz;l;ypahFk;.

bul; kw;Wk; mbyf;!h nghd;w nfkuhf;fs;

cah; jpwd; bgw;witahf ,Uf;Fk; nghjpYk;/ mjpntf

fhl;rpfisg; glkhf;f ,it Vw;wjy;y. ,Jnghd;w

mjpntf mirt[fis Phantom, WEISSCAM, Fastax nghd;w

mjpntf nfkuhf;fisf; bfhz;L glk;gpof;fyhk;.

gpypkpidg; nghd;W ,y;yhky; xt;bthU o$pl;ly;

nfkuht[k; jdf;nf chpa Kiwapy; fhl;rpfisg; gjpt[

bra;a[k;. vdnt ,ad;wtiu nfkuhf;fis khw;wp khw;wpg;

gad;gLj;Jtij jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;. rhkhdpah;fSf;F

,e;j ntWghLfs; bjhpahJ vd;W xUnghJk; vz;z

ntz;lhk;.


76

sample

o$pl;ly; g[ul;rpapd; tpisthf ,d;iwa epiyapy;

xt;bthU nfkuh bry;nghd; itj;jpUg;gth;fSk;

Fl;o rpdpnkhl;nlhfpuhgh;fshfnt cs;sdh;. (cjhuzk;

njitapy;iy vd;nw epidf;fpnwd;)

glj;jpd; gpw fhl;rpfs; gpypkpy; vLf;fg;gLk;

NH;epiyapy; ,t;tif fhl;rpfs; jdpj;Jj; bjhpaf;Toait.

ntW tHpna ,y;iybadpy; ,t;tiff; fhl;rpfisf;

Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapYk;/ Fiwe;j XLk; neuk;

bfhz;ljhft[k; mikg;gJ eyk;.

nkYk; o$pl;ly; tPonahtpidg; gpypk; nghd;W

khw;wf;Toa rpwg;g[j; bjhHpy;El;g';fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ

ghh;itahsh;fis Xust[ ek;gr; bra;a[k;.

4.1.LiQôp LôiTúR ùUn

ve;j xU nfkuhtpidj; njh;t[ bra;a[k; Kd;g[k;/

,e;je;j gl';fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,th; ,th;fs;

gad;gLj;jpa[s;sdh;/ vdnt ekf;Fk; ,e;j nfkuh

bghUe;Jk; vdj; jtwhf fzf;fpl ntz;lhk;. Vbddpy;

mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa iyl;Lfs;/ hpf;Ffs;/ nfkuh

nkhLfs;/ vol;o'; kw;Wk; gpdp#p';fpid eP';fs; bra;ahky;

mth;fs; juj;ij vl;l KoahJ.


77

sample?

sample

sample

vj;jifa cah; bjhHpy;El;g nfkuhthf

,Ue;jhYk; vf;!;ngh#hpida[k; nghf!pida[k;

rhpahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jhky; jukhd fhl;rpia cUthf;f

KoahJ. vdnt nfkuhitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w

,j;jiyg;gpy; nfkuhtpd; nghf!p';/ vf;!;ngh#h;

kw;Wk; xapl; ngyd;!pidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis

mwpatpUf;fpnwhk;.

5.1.úTôL³e (Focussing)

xspg;gjptpd; kpft[k; rthyhd gFjp nghf!p';

MFk;. Rkhh; 5000 tpiya[ila ghapd;l; mz;L #^l;

nfkuhf;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; Ml;nlh nghf!; bray;ghL/

bgUk;ghyhd bjhHpy;Kiwf; nfkuhf;fspy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

fhuzk; brd;rhUf;F ekJ njit bjhpahJ vd;gJ

kl;Lkpd;wp/ Inter changeable lens nfkuhf;fspy; byd;rhdJ

nfkuht[ld; KGikahd bjhHpy;El;g bjhlh;gpidf;

bfhz;oUf;fhJ vd;gjhFk;.

byd;!; kt[z;l; fd;btl;lh;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;/

ntW nfkuhtpw;fhf jahhpf;fg;gl;l byd;ir gad;gLj;JtJ

nghd;w fhuz';fspdhy; Vw;gLk; FHg;gj;ijj; jtph;f;f

nghf!p';fpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gzpahdJ KGtJkhf

nfkuhnkdpd; ifapy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


82

sample

5.1.1.úTôL³e Gu\ôp Gu]?

fhl;rpapd; btt;ntW gFjpapypUe;J tUk;

xspf;fw;iwfs; byd;rpdhy; Ftpf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ

ehkwpe;jnj. Mdhy; mitaidj;Jk; xU g[s;spapy;

Ftpahky;/ mtw;wpd; cz;ikj; bjhiyt[f;nfw;g brd;rhhpd;

kpf mUfhikapy; rw;W Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf Ftpa[k;.

,jdhy; ekf;Fj; njitahd rg;b$f;l;lhdJ

bjsptw;Wj; njhd;wyhk;. mr;rkaj;jpy; byd;rpd;

,lmiktpid nghf!; hp';fpid RHw;Wtjd; \yk;

khw;wpaikj;J njitahd rg;b$f;l;od; xspf;fw;iwfs;

rhpahf brd;rhhpd; kPJ tpGkhW bra;tnj nghf!p';

MFk;. bgUk;ghyhd bjhHpy; Kiw nfkuhf;fspy; nghf!;

bra;ag;gl;l rg;b$f;oidj; jtpu mjw;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;

cs;s bghUl;fs; bjsptw;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij Out of focus

my;yJ Defocus vd;gh;.

\f;Ff; fz;zho mzpa ntz;oath;fspd;

fz;zpd; gpk;gkhdJ fz;zpd; brd;rhuhd bul;odhtpd;

Kd;ndh my;yJ mijj; jhz;onah Ftpa[k;. ,jdhnyna

bjsptw;w k';fyhd ghh;it FiwghL cUthfpd;wJ.

bul;odhtpd; Kd; gpk;gk; tpGkhapd; fz;zhoahdJ

fz;zpd; tpyfiy mjpfhpj;J/ gpk;gj;jpid bul;odhtpy;

tpHr; bra;a[k;. ,nj nghd;W gpk;gk; fz;zpd; gpd;dhy;

Ftpe;jhy; fz;zhoahdJ fz;zpd; Ftpf;Fk; jd;ikia


83

sample

mjpfhpj;J/ gpk;gj;ij bul;odhtpy; Ftpf;Fk;. nfkuhtpYk;

,nj nghd;nw rhpahf brd;rhh;kPJ tpGk; fhl;rpg; gFjp

bjspthft[k;/ brd;rhUf;F rw;W Kd;ndh my;yJ gpd;ndh

Ftpf;fg;gLk; fhl;rpg; gFjpfs; bjsptw;Wk; fhzg;gLk;.

5.1.2.CÚYûL úTôLvLs

ve;jg; bghUspd; xspf;fw;iwfs; brd;rhhpd; kPJ

tpHr; bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;gij eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpiag;

bghWj;J nghf!;/ Ml;nlh nghf!; vd;Wk; nkDty;

nghf!; vd;Wk; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

5.1.2.1.BhúPô úTôLv

ve;jg; bghUis nghf!; bra;a ntz;Lk;

vd;gij kdpj Kaw;rpapd;wp nfkuhtpd; ,nk$; g;uhr!nu

jPh;khdpg;gJ Ml;nlh nghf!; MFk;.

5.1.2.2.BhúPô úTôLv ùNVpTÓm ®Rm

Ml;nlh nghf!; nfkuhthdJ Fwpg;gpl;l gz;g[ila/

fz;qf;F g[yg;glhj (infra red rays) xspf;fw;iwia

rg;b$f;od; kPJ brYj;Jk;. mit rg;b$f;od; kPJ gl;L

vjpbuhspj;J jpUk;g[k; neuj;ijf; bfhz;L nfkuhtpw;Fk;

me;j bghUspw;Fkhd ,ilj;bjhiyitf; fzf;fpl;L/

me;j bjhiytpw;F Vw;g byd;rpd; ,lmikit khw;wk;

bra;a[k;.


84

sample?

sample

sample

jpiug;glf; fhl;rpapidg; ghh;itahsh;fs; ve;j

czh;t[ld; ghh;f;f ntz;Lk;/ ve;j jfty;fis kl;Lk;

ghh;f;f ntz;Lk;/ ve;j epiyapy; ,Ue;J ghh;f;f ntz;Lk;

vd;gij nfkuhtpd; ,lmikt[ kw;Wk; nfhz mikitf;

bfhz;nl eph;zapg;gh;.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; rpy mog;gil nfkuh

nfhz';fSld; kl;Lk; glk;gpof;fg;gl;L te;j rpdpkh

fhl;rpfshdJ bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf

bgUkst[ tsh;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ.

nfkuh nfhz';fis 1.,ilj; bjhiyt[ bjhlh;ghd

nfhz';fs;/ 2.cauk; bjhlh;ghd nfhz';fs;/ 3.Compositing

vdg;gLk; xU';fikj;jy; bjhlh;ghd nfhz';fs; kw;Wk;

4.gpw TLjy; nfkuh nfhz';fs; vd ehd;F mog;gilg;

gphpt[fshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

6.1.CûPj ùRôûXÜ ùRôPoTô] úLôQeLs

nfkuhtpw;Fk; rg;b$f;ow;Fk; ,ilna

cs;s bjhiytpd; mog;gilapy; nfhz';fs;

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mit

1.Extreme wide shot,

2.Wide shot,

3.Medium shot,

4.Close up shot kw;Wk;

5.Extreme closeup shot MfpadthFk;.


112

sample

6.1.1.Extreme wide shot (or) Extreme long shot

,t;tif #hl;Lfspy; nfkuhtpw;Fk; rg;b$f;ow;Fk;

,ilna rpy E}W mofs; ,ilbtsp ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy;

rg;b$f;il kl;Lkpd;wp ngf;fput[z;oida[k; bjspthf

btspg;gLj;j ,t;tif #hl;Lfs; gad;gLk;. fhl;rp v';F/

ve;j NHypy; eilbgWfpwJ vd;gij czh;j;j ,t;tif

#hl;Lfs; rpwg;ghf gad;gLtjhy; ,t;tif #hl;Lfs;

Establishment shot vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

6.1.2.Wide shot (or) Full shot

Wide shot MdJ KGrg;b$f;ila[k; glk;gpof;f

gad;gLk; nfhzkhFk;. Extreme wide shot nghd;W ,jpy;

ngf;fput[z;ow;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gLtJ ,y;iy.

rg;b$f;il (xUtiu) KGtJkhf glk;gpog;gnj Kf;fpa

,yf;fhFk;.

xU scened; Kjy; #hl; kl;Lnk Extreme wide shot

Mf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;fLj;j #hl;Lfs; wide Mfnt ,Uf;Fk;.

xUthpd; jdpik/ gphpt[/ nrhfk; kw;Wk; mwpKfj;jpd;nghJ

,t;tif #hl;Lfs; mjpfk; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLk;.

6.1.3.Medium shot (or) Mid tight

xUthpd; KH';fhYf;F nky; (bjhilf;F nky;)

,Ue;J jiytiu KGtJkhf njhd;wr; bra;tnj kpl;

#hl; my;yJ kpl; ill; MFk;.


113

sample

itl; #hl;Lfspy; rg;b$f;od; rpW mirt[fs;

kw;Wk; czh;t[fisj; Jy;ypakhf gjpt[ bra;a ,ayhjjhy;

,t;tif #hl;Lfs; czh;t[fisg; gjpt[ bra;a mjpfk;

njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. bgUk;ghyhd fhl;rpfspy;

eofh;fspd; bjhilf;F fPH; cs;s gFjpfs; mirtw;W

fhzg;gLtjhy; mit mjpfk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gLtjpy;iy.

mirtw;w gFjpfistpl mjpf mirt[s;s gFjpfis

g;nuk; KGtJk; njhd;wr; bra;tjhy; ,t;tiff; fhl;rpfs;

ghh;itahshplk; itl; #hl;Lfis tpl mjpf xd;wpg;ig

Vw;gLj;Jk;.

xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;lth;fs; g';F bfhs;Sk;

bgUk;ghyhd fhl;rpfs; ,t;tifiar; rhh;e;jnj. ele;J

bfhz;nl ngRk; fhl;rpfs;/ ,lk;bgaUk; fhl;rpfs;/

ntof;if ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;nl elf;Fk; fhl;rpfs;/ fija[ld;

mjpfk; bjhlh;gpy;yhjth;fs; njhd;Wk; fhl;rpfs;/ mjpf

Jy;ypak; njitg;glhj fhl;rpfSf;F ,t;tif nfkuh

nfhzk; mjpfk; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLk;.

6.1.4.Close up shot

gh!;nghh;l; ir!; nghl;nlhtpidg; nghd;W

rg;b$f;od; khh;g[ Kjy; jiy tiu njhd;wr; bra;a[k;

fhl;rpfns f;nsh!; mg; fhl;rpfshFk;. mjpf cly;

mirtpd;wp ngr;R kw;Wk; jiy mirt[fs; bfhz;l

fhl;rpapidg; bgUk;ghYk; f;nsh!; mg;gpnyna gjpt[

bra;th;.


114

sample?

sample

sample

iyl;o';fpidg; nghynt bjhHpy;Kiw

tPonahit rhjhuz tPonahf;fspypUe;J ntWgLj;Jk;

kw;bwhU Kf;fpa Jiw nfkuh mirt[fshFk;. g[jpjhf

tPonahfpuhgpia fw;gth;fs; Kf;fpaky;y vd epidf;Fk;

kw;bwhU Kf;fpa Jiwa[k; ,JntahFk;. Qhypt[l;oy;

nfkuh mirt[fSf;fhf brytplg;gLk; bjhifahdJ

Vwj;jhH ek; nyh gl;b$l; gl';fSf;F rkkhFk;.

nfkuh mirt[fs; JiwahdJ rpwg;ghf tsuhjjw;Fk;

Kf;fpa fhuzk; ek; fz;fspd; mjPj jpwdhFk;. Mk;/ ek;

fz;fisg; nghd;w xU rpwe;j !;nlgpisrp'; jpwd; ntW

ve;j nfkuhtpw;Fk; ,y;iy vd cWjpahf TwKoa[k;.

,ay;ghd kdpjdpd; fz;fshy; Xof;bfhz;nl Tl xU

bghUis epiyahf ghh;f;f Koa[k;. Mdhy; bgUk;ghyhd

nfkuhf;fshy; ele;J bfhz;L Tl epiyahd fhl;rpia

gjpt[ bra;a ,ayhJ.

Muk;g fhy';fspy; kuj;jhy; Md l;iughLfis

gad;gLj;jpa epiy khwp ,d;W mjpetPd a{kd; hpf;Ffs;/

nkhl;liu!;L hpf;Ffs;/ fhh; kw;Wk; igf; hpf;Ffs;/ mz;lh;

thl;lh; hpf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Bird’s eye hpf;Ffs; vd ehSf;F

ehs; bjhHpy;El;gk; tsh;e;J bfhz;nl bry;fpwJ.


134

sample

rpdpkhtpy; nfkuh mirt[fshdJ fhl;rpa[ld;

,lk;bgaut[k;/ kdpj czh;t[fisr; rpwg;ghf

btspg;gLj;jt[k; bgUkst[ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf FHg;gkhd NH;epiyia ut[z;l; l;uhyp

bfhz;Lk; (mgpuhkp/ mgpuhkp)/ gpuk;khz;lkhd fhl;rpfis

f;nud; bfhz;Lk;/ Scene to scene jht[tjw;F ngd; kw;Wk;

lhyp mirt[fis gad;gLj;JtJ ek; rpdpkh ghuk;ghpak;

MFk;.

bjhHpy;Kiw nfkuh mirt[fis cUthf;f

rpW rhjd';fs; Kjy; kpfg;bghpa ,ae;jpu';fs; tiu

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it rpy Mapu';fs; Kjy; gy

yl;r';fs; (rpy nfhofs;) tiu Tl tpiya[ilait.

7.1.úLUWô AûNÜLs

7.1.1.úTu (Pan)

nfkuh mirt[fspy; Kf;fpakhdJk; mjpfk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJk; nfkuh ngdhFk;. xU XLk;

Fjpiuiaj; bjhlh;e;J glk;gpof;f nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;

nfkuh mirnt ngdhFk;. bld;dp!; nkl;rpd; bug;hPapd;

jiy miritf; Tl ngDf;F cjhuzkhf bfhs;syhk;.

bghpa ,aw;if fhl;rpfisa[k;/ bghpa fl;ol';fisa[k;/

uapy; nghd;w ePz;l cUt';fisa[k;/ ,lk;bgaUk;

bghUl;fisg; glkhf;ft[k; ,t;tif mirit[fs; mjpfk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.


135

sample

7.1.2.¥ph (Tilt)

xU caukhd bghUs; my;yJ fl;olj;ij/ jiyia

nkYk; fPGkhf (epkph;e;Jk;/ Fdpe;Jk;) ghh;f;Fk; mirnt

oy;l; MFk;. xU caukhd bghUs; my;yJ kdpjdpd;

jiy Kjy; fhy; tiuahd KG cUtj;ija[k; jpiuapy;

fhl;l ,t;tif mirt[ gad;gLk;.

7.1.3.Pô− (Dolly)

lhyp tif nfkuh mirthdJ ,uapy;

jz;lths';fisg; nghd;w mikg;gpd; kPJ nfkuhtpid

,af;Ftjd; \yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; xU

kdpjd; my;yJ bghUis nehf;fpnah my;yJ tpyfpnah

efUk; czh;t[ cUthf;fg;gLk;.

7.1.4.hWôd (Track)

l;uhf; tif nfkuh mirthdJ bgUk;gFjp

lhypia xj;jJ. lhypapy; nfkuhthdJ rg;b$f;od; Kd;Dk;

gpd;Dkhf mira[k;. rg;b$f;od; gf;fthl;oy; rg;b$f;Lld;

,lk; bgaUk; tifahd nfkuh mirnt l;uhf; MFk;.

,jpy; rg;b$f;od; efh;tpw;F ,izahf jz;lths';fs;

mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;. rg;b$f;od; efh;tpw;F Vw;g ,e;j

jz;lths';fspd; kPJ nfkuhit efh;j;Jtjd; \yk;

fhl;rp gjpt[ bra;ag;gLk;.


136

sample?

sample

AXÏ 8

ûXh¥e

sample

,e;jpa rpdpkh Jiw gy;ntW bjhHpy;El;g';fspy;

Qhypt[l;Lf;F ,izahf jw;nghJ tsh;e;Jtpl;ljhf

fUjg;gl;lhYk;/ ,d;Dk; gpd;j';fpa[s;s Jiwfspy;

Kf;fpakhd Jiw iyl;o'; MFk;. Qhypt[l; gl';fspy;

iyl;o';fpw;fhf brytplg;gLk; gzk; kw;Wk; ciHg;gpy;

gj;jpy; xU g';F Tl ruhrhp ,e;jpa gl';fspy;

bra;ag;gLtJ ,y;iy.

ek;kth;fSf;F jpiuapy; cUtk; bjhpe;jhy; nghJk;/

,jpy; vd;d mHF ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w khwhj vz;znk

epiyahf cs;sJ. ,e;jpa gl';fspd; re;ij kjpg;g[k; ,jw;F

xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. iyl;o';fpy; ftdk; brYj;j

ntz;Lk; vd;gjd; bghUs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd

iyl;Lfis gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy. khwhf/

,lk; kw;Wk; fhl;rpapd; njitf;F Vw;g iyl;Lfis

gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. rpwg;ghd iyl;o'; vd;gJ ,aw;if

btspr;rj;jpy; glkhf;fg;gl;lJ nghd;w czh;tpidj;

juf;Toa nghjpa btspr;rKila fhl;rpahFk;.

gpypk; nfkuhf;fis xg;gpLifapy; o$pl;ly;

nfkuhf;fSf;F iyl; mikf;Fk; gzp rthyhdjhFk;.

o$pl;ly; tif nfkuhf;fspd; fk;gpu#d; kw;Wk; Noise

nghd;w fhuzpfs; c';fs; fhl;rpapd; juj;jpidg; bgUkst[

ghjpf;Fk;.


151

sample

vj;jid nfhofs; KjyPl;oy; th';fg;gl;l cah;

bjhHpy;El;g nfkuhtpy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;oUe;jhYk;/

rhpahf iyl; bra;ag;glhj fhl;rpfspd; juk; Rkhuhf

kl;Lnk ,Uf;Fk;.

o$pl;ly; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd; Fiwfs; fhl;rpiag;

ghjpf;fhj tifapy; gjpt[ bra;a/ xsp bjhlh;ghd mog;gil

mwptpaYk;/ gy;ntW rpdpkh iyl;Lfspd; jd;ik kw;Wk;

epiw Fiwfis mwpa[k; jpwDk; mtrpakhFk;.

8.1.J°«Vp

xspapay;/ eLepiyg; gs;sp mwptpay; ghlk;.

rpdpkhtpd; kPJ Mh;tk; bfhz;lthpy; bgUk;ghyhndhh;

gs;spapy; rhpahf gof;fhjth;fs;jhd; vd;gjw;F gy

Mjhu';fs; cs;sd. vdntjhd; ,g;gFjp ,';F ,lk;

bgw;Ws;sJ.

“Mw;wiy Mf;fnth mHpf;fnth KoahJ/ Mdhy;

xU tif Mw;wiy kw;bwhU tif Mw;wyhf khw;w

Koa[k;” Mk;/ xspa[k; xU tif Mw;wny. btg;gkhd

bghUl;fs; Mw;wiyr; brytpLk; xU (Kiwna)tHpna

xspahFk;. cjhuzkhf xU tPl;L cgnahf gy;gpd;

cl;g[wk; bky;ypa !;gphp';fpid xj;j xU fk;gp nghd;w

mikg;ig ghh;j;jpUg;nghk;.


152

sample

,ijj; jh';fpapUf;Fk; fk;gpfspd; tHpna

kpd;dhw;wiy brYj;Jk;nghJ/ kpd;jilapd; fhuzkhf ,e;j

bky;ypa gFjpahdJ btg;gkila[k;/ ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l

btg;gepiyia mila[k; nghJ/ btg;gj;ij xspahf

ckpHj; Jt';Fk;. ,jdhy; btspaplg;gLk; btspr;rkhdJ

nghl;nlhd;fs; (Photon) vdg;gLk; xspj;Jfs;fspd;

vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; Mw;wiyg; bghWj;jjhFk;.

,t;thW xU bghUspd; mjpf btg;gj;jhy;

cUthFk; xspf;fw;iwfs; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; neh;nfhl;oy;

kzpf;F Rkhh; \d;W yl;rk; fpnyhkPl;lh; ntfj;jpy;

gazpf;Fk;. xspf; fw;iwfis cUthf;Fk; bghUshdJ

xsp \yk; (Light source) vdg;gLk;.

xsp \yj;jpypUe;J btsp tUk; btspr;rj;jpd;

rpW rpW gFjpfis nghl;nlhd;fs; vd;W miHg;gh;. (xU

Rth; vt;thW br';fw;fshy; Mdnjh mnj nghd;nw

xspfw;iwfs; nghl;nlhd;fshy; Mdit)

xsp \yj;jpy; ,Ue;J g[wg;gLk; nghl;nlhd;fshy;

bjhlh;e;J gazpf;f KoahJ. btspr;rkhf ,it jdJ

Mw;wiy ,Hg;gjhy;/ xsp \yj;jpd; Mw;wYf;nfw;g

Fwpg;gpl;l bjhiyt[ gazpj;J/ Mw;wy; Fiwe;J gpd;dh;

mHpe;nj tpLk;. ,jdhnyna iyl;od; mUfpy; mjpf

btspr;rKk;/ iyl;il tpl;L tpyfpr; bry;yr;bry;y

btspr;rk; Fiwe;J bfhz;nl bry;fpwJ.


153

sample?

sample

sample

nfkuhtpd; mog;gilfisa[k; iyl;o';

Kiwfisa[k; mwpe;j ehk;/ ,j;jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

Fiwe;j brytpy; jukhd fhl;rpfis vt;thW gjpt[

bra;ayhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ftnj ,g;gFjpahFk;.

,af;Fehpd; kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rpfis jpiuf;F

bfhz;LtUk; xspg;gjpthshpd; gzpahdJ kpft[k;

rpf;fyhdjhFk;. nfkuh mog;gilfs; kw;Wk; iyl;o';

Kiwfis mwpe;j midtuhYk; ,g;gzpia rpwg;ghf

bra;jpl KoahJ.

midj;J njitfSk; epiwntw;wg;gl;l epiyapy;

bgUk;ghyhndhuhy; fhl;rpia Xust[ rpwg;ghf gjpt[

bra;jpl Koa[k;. Mdhy; Fiwe;j gl;b$l; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j

neuj;jpYk; jukhd fhl;rpfis gjpt[ bra;gth;fns rpwe;j

xspg;gjpthsuhf Koa[k;.

9.1.Lôh£«u úRûYûV A±Rp

glkhf;ftpUf;Fk; jpiug;glj;jpd; my;yJ

FWk;glj;jpd; fijf;fU vd;d> glj;jpd; ,yf;F

vd;d> ,jw;fhd bghUl;bryt[ vt;tst[> ve;j fhy

,ilbtspf;Fs; glg;gpog;ig Kof;f ntz;Lk; vd;gija[k;

mwpe;j gpd;dnu fhl;rpaikf;f Jt';f ntz;Lk;.


218

sample

fhl;rpahdJ kfpH;r;rpahd czh;tpid cUthf;f

ntz;Lkh> nrhfkhd czh;tpidf; bfhLf;f ntz;Lkh>

,aw;if kw;Wk; bry;tr; brHpg;ig btspg;gLj;Jtjhf

,Uf;f ntz;Lkh> my;yJ twl;rpia cUthf;f ntz;Lkh

vd;gija[k;/ vj;jid fhl;rpfs; ,z;nlhh;/ vj;jid fhl;rpfs;

mt[l;nlhh;/ ,jpy; vj;jid fhl;rpfs; ,ut[ btspr;rj;jpy;

gjpt[ bra;ag;gl ntz;oait/ !;nlof; nfkuh rpwg;ghd

czh;tpid bfhLf;Fkh my;yJ etPd nfkuh mirt[fs;

rpwg;ghd czh;tpid jUkh vd;gija[k; fzf;fpl;l

gpd;ng byhf;nf#idj; njh;e;bjLf;ft[k; iyl;Lfspd;

`gPypid eph;zapf;ft[k; ntz;Lk;.

9.2.CVdÏS¬ûPúVVô] ùRôPo×

,af;Feh; kw;Wk; xspg;gjpthsUf;F ,ilnaahd

fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wnk glj;jpd; btw;wpf;F mog;gilahf

mika[k;. ,af;Fehpd; czh;t[fis jpiuapy; gjpt[

bra;a[k; Kf;fpa gzp ek;kplk; cs;sjhy;/ ,af;Fehpd;

czh;t[fis MHkhf mwptJk;/ mth; vjph;ghh;g;g[fis

tpiutpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;tJk; mtrpakhFk;.

xU ntis c';fSf;Fk; ,af;FeUf;Fk; rhpahd

jfty; bjhlh;g[ kw;Wk; g[hpjy; ,y;iybadpy; miu kdJld;

fhl;rpfisg; gjpt[ bra;J jahhpg;ghsiu e#;lg;gLj;Jtij

tpl/ glj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpf; bfhs;Sjy; vspa jPh;thFk;.


219

sample

9.3.RVô¬l× ¨ßY]jÕP]ô] ùRôPo×

,af;Feh; kl;Lkpd;wp jahhpg;ghsh; kw;Wk; jahhpg;g[

epWtdj;Jldhd bjhlh;g[k; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,af;Fehpd; njitfis mjw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epjpapy;

cUthf;f Koa[kh vd;gija[k;/ njitfs; gl;b$l;oid

jhz;Ltjhf ,Ue;jhy; mj;njitfspd; mtrpaj;ij

jahhpg;ghsUf;F czh;j;JtJk;/ ,e;j Fwpg;gpl;l TLjy;

brythdJ KG glj;jpw;F vj;jifa Yf; mz;l; gPypid

juf;ToaJ vd;gija[k; ehnk tpsf;f ntz;Lk;.

xU g[jpa bjhHpy;El;gk; njitbadpy;/ ,e;j

fUtp njit vd;w rpW jftiy kl;Lk; TwhJ/ mJ

ve;j tifahd fUtp/ vt;thW gad;gLk;/ ,ijg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; tpist[ vd;d> gad;gLj;jhky; tpl;lhy;

fhl;rpapd; juk; vt;thW ghjpf;Fk; vd;gija[k; bjspthf

tpsf;f ntz;Lk;.

xU bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd; njitawpe;Jk; tH';f

kWf;Fk; bgUk;ghyhd jahhpg;g[ epWtd';fs; rpwe;j

btw;wpia bgw;wpUf;fhJ vd;nw Twyhk;. rpf;fdk; vd;w

bgahpy; glj;jahhpg;g[r; bryt[fis Fiwf;fyhnk jtpu

glj;jpd; juj;jpy; ve;jtpjkhd rkhjhdj;jpw;Fk; ,lkpy;iy

vd;gij mth;fs; czu ntz;Lk;.


220

sample?

sample

sample

10.1.G¥h¥e

gy;ntW fhy ,ilbtspapy; vLf;fg;gl;l

fhl;rpfis ek; fijf;F Vw;w thpirapy; mLf;Fk; gzpna

vol;o'; MFk;. ,t;thW mLf;fg;gl;l fhl;rpfspy;

,Uf;Fk; Fiwfis ePf;FtJk;/ ,ad;wtiu fhl;rpfis

mHfhdjhft[k;/ bjhHpy;hPjpahft[k; khw;Wk; gzpna

gpdp#p'; MFk;.

jiyrpwe;j ,af;Feh;fs;/ eofh;fs; kw;Wk; nfkuh

fiy"h;fs; cUthf;fpa fhl;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk; rpwg;ghf

vol;o'; kw;Wk; gpdp#p'; bra;ag;glhj nghJ mit

Rkhuhfnt njhd;Wk;.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gpypk;fs; btspr;rj;ij nehf;fp

ifapy; gpoj;J vol; bra;ag;gl;ld. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy;

\tpnahyh vd;w fUtpapd; cjtpa[ld; gpypk; RUs;fs;

vol; bra;ag;gl;ld. gpd;dh; gpypkhdJ fk;g;a{l;lh;

cjtpa[ld; !;nfd; bra;ag;gl;L/ fk;g;a{l;lhpnyna vol;

bra;ag;gl;L gpd;dh; kPz;Lk; g[jpa gpypk;fspy; gphpz;l;

bra;ag;gl;ld.

o$pl;ly; g[ul;rpapd; tpisthf ,d;W bkkhp fhh;L

kw;Wk; Qhh;l;o!;f;fpy; ,Uf;Fk; jpiug;glf;fhl;rpfshdJ

neuoahf fk;g;a{l;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;L vol;

bra;ag;gLfpd;wd.


233

sample

bgUk;ghyhd jpiuau';Ffspy; ,d;W QUBE

bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd; cjtpa[ld; jpiug;glkhdJ

o$pl;lyhfnt xspgug;gg;gLtjhy;/ vol;o'; kw;Wk;

gphpz;o';fpw;fhd brythdJ kw;Wk; rpukkhdJ bgUkst[

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

10.1.1.G¥h¥e ùUuùTôÚhLs

tPl;L cgnahf fk;g;a{l;lhpy; jpiug;gl fhl;rpfis

neuoahf vol; bra;a ,ayhJ. ,jw;bfd totikf;fg;gl;l

rf;jp tha;e;j fk;g;a{l;lh;fspy; (Workstations)/ rpwg;g[

bkd;bghUl;fis epWt[tjd; \ynk fhl;rpfis vol;

bra;a Koa[k;.

,j;jifa bkd;bghUl;fs; tpiy cah;e;jjhft[k;/

etPd fk;g;a{l;lh;fspy; kl;Lk; ,a';Fk; goahfnt

,Uf;Fk;. mt;tifapy; Avid epWtdj;jpd; Media

composer bkd;bghUSk;/ Adobe epWtdj;jpd; Premiere

Pro bkd;bghUSk;/ Mac fk;g;a{l;;lhpy; kl;Lk; ,a';Fk;

Final Cut Pro(FCP) bkd;bghUSk;/ Sony epWtdj;jpd;

Vegas bkd;bghUSk; bjhHpy; Kiwapy; mjpfk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (,ytr bkd;bghUshd Blenderk;

bjhHpy;Kiw vol;o';fpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ)

bgUk;ghyhd nfkuhf;fs; kpf mjpf ,lk; beUf;fg;gl;l

(Highly compressed)/ mjpf juKila tPonah fhl;rpfisna

gjpt[ bra;a[k;.


234

sample

,j;jifa tPonahf;fis neuoahf bgUk;ghyhd

bkd;bghUl;fspy; vol; bra;a ,ayhjjhy;/ vol;o';

bkd;bghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jf;Toa igy;fshf Transcoding vdg;gLk; fd;bth;l; bra;ag;gl ntz;Lk;. bgUkstpy;

njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLk; ,k;Kiwapy; nfkuh fk;gpu#d;

kl;Lkpd;wp TLjy; fd;bth;#dpd; tpisthf fhl;rpapd;

cz;ikj; jukhdJ nkYk; xUKiw Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

,d;iwa etPd bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd; tpisthf

nfkuhtpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; igy;fis neuoahf vol;

bra;af;Toa Native tif vol;o'; Kiw rpy etPd

vol;o'; bkd;bghUl;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd. ,jdhy;

nfkuhtpy; gjpthFk; fhl;rpfis neuoahf vol; bra;a

,aYk;. njitaw;w fd;bth;#dhy; Vw;gLk; jukpHg;g[

jtph;f;fg;gLtjhy;/ ,k;Kiw jw;fhyj;jpy; mjpfk;

tpUk;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

10.1.2.G¥h¥e ùRô¯pÖhTm

vol;o'; vdg;gLk; ,ay;ghd thH;tpy; ,y;yhj

bjhHpy;El;gkhdJ fhl;rpapd; Rthu!;aj;ijf; Tl;l

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cyf rpdpkhtpy; Seamless editing

vdg;gLk;/ ftdj;ij <h;f;fhj fhl;rpkhw;wj;ij cUthf;fnt

vol;o'; bjhHpy;El;g';fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

RUf;fkhf brhy;tbjd;why; gyh;/ gy nfhzj;jpy; ghh;f;Fk;

xU epfH;it/ mtuth; nfhzj;jpy; jpiuapy; njhd;wr;

bra;tnj vol;o'; MFk;.


235

sample?

1. o$pl;ly; rpdpkh 1

1.1.rpdpkhtpd; njhw;wk; 3

2. nfkuh tiffs; 6

2.1 gpypk; nfkuh 7

2.2 nkf;dof; nlf; nfkuh 10

2.3 o$pl;ly; nfkuh 13

2.3.1.ghapd;l; mz;L Nl; nfkuh 13

2.3.2. vr;.o.v!;.vy;.Mh; nfkuh 16

2.3.3.o$pl;ly; gpypk; byty; nfkuhf;fs; 18

3.o$pl;ly; nfkuh ghf';fs; 19

3.1.,nk$; brd;rhh; 20

3.2.,nk$; g;uhr!h; 22

3.3.fk;gpu#d; 24

3.3.1.fk;gpu#d; tiffs; 24

3.3.2.fk;gpu#d; FwpaPL 26

3.3.3.nfhblf; 29

3.4.bkkhp 31

3.4.1.bkkhp fhh;Lfs; 31

3.4.1.1.S.D 32

3.4.1.2.SDHC 32

3.4.1.3.SDXC 33

3.4.1.4.CF Card 34

3.4.1.5.Eye-Fi cards 34

3.4.1.6.SxSfhh;Lfs; 35

3.4.2.RAID Drive 35

3.4.3.SSD 36

3.5.tpa{ igz;lh; 37

3.5.1.Mg;of;fy; tpa{igz;lh;fs; 37

3.5.2.o$pl;ly; tpa{igz;lh;fs; 38

3.6.byd;Rfs; 40

3.6.1.byd;Rfspd; tiffs; 42

3.6.2.byd;R FwpaPL 43

3.6.2.1.Ftpaj;J}uk; 43

3.6.3.byd;Rfspd; tifg;ghL 47

3.6.3.1.gpiuk; byd;Rfs; 47

3.6.3.2.$^k; byd;Rfs; 48

3.7.mg;bgh;r;rh; (Aperture) 50

3.7.1.mg;bgh;r;rhpid khw;wpaikj;jy; 54

3.8.!;nlgpisnr#d; (Stabilization) 54

3.8.1.vyf;l;uhdpf; !;nlgpisnr#d; 55

3.8.2.byd;!; #pg;l; !;nlgpisnr#d; 55

3.8.3.!;nlgpisnr#dpy; tuk;g[fs; 56

3.9.#l;lh; !;gPL (Shutter speed) 57

3.9.1.#l;lh; M';fps; 59

3.9.2.o$pl;ly; nfkuh #l;lh; 60

3.10.ISO speed 62

3.10.1. ISO tpd; vy;iy 63

3.11.byd;!; kt[z;l;fs; 64

3.11.1.byd;!; kt[z;l; fd;btl;lh;fs; 65

3.12.ghnyh nghf!; 66

3.13.nkl; ghf;!; & byd;!; cl; 67

3.14.gpy;lh;fs; 68

3.14.1.UV filters 68

3.14.2.Color correction filters 69

3.14.3.Color subtraction filters 69

3.14.4.Star filters 69

3.14.5.Contrast enhancement filters 69

3.14.6.Polarizer filters 70

3.14.7.ND filters 70

3.14.8.Diffusion Filter 70

3.14.9.Gradient filters 70

3.15.l;iughl;Lfs; 71

3.15.1.Photography Tripod 71

3.15.2.Mini Tripod 71

3.15.3.Gorilla Tripod 72

3.15.4.basic video tripod 72

3.15.5.Fluid head Tripod 72

4.nfkuhitj; njh;;e;bjLj;jy; 74

4.1.fz;zhy; fhz;gnj bka; 77

5.nfkuhitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 81

5.1.nghf!p'; 82

5.1.1.nghf!p'; vd;why; vd;d> 83

5.1.2.,Utif nghf!;fs; 84

5.1.2.1.Ml;nlh nghf!; 84

5.1.2.2.Ml;nlh nghf!: bray;gLk; tpjk; 84

5.1.2.3.rpwe;j Ml;nlh nghf!pid bgWk;

tHpKiwfs; 85

5.1.3.nkDty; nghf!; 89

5.1.3.1.gpiuk; byd;Rfspy; nghf!; bra;jy; 90

5.1.3.2.$^k; byd;Rfspy; nghf!; bra;jy; 91

5.1.4.blg;j; Mg; gPy;L (Depth of Field) 93

5.1.4.1.blg;j; Mg; gPy;od; gad;ghL 94

5.1.4.2.blg;jpid cUthf;Fk; tHpfs; 95

5.1.4.3.blg;jpid Fiwf;Fk; tHpfs; 96

5.2.vf;!;ngh#hpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 97

5.2.1.vf;!;ngh#hpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; 97

5.3.nfkuh nkhl;fs; 98

5.3.1.Ml;nlh/ fphpnal;ot; Ml;nlh 98

5.3.2.#l;lh; g;hPahh;o 100

5.3.3.mg;bgh;r;rh; g;hPhpahh;o 102

5.3.4.nkDty; nkhl; 104

5.3.5.gpw nkhLfs; 105

5.4.xapl; ngyd;!; 106

5.4.1.f!;lk; xapl; ngyd;rpid

njh;t[ bra;jy; 109

6.nfkuh nfhz';fs; 111

6.1.,ilj; bjhiyt[ bjhlh;ghd nfhz';fs; 112

6.1.1.Extreme wide shot 113

6.1.2.Wide shot (or) Full shot 113

6.1.3.Medium shot (or) Mid tight 113

6.1.4.Close up shot 114

6.1.5.Extreme closeup shot 115

6.2.cauk; bjhlh;ghd nfkuh nfhz';fs; 116

6.2.1. Eye level shot 116

6.2.2. Low angle shot 117

6.2.3.Top angle shot 117

6.2.4. Over the head shot 118

6.2.5.Under shot 118

6.2.6.Aerial shot 119

6.2.7. Bird’s eye view 119

6.3.Compositing bjhlh;ghd nfhz';fs; 121

6.3.1.Head room 121

6.3.2.Expression Shots 121

6.3.3.Rule of thirds 122

6.3.4.Diagonal shot 124

6.3.5.Perspective shot 124

6.3.6.Symmetry shot 125

6.3.7.Lead room shot 127

6.3.8.Two shot 127

6.3.9.Shoulder shot 128

6.3.10.1800 Rule 129

6.3.11.Dutch Tilt 130

6.3.12.Objective type Camera 130

6.3.13.Subjective type Camera 131

7.nfkuh mirt[fs; 133

7.1.nfkuh mirt[fs; 135

7.1.1.ngd;(Pan) 135

7.1.2.oy;l; (Tilt) 136

7.1.3.lhyp (Dolly ) 136

7.1.4.l;uhf; (Track) 136

7.1.5.g{k; (Boom) 137

7.1.6.f;nud; (Crane) 137

7.2.nfkuh mirtpw;fhd cgfuz';fs; 137

7.2.1.nkhndhghl; 137

7.2.2.l;iughL 138

7.2.3.Dolly 140

7.2.4.Steering rig 142

7.2.5.Hanheld rig 142

7.2.6.Shoulder rig 143

7.2.7.Glide cam 144

7.2.8.Steadycam 144

7.2.9.Boom 146

7.2.10.Jib 146

7.2.11.Crane 147

7.2.12.Akela crane 148

7.2.13.Telescopic crane 148

7.2.14.Motion control camera 149

8.iyl;o'; 150

8.1.xspapay; 152

8.1.1.xspapay; tpist[fs; 155

8.1.1.1.xsprpjwy; 155

8.1.1.2.xsptpyfy; 156

8.1.1.3.xsp ftug;gLjy; 157

8.2.xspf;fyit 158

8.2.1. Highlight, Midtone, Shadows 159

8.2.2.Highlight, Midtone & Shadowsd; g';fPL 159

8.3.rpdpkh iyl;Lfs; 160

8.4.iyl;Lfspd; jd;ik 162

8.4.1.Mk;gpad;l; iyl; 162

8.4.2.ghapd;l; iyl;fs; 164

8.4.3.!;ghl; iyl; 165

8.4.4.ilbuf;#dy; iyl; 165

8.4.5.Vhpah iyl;Lfs; 167

8.5.iyl; tiffs; 168

8.5.1.Mh;f; iyl;Lfs; 168

8.5.2.l';!;ld; iyl;fs; 169

8.5.3.Qnyh$d; iyl;Lfs; 170

8.5.4.vr;.vk;.I iyl;Lfs; 171

8.5.5.rp.vg;.vy; iyl;Lfs; 172

8.5.6.vy;.<.o iyl;Lfs; 174

8.6.gpw xspapay; fUtpfs; 176

8.6.1.hpg;byf;lh;fs; 176

8.6.1.1.mt[l;nlhh; hpg;byf;lh;fs; 176

8.6.1.2.,d;nlhh; hpg;byf;lh;fs; 176

8.6.1.2.1.rpy;th; kw;Wk; nfhy;l; hpg;byf;lh;fs; 177

8.6.1.3.nyhgl;b$l; hpg;byf;lh;fs; 177

8.6.1.4.hpg;byf;lh;fspd; vy;iyfs; 178

8.6.2.o`t;a{!; 179

8.6.2.1.Flat diffuse 179

8.6.2.2.Box diffuse 180

8.6.2.3.Umbrella diffuse 181

8.6.2.4.Spherical diffuse, cylindrical diffuse 181

8.6.2.5.Bounce diffuse 181

8.6.3.g;shf;Ffs; 182

8.6.4.ghd; nlhh;!; 183

8.6.5.b$y;!; 184

8.6.6.ok;kh;fs; 185

8.6.7.iyl; kPl;lh; 186

8.7.iyl;o'; Kiwfs; 189

8.7.1.j;hP ghapd;l; iyl; 190

8.7.1.1.fP iyl; 190

8.7.1.2.gpy; iyl; 191

8.7.1.3.ngf; iyl; 191

8.7.1.4.j;hP ghapd;l; iyl;oid gad;gLj;Jjy; 192

8.7.2.tPonah j;hP ghapz;l iyl;o'; 193

8.7.2.1.tPonah iyl;o'; mikj;jypd; -

goepiyfs; 194

8.7.2.1.1.Mk;gpad;rpid Vw;gLj;Jjy; 194

8.7.2.1.2.fP iyl;oid mikj;jy; 195

8.7.2.1.3.`gpy; iyl;oid mikj;jy; 196

8.7.3.!;?onah iyl;o'; 197

8.7.4.,z;nlhh; iyl;o'; 199

8.7.4.1.Mk;gpad;rpid Vw;gLj;Jjy; 201

8.7.4.2.fP iyl;oid mikj;jy; 202

8.7.4.3.`gpy; iyl;Lfis mikj;jy; 202

8.7.4.4.mz;lh; iyl;Lfs; mikj;jy; 203

8.7.5.mt[l;nlhh; iyl;o'; 204

8.7.5.1.Mk;gpad;rpid cUthf;Fjy; 204

8.7.5.2.Nhpaid fP iyl;lhf mikj;jy; 205

8.7.5.3.Nhpaid gpy; iyl;lhf gad;gLj;Jjy;206

8.7.5.4.Nhpaid ngf; iyl;lhf gad;gLj;Jjy;206

8.7.5.5.mz;lh; iyl;Lfs; 207

8.7.5.6.hpg;byf;lh;fs; 207

8.7.5.7.mt[l;nlhh; iyl;o';fpy; ftdpf;f-

ntz;oait 208

8.7.6.iel; iyl;o'; 210

8.7.7.f;sg; iyl;o'; 211

8.8.fs Ma;t[ 212

8.9.!;nlof; fhl;rpfSf;F xspaikj;jy; 214

8.10.ildkpf; fhl;rpfs; 214

9.nfkuh nuhyp'; 217

9.1.fhl;rpapd; njitia mwpjy; 218

9.2.,af;Fehpilnaahd bjhlh;g[ 219

9.3.jahhpg;g[ epWtdj;Jldhd bjhlh;g[ 220

9.4.eofh;fisf; ifahSjy; 221

9.5.mrp!;lz;Lfs; kw;Wk; iyl; nkd;fis-

gad;gLj;Jjy; 222

9.6.ts';fisf; ifahSjy; 223

9.8.nfkuh ngl;lhpfisf; ifahSjy; 225

9.9.nfkuh brl;o';fpidj; njh;e;bjLj;jy; 227

9.10.fhl;rpapidg; gjpt[bra;jy; 228

9.11.fhl;rpfisg; ghJfhj;jy; 230

9.12.xG';fw;w nfkuh mirt[fs; 231

10.vol;o';/ rt[z;l; & gpdp#p'; 232

10.1.vol;o'; 233

10.1.1.vol;o'; bkd;bghUl;fs; 234

10.1.2.vol;o'; bjhHpy;El;gk; 235

10.2.rt[z;l; buf;fhh;o'; 236

10.2.1.trd xypg;gjpt[ 236

10.2.2.mUfhikr; rj;j';fs; 240

10.2.3.ngf;ut[z;l; !;nfhh; 241

10.3.gpdp#p'; 242

10.3.1.Final output 243

10.4.filrpahf rpy thpfs; 244

FOR FULL VERSION (BOOK)

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