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the description of some words and its definitoin about linguisticsTRANSCRIPT
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UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y DE LA
EDUCACIÓN
CARRERA DE IDIOMAS
MODALIDAD PRESENCIAL
DIGITAL ALBUM “PHONOLOGY I”
Tercero “A”
Estudiante: Jefferson Saransig
Profesor: Lcda. Ruth Infante
AMBATO - ECUADOR
Marzo-Agosto 2012
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LANGUAGE Is a particular human communication by a system of
written symbols, spoken, words and movements.
SEGMENTAL FEATURES:
SEGMENTS OF A CONTINUOUS FLOW OF SPEECH
Consonant
A speech sound produced by a partial or complete
obstruction of the air stream by any of various
constrictions of the speech organs
(p) (f) (r) (w) (h)
Vowel
One of a class of speech sounds in the articulation of
which the oral part of the breath channel is not blocked
and is not constricted enough to cause audible friction
(a) (e) (i) (o) (u)
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Phonemes
Phonemes are speech sounds. They are not segments of
words like syllables
Voiced
Uttered with vibration of the vocal cords
(b) (d)
Voiceless
Uttered without vibration of the vocal cords
(t) (p)
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SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
Intonation
Intonation is the use of changing pitch to convey
syntactic information.
What time is it?
Help me!
Stress
Stress is the relative force with which a sound or syllable
is spoken.
Pencil
Chair
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Pronunciation
It is the act of uttering with articulation.
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Linguistics
The study of the nature, structure, and the variation of
language, including, phonetics, phonology, morphology,
syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics.
Phonology:
The study of the sound system of a language
I love pets
/ay/ /lΛv/ /pєts
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Morphology:
The study of words structure
Rapidly
Slowly
Syntax:
This is the study of how phrases and sentences larger
than the word are constructed.
The car is blue
S
⁄ \
(NP) (VP)
⁄ \ ⁄ \
Det Noun Verb Adj.
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Semantics:
The study of the meanings of a sentence.
I study in the sun
I eat houses every day
Pragmatics:
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The changes in the people’s pronunciation depending
the place where they born. It´s the real use the language.
I love pets
I love pet
I love a pets
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Language Features
Linear:
Learn a language starting with a beginning point
NOUN + VERBS + ADJETIVE
The cat is black
A system of systems:
Any formulated, regular, or special method or plan of
procedure.
Parts past
Whole system parts Tense present
Parts future
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Systematics:
Systematic means that there is a pattern to it, that
grammar isn't just random
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K (finitive)
C A B (infinitive) combinations
Meaningful:
The importance of speaking English
Do you know this place?
I am very happy
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Arbitrary:
In English we never had some combination of words at
the beginning
kj kjary ä ängar
Conventional:
You understand the sound of the word
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System of contrast:
I am very happy
Estoy alegre
Je suis très content
Sound:
The sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of
hearing by vibrations transmitted through the air or
other medium.
Creative:
Resulting from originality of thought, expression.
I'm gonna go down to the beach. You wanna come?
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I am going to go down to the beach. Do you want to come?
Ain't that strange?
Isn't that strange?
Unique:
Radically distinctive and without equal
ÑAÑO, Just in Ecuador
Stand, Just in English
Language is movement:
When you express your feelings by your body
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Word stress:
Every word has a stressed syllable and it alters the word meaning.
Present ≠ present
Object ≠ object
Similar:
When there are different sentences from different languages but
they have some things in common.
Je suis trés content
Yo estoy muy contento
I am very happy
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Speech Speech is the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words.
TYPES OF SPEECH
Expressive:
Through this speech you can express your feelings,
attitudes, emotions.
I love you I miss you
Commisive:
Speech acts that commit a speaker to some future action
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Directive:
Speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a
particular action
Declarative:
Speech acts that change the reality in accord with the
proposition of the declaration
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Representative:
The speech deals with the words' real and intended
meaning, causing some kind of action headlines
reports
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
Idiolect:
It is the way a person speaks calm
furious
happy
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Colloquialism:
It is not formal/not informal/not rude
Among relatives
Slang:
It is the informal way to speak
G'day, Mate - Australian slang for good morning
Wicked air, bro - Skateboarding slang for getting high in the air
Barbie - Australian slang for barbecue
Crook - Australian slang for being sick
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Jargon:
It is the language used by people who work in a
particular area
Group Jargon Meaning
Business
people
operationalise Carry out, to put into action
proactive To act first and in a positive way. This term has
become more mainstream.
learnings Things that have been learned.
skateboarders grind To move across/down an edge with the tail of the
skateboard.
fakie Where a rider rides backwards.
ollie A jump.
Dialect:
The different way to speak according the geographical
situation
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Family languages:
It is the origin of the language
Bio logy
Life study
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Aspects of linguistics
Historical or diachronic
The study of language through time
Descriptive or synchronic
Is one that views linguistic phenomena only at one point
in time, usually the present.
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Comparative and contrastive
Analyses and compares two or more languages
Structural
Generative transformational grammar
It is a set of rules that can transform a simple to a
complex sentence
Noun + verb
She walks
Noun + verb + complement
She walks in the street
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OPEN TRANSITION
The difference in the pronunciation when passing from
one vowel or consonant sound to the next
a grade A a gray day
/ǝ/ /g'eyd/ /ey/ /ə/ /grey/ /day/
IPA - The International Phonetic Alphabet
Promote the
scientific study
of phonetics
Accepted by:
Linguistics,
phoneticians,
Language teachers
and dictionary
makers
Represent all the
possible sounds of
the world’s
language in a
standard way
IPA: The International
Phonetic
Alphabet
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Transcription
Transcription
System of
notation that
represents
utterances of a
languages
Phonemic Transcription of phonemes /ǵaɹdǝn/
Phonetics Transcription of phonemes, dialect
Stress Represented in phonetics and phonemics
Every single word has an stressed syllable
The stressed vowel sound is longer, louder, and higher
Tips to make a good transcription
Exaggerating
the
pronuntioatio
n
Listening
then
speaking
Stress goes
in the first
syllable
From
slowest to
the fastest
repetition
Short vowel
generally
used are:
/I,ʊ,ə/
Start with
the receptive
skills
Stress alters
word
meaning
Intensive
and
extensive
practice
Read your
transcription
back out
loud
Tips to
make good
transcriptio
ns
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Symbols used for transcriptions
Symbols used for transcriptions
Stress mark '
Angle brackets < > Normal English spelling
Slant lines // Phonemic transcriptions
Square brackets [ ]
Vertical line | Division .
Vowel production
Vowel quality
Simple vowels
/ǝ/ /ӕ/
Complex vowels /t/ey/ /iy/
Tongue position
High /iy/
Middle /ey/
Low /Ә/
Area
Front /iy/
Central /Ә/
Back /uw/
Lip shape
Spread /ey/
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Neutral /Ә/
Rounded /oW/
Vowel length
lengthened These
(before voiced consonant)
Unlengthened
This
(before unvoiced consonant)