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ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE

TO THE TRANSLATION QUALITY OF SWEARING WORD IN

“THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN” COMIC

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Sarjana Degree at

the English De

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND THE IMPACT



Thesis


the English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

By:

Nur Rochmania

C0306040

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2011

AND THE IMPACTS




of Letters and Fine Arts


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ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND THE IMPACTS



By:

Nur Rochmania

C0306040

Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners of English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts


Thesis Supervisor:

Prof. Drs. MR. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.

NIP. 196303281992011001

Head of English Department

DR. Djatmika, M.A.

NIP. 196707261993021001


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ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND THE IMPACTS TO

THE TRANSLATION QUALITY OF SWEARING WORD IN “THE

ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN” COMIC

By:

Nur Rochmania

C0306040

Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners of English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts


On , 2011

Position Name Signature

Chairman DR. Djatmika, M.A. ( )

NIP. 196707261993021001

Secretary Dyah Ayu Nila K, S.S., M. Hum. ( )

NIP. 198302112006042001

First Examiner Prof. Drs. MR. Nababan, M.Ed.,M.A., Ph.D.( )

NIP. 196303281992011001

Second Examiner Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M.A. ( )

NIP. 197105251998022001

Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts


Drs. Sudarno, M.A.NIP. 195303141985061001


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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Nur Rochmania

NIM : C0306040

Stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled Analysis of Translation Techniques and the Impacts to the Translation Quality of Swearing Word in “The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun” Comic is originally made by the researcher. It is neither plagiarism, nor made by others. Any thing related to the other researcher’s work is written in quotation and included within the bibliography.

If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher will take the responsibility.

Surakarta, January 2011

The Researcher,

Nur Rochmania


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MOTTO

The success you are enjoying today is the result of the price you have

paid in the past."

(Brian Tracy)

Good work done little by little becomes great work.

Your house of success will be built brick by brick."

(Max Steingart)

An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.

(Benjamin Franklin)


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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

My beloved mother and the mother of her

Friends and special person who always supports me

Myself and my future


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise just for Allah SWT, the Almighty God, for the blessing and

guidance for me in conducting this research and finishing this thesis. I realize that

this thesis cannot be completed without any help and support from many people.

Therefore, I would like to deliver special thank for the people who give many

contribution to this thesis.

1. To the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M.A, and

to the Head of English Department, DR. Djatmika, M.A, thank you for

approving this thesis.

2. I would like to deliver my gratitude to Prof. Drs. MR. Nababan, M.Ed.

MA. Ph.D, my thesis supervisor, for his guidance and advice. This thesis

will not be completed without his guidance. I also would like to thank

Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, S.S, M.Hum, my academic supervisor, for giving

advice to my study. I also thank all of the lecturers of English Department

for all guidance and beneficial knowledge taught from the very first lesson

until I finished this thesis.

3. Thanks for all my raters, Mr. Soemardiono, Mr. Zaenal Arifin, and Ms.

Tiara Dwi Andarastuti, for accessing my data. Thank you so much for the

help.

4. I would like to thank my mother and my grandmother, thank you for

understanding me and thank you for providing me anything I need to

finish this thesis. Thank you for your support and trust.


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5. I want to deliver my special thanks for all friends in English Department

2006. Chandra, thanks for being my good listener. Nurfa, do not ever stop

and be hopeless. Ayu, thanks for being my partner in job training, Ikha,

Risti, and the others thank you for your support and help. Keep your spirit

alive!

6. I deliver my special thank for the Sebelas Maret Marching Band for giving

me great experiences I will never forget. Thanks to the board of MB UNS,

the manager team, the coaches and the color guards. Special to Aulia

Rifada, thanks for the swearing word discussion, it’s very helpful. For the

whole team, Do the best, be the best, let God take the rest, UNS jaya!!

7. My special thank also for Dhofir, my beloved one, for being a good friend,

a good brother, a good partner ever. Thanks for your help, patience and

support.

8. For everybody who always gives support and help, thank you so much.

I realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I expect

suggestions and also criticisms which encourage me to improve the skills. I also

expect that this thesis will be beneficial for students who conduct a research about

translation.

The Researcher,

Nur Rochmania


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE

APPROVAL OF THE SUPERVISOR ................................................... ii

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ............................... iii

PRONOUNCEMENT............................................................................. iv

MOTTO .................................................................................................. v

DEDICATION ........................................................................................ vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................ ix

ABSTRACT............................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION............................................................ 1

A. Research Background ................................................... 1

B. Research Limitation ...................................................... 4

C. Research Problems........................................................ 5

D. Research Objectives...................................................... 5

E. Research Benefits.......................................................... 5

F. Research Organizations ................................................ 6

CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................ 8

A. The Definition of Translation ....................................... 8

B. Kinds of Meaning ......................................................... 10

C. Translation Techniques................................................. 11

D. Translation Quality ....................................................... 18

E. Problems in Translation ................................................ 21


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F. Definition of Comic ...................................................... 23

G. Swearing Word ............................................................. 24

H. The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun Comic 27

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................. 29

A. Research Type and Design............................................ 29

B. Data and Source of Data ............................................... 29

C. Sampling Technique ..................................................... 30

D. Method of Data Collection............................................ 30

E. Technique of Data Analysis.......................................... 32

F. Research Procedure....................................................... 32

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ................................................................... 34

A. Introduction................................................................... 34

B. Data Analysis ................................................................ 34

C. Discussion ..................................................................... 58

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.............. 67

A. Conclusion .................................................................... 67

B. Recommendation .......................................................... 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX


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ABSTRACT

NUR ROCHMANIA. C0306040. 2011. ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND THE IMPACT TO THE TRANSLATION QUALITY OF SWEARING WORD IN “THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN” COMIC. ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS, SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY, SURAKARTA.

This research focuses to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in translating swearing words in the comic entitled “The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun” and to find out the impact of the translation techniques to the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative study with total sampling technique. There are two kinds of data used in this research. The primary data are all the swearing words and the translation taken from “The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun” comic. The secondary data is the result of the questionaires given by three raters.

The result of the research shows that there are eight techniques applied to translate swearing words in this comic, they are: adaptation technique, borrowing technique, equivalence technique, generalization technique, addition technique, translation shift, deletion technique, loan translation. The most frequently used technique which is applied by the translator is adaptation covering 59.7% from the total data. The least dominant technique is borrowing technique covering 0.8% of all data.

In the meantime, from the analysis of translation quality, it can be seen that the level of accuracy is high. It means that the translation of swearing word in the comic is considered as accurate translation. The level of acceptability of the translation is not really high. It shows that the translation is considered to be less acceptable.

The result of the analysis shows the impact of the techniques applied in the translation of swearing word to the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. The translation technique applied by the translator to produce a high level of accuracy is borrowing technique. There is only one datum translated by using this technique and it is considered as accurate translation. On the other hand, the translation technique that produces the low level of accuracy is deletion. There are 4 data translated by using this technique and three of them are considered as inaccurate translation. Meanwhile, the translation technique applied to produce a high level of acceptability is adaptation. This technique is the most dominant technique applied by the translator. There are 77 data translated by using adaptation technique and the 24 data of them are considered as acceptable translation. The rest data are considered as less acceptable and unacceptable translation. On the other hand, the translation technique producing a low level of acceptability is loan translation. There are 15 data translated by using this technique and all of them are considered as unacceptable translation.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

In daily communication, people sometimes use swearing words. It can

be avoided since the using of swearing words closely related to the important

function of language named expressive function. Swearing words are utterances to

express feelings of anger, dissatisfaction, and other extreme emotions. They are

considered to be impolite and inappropriate in some contexts.

The concept of swearing words exists in most languages and cultures.

Every language in the world has its own swearing words. Every different dialect

of the same language has different curses or exclamation. Even everyone has his

own swearing words. There are some purposes of people using swearing words.

Generally, people swear to express their dissatisfaction of not-enjoyable situation.

According to Hughes and Rothwell (in Japutri, 2006: 9-10) the purposes of using

swearing words are to create attention, to discredit, to provoke, to identify

personalization, to provide Catharsis, and to insult the others.

According to Zsuzsanna Ardó (2001), “cursing is not necessarily abusive

or aggressive. It can be humourous, playful, and creative.” The swearing or

cursing which is examined by the researcher in this thesis can be considered as

humorous and creative. Most of them are not considered taboo since there is no

swearing word which is related to the verbal obscenity.


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Swearing words in English into Indonesian translation often become a

problem. The different background of cultures, society and values may be the

basic reason why translators are sometimes troubled in finding the equivalent

words. Some techniques of translation can be applied to translate swearing words

in order to get the high level of accuracy, but sometimes the equivalence cannot

be accepted. In order to get the acceptability, translators are able to apply

adaptation technique to translate English swearing words into the swearing words

which are known by Indonesian people. Take a look at the example below:

Example 1

ST (Source Text) : Thundering typhoons, I know that! If he wasn’t asleep

you wouldn’t have to wake him up!... Tell him it’s very,

very urgent!

TT (Target Text) : Jangkrik! Saya tahu! Kalau tidak tidur tentu Anda tak

perlu membangunkannya! Katakan ini penting sekali!

The example is taken from “The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the

Sun” comic. The example is a dialogue between police officer and a captain

named Haddock. The swearing word ‘thundering typhoons’ showing the annoyed

Haddock is translated into ‘jangkrik’. ‘Typhoon’ is a very violent tropical storm

(Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 2000, p.467). The word thundering

emphasizes typhoon in order to show the great annoying expression.

Meanwhile, ‘jangkrik’ in Indonesian means black or brown bugs which

live in fields (Kamus Bahasa Indonesia, 1997, p.233). The word ‘jangkrik’ itself

often becomes a typical swearing word in Indonesia, especially in East Java. This


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word is derived from other swearing word, ‘jancuk’ , which meaning is more

abusive than ‘jangkrik’ (http://forum.kompas.com/showthread.php?5407-

tahukah-anda..asal-muasal../page2). The technique which is used by the translator

in translating ‘thundering typhoons’ into ‘jangkrik’ is adaptation. The translator

replaces the essence of culture. It will be easier for the target readers to feel the

expressive meaning of ‘jangkrik’ swearing word than ‘angin topan’.

Example 2

ST : Blistering Barnacles, I know!... When Ilama angry, he always do that!

TT : Setan laut! Saya tahu!.. Jika Llama marah, selalu begitu!

The example is also taken from the comic of “The Adventures of Tintin:

Prisoners of the Sun”. The dialogue is between Captain Haddock and a travel

guide. The swearing words ‘blistering barnacles’ shows that he is annoyed by the

llama. According to Wikipedia encyclopedia, barnacles is a type of arthropod

belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea, and is hence

related to crabs and lobsters. In simple word, ‘barnacle’ is a kind of sea creature.

The translation technique which is used by the translator is also adaptation. The

word ‘setan’ which means devil is more acceptable for Indonesian to insult the

others.

Swearing words have been appearing in literature since long time ago.

Its evolution began in sixteenth century. Many curses were recognized in the

Shakespearean works. They develop to the languages use today and to the literary

works such as novel, short stories, drama, and even comic. One of comics


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containing many swearing words as the expression is the whole series of comic

The Adventures of Tintin.

The Adventures of Tintin comic is created by Belgian artist Georges

Prosper Remi or Herge. The series appeared for the first time in French in a

children’s supplement of a Belgian newspaper and had been translated in more

than 30 languages in the world including Indonesian. The first publisher who

published these series in Indonesian is PT. Indira on 1976, by adapting from the

English version published by Egmont Publisher.

The swearing words which are listed in the comic and their Indonesian

translation are the main focus of this research. The researcher took The

Adventures of Tintin comic as the data because this comic has been well-known

by many people in the world and contains distinctions of swearing culture which

become problems in the process of translation. There are many various swearing

words and their different translation in the comic. The researcher is interested in

discussing the techniques which are used by the translator, the accuracy and the

acceptability of the translation. This research is focused only on one of the series

of the translated comic The Adventures of Tintin entitled The Adventures of Tintin:

Prisoners of the Sun.

B. Research Limitation

This research is focused on the English swearing words found in The

Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic and their Indonesian translation.

The analysis was focused on the translation technique applied by the translator of


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the comic in translating the swearing words. The researcher also analyzed the

accuracy and the acceptability of the translation of the swearing words.

C. Research Problems

1. What are the translation techniques applied by the translator in translating

the swearing words in The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun

comic?

2. What are the impacts of the translation technique to the quality of the

translation of swearing words in terms of accuracy and the acceptability in

The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic?

D. Research Objectives

1. To find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in

translating the swearing words in The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of

the Sun comic.

2. To find out the impacts of the translation technique to the quality of the

translation of swearing words in terms of accuracy and acceptability in

The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic.

E. Research Benefits

1. The students of English Department


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The research is hopefully beneficial to the students of English Department

who conduct a research related to the translation technique and the swearing word

as additional information about the study.

2. Translators

The research is hopefully beneficial to give information about swearing

words translation and the level of accuracy and acceptability of the translation.

3. Other researchers

The research is hopefully beneficial to give contribution for the other

researchers who need information about the technique of translating swearing

words in comic and the impact of the technique to the accuracy and the

acceptability.

F. Research Organizations

The research is organized as follows:

Chapter I: Introduction

This chapter consists of research background, research limitation,

research problems, research objectives, research benefits, and research

organizations.

Chapter II: Literature Review

This chapter consists of definition of translation, kinds of meaning,

translation technique, translation quality, problems in translation, definition of

comic, swearing words, the Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic.


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Chapter III: Research Methodology

This chapter consists of research type and design, data and source of

data, sampling technique, methods of data collection, techniques of data analysis,

and research procedure.

Chapter IV: Research Findings and Discussion

This chapter consists of introduction, data analysis, and discussion.

Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter consists of conclusion and recommendation.


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. The Definition of Translation

There are many definitions of translation. Generally, translation is a

process of transferring message or text from source language into target language.

According to Catford (1965), translation is “the replacement of textual material in

one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”

(p.20). The definition of translation stated by Catfort’s does not explain briefly the

different structure and style of the two languages. The process of translation

occurs when the structure and the style of the source language and the target

language is not the same. The translator is required to transmit the message in a

condition of different languages.

Roger T. Bell (1991) defined translation as “the replacement of a

representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text

in a second language” (p.6). In addition, any text in different language is able to

be fully or partially equal in different degrees, in respect of different levels of

presentation, and different ranks.

It is stated by Newmark (1988) that all translation is partly science, partly

craft, partly art, and partly a matter of taste (p.189). Firstly, what Newmark thinks

of science is the matter of wrong rather than right. There are two types of

scientific mistakes: referential (about facts, real world, propositions not words)

and linguistic (grammatical or lexical, including words, collocations or idioms).


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Secondly, translation is a craft also means translation is a skill. Skill refers to the

ability to follow or to vary from the appropriate natural usage.

Thirdly, translation as an art is the contextual re-creation. A translator

needs to go beyond the text to the sub-text. He emphasizes on what writer means

rather than what the writer says or produces an economical exposition of a stretch

of language. The fourth, what a translation means as a matter of taste is the

preferences of the translator. It is considered as a subjective factor. A translator

can decide to prefer between lexical synonym to sentences or paragraphs which

are translated in different places. It is also related to the preferences of the

technique application e.g. to apply literal or free translation.

Nida and Taber defined translation as “Translating consists in reproducing

in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language

message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (as cited in

Widyamartaya, 1989, p.11).

The definition of translation by Nida and Taber explains that translation

focuses on the response of the language receptor. It means that a good translation

is accepted when it can be easily understood by the readers. The meaning and the

style in target language must be the same as the meaning and the style in source

language. However, the translation must keep the naturalization of the text. In

transferring language from source language into target language, a translator must

be faithful. It means that a translator must keep the accuracy of the message. The

translator is also required to make the translated message readable and acceptable.


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From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a process

of transmitting message from source language into target language with

consideration of meaning, style, the quality of accuracy, readability, and

acceptability. Translation is not only positioned as a science and skill, but also as

an art and, for the translator, a taste of preferences.

B. Kinds of Meaning

Lexical meaning of a word can be considered as the specific value in

particular linguistic system. It can also be considered as the personality assuming

through the using within that system. According to Cruse, there are four types of

meaning in words and utterances (as cited in Baker, 1992, p.13). They are:

1) Propositional meaning

It is a type of meaning providing a basis on which a true or false of an

utterance can be determined. Propositional meaning of words or utterances comes

up from the relation between the words or the utterances and what each of them

defines in a real or imaginary world.

2) Expressive meaning

It relates to the feeling or attitude of the speaker rather than to the words

and utterances means. Hence, this meaning cannot be determined as true or false.

3) Presupposed meaning

It comes up from the limitations of coincidence. There are two kinds of

limitations (or restrictions):


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3.1. Selectional restrictions; refers to the function of the propositional

meaning of a word.

3.2. Collocational restrictions; refers to semantically arbitrary restrictions

which do not follow logically from the propositional meaning of a

word.

4) Evoked meaning.

It comes up from dialect and register variation. Dialect is a variety of

language which has currency within a specific community or group of speakers.

Dialect can be classified as geographical (e.g. lift for Scottish dialect and elevator

for American dialect), temporal (e.g. the use of verily and really by people of

different ages in a community), social (e.g. the use of scent and perfume by people

of different social classes).

Register is a variety of language that a language user considers

appropriate to a specific situation. It comes up from field of discourse (abstract

term for what’s going on), tenor of discourse (abstract term for the relationship

between the people taking part in the discourse), mode of discourse (abstract term

for the role that the language is playing and for its medium of transmission).

C. Translation Techniques

According to Molina and Albir, (2002) translation technique is defined as

“procedures to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works” (p.509).

They offer five basic characterictics that those techniques are;

1) affecting the result of the translation


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2) classified by comparison with the original

3) affecting micro-units of text

4) discursive and contextual

5) functional.

There are many translation techniques which are used by many translators.

In this research, those techniques are:

1) Adaptation.

It is a technique which replaces a source text cultural element with the

element from the target culture (Molina and Albir, 2002, p.509). This technique is

used since the target text has no equivalence of the source text. The target text

may have different concept of culture from the source text. This technique is used

as the result of the difference of cultural background between the source language

and the target language which occurs in the translation. Target language culture

sometimes does not have the same concept of culture as the source language.

Hence, the translator modifies the source language word into the word that has the

same meaning or expression which can be accepted by the norm and the cultural

rule of the target language society.

For example:

ST: I answered with the term I’d always wanted to employ.

“Sonovabitch.”

TT: Aku menjawab dengan istilah yang sejak dulu sudah hendak

kugunakan. “Si Brengsek.”

(Taken from Suryawinata, 2003, p.72)


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From the example above, the word ‘sonovabitch’ is translated into ‘si

brengsek’ rather than ‘anak anjing’. It considers that ‘si brengsek’ is more polite

for the target language culture than ‘anak anjing’.

2) Borrowing.

This technique takes statements or expression straight from another

language (Molina and Albir, 2002, p.510). There are two kinds of borrowing; pure

borrowing and naturalized borrowing. Pure borrowing means that a source text is

translated without any changes into the target text. Naturalized borrowing or

naturalization is a translation technique by fitting the spelling rules (pronunciation

and morphological) of the source text into target language.

For example:

(Pure borrowing) ST: harddisk

TT: harddisk

(Naturalization) ST: mall

TT: mal

3) Loan translation (calque).

It is a linear substitution of elements of one language by elements of the

other (normally noun phrase) (Bell, 1991, p.70). This technique belongs to literal

translation. However, according to Wills (1981), loan translation primarily occurs

in noun compounds and adjectives-non collocations (p.97). This translation, after

a time, is often accepted, or at least, tolerated by the target language.

For example:

ST: interest rate


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TT: tingkat suku bunga

From the example above, the word ‘interest rate’ in the SL has linear

substitution in the target language as ‘tingkat suku bunga’. In the TL (Indonesian)

‘tingkat suku bunga’ becomes familiar as a term in economy.

4) Generalization.

According to Molina and Albir (2002), generalization means to use a

more general or neutral term. This technique is related to the semantic shift from

the specific meaning into the general meaning (Simatupang, 2000, p.92). This

technique occurs when the SL word with a specific meaning is translated into a

word with a more general meaning in TL since the word in general meaning is

easier to understand and accepted.

For example:

ST: leg or foot (specific)

TT: kaki (general)

The words ‘leg’ and ‘foot’ in English is more appropriate to be translated

into ‘kaki’ in Indonesian since this word directly means parts of human body used

for walking.

5) Translation shift

Catford (1974) stated that there are two major types of shifts occur: level

shifts and category shifts. Level shifts means that an SL item at one linguistic

level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. Category shifts are

classified into structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.

5.1. Structure shift


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Structure shift can occur at all ranks in grammar.

Example: structure shift at group rank from M-H into H-M

ST: musical instruments

M H

TT: alat musik

H M

In the example, the SL is a noun phrase of which structure is

Modifier-Head. It is translated into TL of which structure is Head-

Modifier. It can be seen that the structure of the noun phrase changes from M-H

into H-M.

5.2. Class shift

Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a

member of a different class from the original item (Catford, 1965, p.78). Class

shift can also be called as category shift.

Example:

ST: He’s in doubt

N

TT: Dia ragu-ragu

Adj

The word ‘doubt’ is categorized as noun. This word is translated into

‘ragu-ragu’ that is categorized as an adjective. This translation shows a shift from

noun into adjective.

5.3. Unit shift


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It means the changes of rank that is departures from formal

correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL

is a unit at a different rank in the TL (Catford, 1965, p.79).

Example:

SL: girl

TL: anak perempuan

From the example above, it can be seen a unit shift from word (girl) to

phrase (anak perempuan). This translation shows a shift from word to phrase.

6) Equivalence.

According to Bell (1991), equivalence is “the replacement of a stretch of

SL (particularly idioms, clichés, proverbs, and the like) by its functional

equivalent (greeting, etc)”. This technique is similar to literal translation.

Example:

ST: Stupid.

TT: Tolol.

The exclamation word ‘stupid’ is replaced to be ‘tolol’. The word ‘tolol’ is

familiar in the target language. The meaning of both words is equal.

7) Addition

Addition is a translation technique which is used by adding some

information in order to make a clearer translation. The translator inserts additional

information into the translation because he considers that the readers may need it

(Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p.74).

Example:


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SL: The skin, which is hard and scaly, is greyfish in colour, thus helping

to camouflage it from predators when underwater.

TL: Kulitnya, yang keras dan bersisik, berwarna abu-abu. Dengan

demikian, kulit ini membantunya berkamuflase, menyesuaikan diri

dengan keadaan lingkungan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari

predator, hewan pemangsa, jika berada di dalam air.

(Taken from Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p.75)

The addition ‘menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan lingkungan’ and

‘hewan pemangsa’ is inserted in order to give information to the words

‘camouflage’ and ‘predators’ in the target texts.

8) Deletion

Deletion means an omission of word or part of a text of SL in the text of

TL (Suryawinata, 2003, p.75). This technique occurs when the SL word is

considered less important and difficult to translate. The translator applies deletion

technique in order to avoid producing a confusing translation for the target

readers.

Example:

SL: “Sama dengan raden ayu ibunya,” katanya lirih.

TL: “Just like her mother,” she whispered.

In the example, the phrase ‘raden ayu’ is not translated into the TL. The

translator considers that the translation of the phrase can be amusing the target

readers since they have no cultural concepts about the meaning of ‘raden ayu’.


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D. Translation Quality

Translation quality assessment is also known as translation criticism.

According to Nababan (2003), to criticize the translation product is a very

difficult task, because it needs vast ability in translation to do it (p.83). The critic

must have both ability in translation theory and practice.

According to Newmark (1988), translation criticism is an “essential link

between translation theory and practice” (p.184). It means that in criticizing a

translation product, there is always a connection between the theory of translation

and the application of the theory. A translator is able to assess the translation

product, as well as the quality, by applying the theory of translation.

It is important for a translator to have his translation criticized. His

translation should be tested before it is widely exposed to the public readers.

According to Larson (1984), there are three main reasons for a translator to test a

translation. Firstly, a translator needs to make sure that his translation is accurate.

A translator will work hardly to transfer the meaning and sometimes he will need

to add or to delete some information to reach the highest point of accuracy.

Secondly, a translator needs to make sure that his translation is clear. The

only way to check whether a translation is clear is by testing it with a person who

is not familiar with the source text and then asking questions to find out the

understanding. If the text is easily understood by him, it means that the translation

is communicative for the target readers.

The third reason is to make sure that a translation is natural. A translation

may be understood correctly and it may be communicable, but the form may be


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unnatural for the receptor language. Therefore, a translator needs to pay attention

to the form of the target language. The information needs to be transferred in an

interesting way. It should flow as a coherent text in order to make it readable for

the target readers.

Larson (1984) stated that there are some ways to test a translation

(p.489). Those are;

1) Comparison with the source language. The translator compares several

points of the text of source language to the target language carefully. The

purpose is to check for the equivalence of the information of the text.

2) Back-translation. The translator may ask for help to a person who is truly

bilingual and able to do back-translation. Back-translation is beneficial to

find out the matter of communication. However, back-translation cannot

be applied to test the naturalness of the translation. It focuses more on the

equivalence of the meaning than the naturalness.

3) Comprehension test. The purpose of comprehension test is to check

whether a translation is understood by the target readers correctly without

knowing the source language. The purpose of this is to find out what the

translation is communicating to the audience. The translator may ask for

help from a target reader who has a good fluency in his language (target

language).

4) Naturalness and readability test. The purpose of naturalness checking is to

check if the form of the translation is natural and the style is used

appropriately. The translator may need help from reviewers (people who is


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willing to read the translation). Meanwhile, readability test is to check

whether a translation is readable. It can be seen from the text whether it is

a good writing with a pleasing style and good rhythm and it is flowing.

5) Consistency test. This test is related to the consistency of the translator in

translating some words or phrases and key terms in the text. This test is

done to make sure that the same term is surely used or that there are

different terms used in certain context for some reasons.

The quality of translation covers three main things as the measurements

whether a translation is a good product. They are accuracy, acceptability, and

readability. Accuracy is related to the correctness and incorrectness of the

translation text from the source language to the target language. Acceptability

shows whether a translated text is natural for the target readers and appropriate to

the culture of the target language. Readability shows whether the translated text is

easy to understand and easy to read by the target readers. In this research, the

researcher analyzes the quality of translation only in terms of accuracy and

acceptability without the readability since the data are in the form of words and

phrases.

According to Baker (1992), accuracy is no doubt an important aim in

translation, but it is also important to bear in mind that the use of common target

language patterns which are familiar to the target reader plays an important role in

keeping the communication channels open (p.57). It means that besides

concerning on the accuracy, a translator should pay attention to the pattern or the

form which is commonly used by the target language in order to make the


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information is communicated well to the target readers. In this way, a translator is

considered creating not only accurate translation, but also acceptable translation.

Moreover, when the conveyed information is recognized culturally, the target

readers will accept the information communicated through the natural translation.

E. Problems in Translation

In translating a text from the source language to the target language, a

translator may be troubled in finding the equivalent words or phrases. This

problem may affect the result of the translation. According to Mona Baker (1992,

p.21), the common problems of non-equivalence arise from the following:

1) Culture-specific concepts

It is related to the cultural background differences. The word or text from

the source language sometimes expresses a concept which is very much

unfamiliar or unknown in the target language culture.

2) The source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language

The word or text from the source language sometimes expresses a

concept which is familiar or known by the target language culture but simply not

lexicalized. The concept is not distributed by the target language word to express.

3) The source language word is semantically complex

The SL word may be semantically complex. Baker (1992) stated that a

single word consisting of a single morpheme sometimes expresses a more

complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. This is a fairly common problem

in translation.

4) The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning


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Target language sometimes creates a more or fewer distinctions in the

meaning than the source language does. Some things which are regarded as an

important meaning in one language can be perceived as irrelevant in another

language.

5) The target language lacks a superordinate

The target language word may has only a specific meaning (hyponymy)

without the general meaning (superordinate). The source language word

sometimes is translated by changing the semantic field from the superordinate into

the hyponymy.

6) The target language lacks a specific term (hyponymy)

The target language word tends to have more general words

(superordinate) than the specific ones (hyponymy).

7) Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective

Physical perspective is associated to where things or people are related to

one another or to a place.

8) Differences in expressive meaning

A target language of which the propositional meaning is the same as the

source language may have a different expressive meaning. When the target

language is neutral compared to the source language, the translator is able to add

evaluative element (by a modifier or adverb).

9) Differences in form


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English suffixes and prefixes conveying propositional meaning and other

types of meaning sometimes do not have direct equivalence in the other language.

It can occur in particular form of the target language.

10) Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms

It is possible that difference in the frequency and purpose for which it is

used arises when a form of a source language has the equivalence in the target

language.

11) The use of loan words in the source text

A translator sometimes faces difficulties in finding a loan word with the

same meaning in the target language. The other difficulties related to loan words

are the rise of false friends. False friends refer to words or expressions having the

same form in many language but they deliver different meaning.

F. Definition of Comic

According to Juha Herkman (as cited in Koponen, 2004), the definition of

comics contains three central characteristics. They are a narrative told through a

five series of pictures, recurring pictures, and a combination of dialogue or other

types of texted picture. He also stated that not all of comics follow the

characteristics. There are many kinds of comic which only contain of pictures

without text.

Herkman stated that “the most important determining characteristic of

comics would be the narrative element, which excludes single-frame cartoons or

so-called caricatures”. Another expert, Klaus Kaindl considered comics as “a


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series of at least two pictures telling a story” (as cited in Koponen, 2004). The

combination of text and picture makes comics different from the other genre.

According to Herkman, there are three basic elements of comic. They are

pictorial elements, linguistic elements, and effect elements. Pictorial elements are

the major elements which dominate the whole comic. This elements “immediate

sense of the locations and physical descriptions present in the comic story”.

Linguistic elements include dialogue (located inside the speech bubles), narration

(located in the boxes of the frames or completely outside), detail text inside

pictures, and onomatopoeia or sound effect. The effect elements consist of speed

lines, onomatopoeic sound effects, speech bubbles, typography of the text, and the

symbols or pictograms.

It can be concluded that comic is a series of combination of pictures and

texts which telling a story. The image and the words show the information. There

is a chance that an expression in comics cannot be recognized by word, but it can

be seen by the pictures. A comic translator is often helped by the pictures

whenever he or she finds difficulty in understanding the information or the

message. However, sometimes the words and images may be in contradiction. The

long sentence and the limited space may also be a problem for a comic translator.

G. Swearing Word

According to Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of swearing word

is “rude or offensive word”. Swearing word has a central position in verbal

communicative. It is considered as emotive language function since swearing


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word is used to express dislike, hate, and dissatisfaction of a situation. This

expression is considered as an attack for them who are insulted. According to

Wijana and Rohmadi (2006), at least there are six factors to swear: idiocy,

abnormality, something cursed or forbidden by religion, unfortunate events,

something disgusting, and everything which distracts human live. However, the

people who state it consider swearing word as an intimacy and a freedom of

expression or, in another word, as an expressive language function.

According to Rothwell (as cited in Japutri, 2006, p.9), the principal

purposes for using swearing word are:

1) To create attention. People who swear have intention to attract attention

from the surroundings.

2) Discredit. People who swear intend to show their disinterest of the public

opinion or image.

3) Provoke.

4) Identification. Swearing word can be used as a person’s identification

when somebody else utters it to show his disinterest.

5) Provide catharsis. It means that when somebody’s hurt physically or

mentally, he or she will utter swearing word as revenge.

Hughes (as cited in Japutri, 2006, p.10) also stated that the other purpose

for using swearing word is to insult the others.

Swearing is considered as a taboo matter. Taboo is commonly defined as

something forbidden. Ullmann stated that taboo word comes up as the result of

fear, delicacy, and propriety (as cited in Wijana and Rohmadi, 2006, p.111).


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Taboo of fear is reflected in the prohibition of saying God’s names. Taboo of

delicacy can be reflected in human’s effort to avoid direct indication of unpleasant

things such as death and disease as a form of euphemism. Taboo of propriety can

be reflected in human’s effort to avoid indication of things related to sex, human’s

genital or parts of human body and their function.

According to Wijana and Rohmadi (2006), Indonesian swearing word is

differentiated into three forms; they are swearing word in a form of word such as

sialan, swearing word in a form of phrase such as dasar gila, and swearing word

in a form of clause such as gila benar dia (p.117).

The classification of swearing word, especially in Indonesia, can be seen

in the following forms:

1) Situation. It includes mentally situation, cursed situation, and one’s

unpleasant situation, e.g; idiot (mentally situation), jahanam (cursed

situation), mampus (one’s unpleasant situation).

2) Animals. The using of animals as swear words is metaphorical. It means

that only certain personalities of the animal which is similar to the target

are used to express, e.g; dasar bandot,anjing.

3) Ghost, e.g; setan alas, setan

4) Objects, e.g; sompret, dasar gombal

5) Human’s genitals. For Indonesian, a sexual activity is very personal and

taboo thing to discuss generally e.g; puki mak, cuki mai. The other parts

of body are used to swear a person who is mistaken for being unable to

use his senses correctly e.g: matamu, kupingmu.


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6) Kinship, e.g; kakekmu

7) Activity. The swearing word which is included in this group is related to

sexual activity. e.g; diancuk, diamput.

8) Profession. What is meant by profession here is a dirty and forbidden

profession or habit such as robbery and profiteer. e.g; dasar maling,

hidung belang, lintah darat.

(Wijana and Rohmadi, 2006, p.115)

H. The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun Comic

The comic strip entitled Kisah Petualangan Tintin: Tawanan Dewa

Matahari is the translation of the original title The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoner

of the Sun comic strip created by Belgian artist Georges Prosper Remi or Herge

(pen name). The series first appeared in French in a children’s supplement to the

Belgian newspaper and have been translated in more than 30 languages in the

world including Indonesian. The first publisher who published these series in

Indonesian is PT. Indira on 1976, adapted from the English version published by

Egmont Publisher.

The story is about a young Belgian reporter named Tintin and his

companion Snowy. Tintin has a fellow named Kapten Haddock who often

expresses his anger by swearing. In this episode, Tintin and his friend went to

Peru for an adventure to rescue their friend named Professor Cuthbert Calculus

who was kidnapped by the Inca Tribe as the result of wearing the sacred bracelet

of Pachacamac. They also tried to break a mysterious case which happened to


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seven archeologists who were punished by magical powers as the result of

violating the Inca’s tombs and plundering the sacred treasures.

Tintin and Captain Haddock then met a young orange-seller named

Zorrino who informed that Calculus had become a prisoner in Temple of the Sun.

Zorrino, who was an Indian, became Tintin’s guide to visit the Inca and rescue

Calculus. As they arrived there, the Inca was just about to sentence Calculus to

death. The Inca arrested them and put them into jail. After a negotiation with the

Noble Prince of the Sun and by the help of the priest of the Sun who saw Tintin

saved young Indian’s life, Zorrino was free. However, Tintin and Captain

Haddock were sentenced to death. The Prince of the Sun offered Tintin to choose

a day when they would be burned. Fortunately, Tintin found out that there would

be an eclipse in a few days. Tintin asked to receive the punishment on that day.

Tintin and Captain Haddock finally met Calculus on the day they were

punished. When the eclipse happened, Tintin pretended as if he were a man who

had a power to order the sun. The primitive tribe believed in Tintin’s action and

agreed to set them free. The Prince of the Sun also released the seven

archeologists from the punishment he made. Tintin successfully brought Calculus

back and was given some treasures as a present from the Inca.


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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Type and Design

The type of this research is descriptive qualitative study. The researcher

used descriptive qualitative study since this study describes existing phenomenon

systematically. This research conducted in a form of case study. This study can be

called as quasi-qualitative because it is a type of research which is still influenced

by the quantitative tradition (Bungin, 2008, p.68). The quantitative tradition can

be seen from the applying of numbers to describe the phenomenon.

B. Data and Source of Data

The source of data of this research is the comic The Adventures of

Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun both the Indonesian version, published by Indira, and

the English version, published by Egmont Books Ltd. The researcher chose this

comic as the source of data because the comic contains many swearing words

translated in different terminology. The comic itself has been well-known and

translated into many languages all around the world.

Data are information dealing with fact and situation of the research

subject to support the research. Data of a research can be in the form of

morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and texts. The main data of this

research consist of swearing words taken from “The Adventures of Tintin:

Prisoners of the Sun” comic.


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C. Sampling Technique

Sampling is a technique of selecting research subjects or sources as the

representative of a population. According to Marshal (1996), an appropiate

sample for qualitative study is sample that adequately answers the research

problems. In this research, the researcher used total sampling technique. The

sample used in this research is all the swearing words and their translation taken

from “The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun” comic. The researcher used

the sample as the main data in conducting this research.

D. Method of Data Collection

To collect the data, the researcher used content analysis and

questionnaire as the methods of data collection. The researcher took the steps as

the following:

1. Content Analysis

a. Reading the both version of the comic books of The Adventures of

Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun.

b. Collecting the swearing words in the The Adventures of Tintin:

Prisoners of the Sun comic and the translation.

c. Analyzing the swearing words data and then determining the

translation techniques which were applied.

d. Determining the impact of the techniques to the accuracy and

acceptability of the translation.

2. Questionnaire


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The type of questionnaire that was used by the researcher in this research

was open-ended questionnaire. The researcher also used close format in this

questionnaire. The researcher involved three raters who had the capability of the

following:

1. Mastering the source language and the target language (English and

Indonesian language).

2. Having good understanding in translation theory and procedure.

3. Having competency and experience as a professional translator.

4. Willing to participate in this research.

The raters of this research determined the accuracy and the acceptability

of the swearing words translation based on the classification of the researcher.

The raters had the chance of giving reasons or information related to the

questions. The researcher determined the scales of accuracy marking as follows:

Scale Description1 Inaccurate;

If the swearing word in TL does not convey equal and expressive meaning of the SL because it is translated improperly or not translated at all.

2 Less accurate;If the swearing word in SL is translated with less expressive word which does not show equal and expressive meaning properly.

3 Accurate;If the swearing word in TL shows equal and expressive meaning of the SL.

The researcher also determined the scale of acceptability marking as

follows:

Scale Description1 Unacceptable;

If the swearing word in the TL is not accepted by the Indonesian


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culture or is never used to swear in the culture.2 Less acceptable;

If the swearing word in TL is not easily accepted by the Indonesian culture or is rarely used to swear in the culture.

3 Acceptable;If the swearing word in TL is easily accepted by the Indonesian culture or is commonly used to swear in the culture.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

The researcher carried out the following steps to analyze the data:

1. The researcher collected the data from the utterances of the comics and the

translation.

2. The researcher compared the swearing words in the English comic to its

translation in Indonesian.

3. The researcher analyzed the data to find out the type of translation

technique which was used by the translator of the comic.

4. The researcher distributed questionnaires which contain the scale of

accuracy and acceptability to three raters.

5. The researcher used the result of the analysis and the result of the

questionnaires to draw the conclusion.

F. Research Procedure

The researcher conducted the research through a procedure below:

1. Collecting the primary data from the source of data.


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The researcher collected all utterances which contain swearing words in

The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic both the English

version and the Indonesian version.

2. Analyzing the primary data.

The researcher analyzed the primary data to find out the type of translation

techniques which were applied by the translator of the comic.

3. Collecting the secondary data.

The researcher collected the data from the questionnaires given to three

raters. The result of the questionnaires given contained the marking of the

accuracy and the acceptability.

4. Analyzing the secondary data

The researcher analyzed the secondary data to find out the impact of the

techniques which were used by the translator to the quality of the

translation especially the accuracy and the acceptability.

5. Drawing conclusion from the result of the analysis.

The researcher used the result of the analysis from the primary data and

the secondary data to draw the conclusion of the research.


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

In this research, there are two problems statements which should be

answered. They are the translation technique used to translate the swearing word

in The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic and the impact of the

technique to the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. First of all, the

researcher analyzed the data to find out the translation techniques which are used

to translate the swearing word. Second, the researcher analyzed the data to find

out the accuracy and the acceptability of the translation of swearing word in the

comic.

B. Data Analysis

I. Analysis of the Translation Techniques

There are eight translation techniques used to translate swearing word in comic;

1.1. Adaptation

1.2. Borrowing

1.3. Equivalence

1.4. Generalization

1.5. Addition

1.6. Translation shifts

1.7. Deletion

1.8. Loan translation


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1.1 Adaptation

It is a technique of translation which allows the translator to replace the

source language element with the target language element in terms of culture. The

meaning of the SL which is transferred into TL can be totally inaccurate as the

result of the distinction of cultural background between the two languages.

However, in this research, it is found that the translator applies this technique in

order to keep the expression of the English swearing word equal with the target

language and acceptable to the culture. The translator also applies this technique

in order to keep the uniqueness of the character’s swearing word. There are 78

data using adaptation technique, found in this research.

Example from the data:

ST: Iconoclasts!... Pirates!... just a few more strokes…

TT: Kampret!... Monyet!... sedikit lagi…

(Datum no: 17)

From the example above, it can be analyzed that the words ‘iconoclasts’

is transferred into ‘kampret’. In this example, the translator modifies ‘iconoclasts’

which refers to someone who often critizies beliefs or things that are generally

accepted by society (Collin’s Cobuild English Dictionary, 2001, p.773) into

‘kampret’, an insectivorous small bat (kamusbahasaindonesia.org). The word

‘iconoclasts’ expresses a concept known by the target language culture but it is

not lexicalized. Hence, this word does not have the equivalence in the target

language.


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‘Kampret’ becomes a familiar swearing word in Indonesian culture,

especially Javanese culture, because most of the people often compare the

annoying men’s face with the ugly face of the bat in order to express their anger to

those men (http://sosbud.kompasiana.com/2011/01/16/memaki-dan-mencerca-

dengan-santun/). By adapting the SL swearing word into ‘kampret’ , the translator

is able to make the translation of the expressive meaning easy to understand by

the target readers.

Table 4.1.1

Adaptation

English swearing word Translated swearing word

Data numbers

Blistering barnacles Setan laut 3,19,35,40,73,117,120,124,

127,128Thundering typhoons Kampret 7

Blistering bathtub Kapal brengsek 8Guanogatherers Bandit-bandit 16Iconoclasts Kampret 17

Pirates Monyet 18Sealion Monyet kecil 20Thundering typhoons Jangkrik 21, 121The blistering blundering bird-brain

Sompret 22

The baboons Babon-babon ini 24Blue blistering barnacles Setan laut 25

Young rascal Setan kecil 27

Thundering typhoons Belalang liar 28Billions of blistering barnacles

Seribu juta topan badai 30,123

The stubborn South American centipedes

Kampret-kampret Amerika Selatan tolol

32

Young swine Bangsat kecil 33Miserable iconoclasts Binatang sialan 39


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Billions of blistering Setan laut 43Bandits Kampret 45Filibusters Bandit 46Thundering typhoons Setan laut 50,85,116Blistering barnacles Topan badai 52,93By thunder Sompret 54Blistering barnacles Kampret 55,77By thunder Jangkrik 56Doryphore Belalang liar 58Gobbledygook Babon 59Blistering barnacles Setan alas 61Filibusters Babon-babon 65Weevils Biang panu 66Slubberdegullions Belalang liar 67Patagonians Setan laut 68Bashi-bazouks Sompret 69Carpet-sellers Kutu busuk 70Kleptomaniacs Bajak kudisan 71Thundering country Negeri keparat 75Blue blistering barnacles Sejuta topan badai 76Billions of blue blistering barnacles

Seribu juta topan badai 79

Gibbering anthropoids Babon sialan 80Four-legged Cyrano Kerbau liar 82Loathsome brutes Setan 83Beastly steaming jungle Hutan bulukan 84Blue blistering barnacles Seribu juta topan badai 86Blistering barnacles Astaga-naga 87Blistering barnacles Sompret 88Anachronism Belalang liar 94Tramps Biang panu 95Zapotecs Bajak kudisan 96Pockmarks Babon 97Pithecanthropuses Monyet bulukan 98Savages Kampret 100

Sea-gherkin Setan laut 101Ectoplasms Orang utan 102Poltroons Sompret 103

Politicians Kampret 104Doryphores Monyet 105Terrorists Kutu busuk 106Tin-hatted tyrant Raja brengsek 108Blistering barnacles Seribu juta topan badai 109Billions of blue blistering Sejuta kerbau dan kutu 111


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barnacles busukBlistering barnacles Jangkrik 118Foreign dog Orang asing 126

Total numbers 78

1.2 Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation technique which is used to translate names,

places, and specific terms such as cultural terms or scientific terms. The translator

is allowed to borrow words from the source language without any changes and to

give statement explaining the word (pure borrowing), or to adjust the

pronunciation and the morphology of the source language word into those of

target language (naturalization). There is only 1 datum of this research translated

using borrowing technique especially pure borrowing.


ST: Great Scotland Yard

TT: Demi Scotland Yard

(Datum no: 26)

From the example, it can be seen that the translator used this technique to

translate a name of a place. ‘Great Scotland Yard’ is a name of street within

Whitehall, England. ‘Scotland Yard’ itself is known as Metropolitan Office of

England. The translator borrows the name of the place to keep the originality of

the source language.

Table 4.1.2

Borrowing (pure borrowing)

English swearing word Translated swearing word Data numbers


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Scotland Yard Scotland Yard 26

Total numbers 1

1.3. Equivalence

In this equivalence technique, the translator is able to transfer the

swearing expression by applying an approximate equivalence in different terms

but still in the same situation. This technique is often used to transfer idioms,

clichés, proverbs, and the like. In this research, it is found that the translator also

applies equivalence on swearing word. The researcher found that there are 20 data

which are transferred using this technique.


ST: Putting a ship in a quarantine, you landlubber, means keeping her in

isolation for some time, to avoid risk of infection.

TT: Dikarantina! Artinya diasingkan sementara, untuk mencegah

penularan penyakit, otak udang.

(Datum no: 6)

It can be seen from the example that the translator replaces the English

exclamation with their functional equivalence in the target language. In the

example, ‘landlubber’ is translated into ‘otak udang’. ‘Landlubber’ refers to

someone who has a little knowledge of boats and sea (Collin’s Cobuild English

Dictionary, 2001, p.866). Meanwhile, ‘otak udang’ refers to someone who is not

clever. The translator applies this technique considering the same expression

between ‘landlubber’ and ‘otak udang’ which are swearing words for a stupid

person.


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Table 4.1.3

Equivalence


Data numbers

Nitwits Dogol-dogol 1Goodness gracious Astaga 4Landlubber Otak udang 6Stupid Tolol 9Crumbs Sialan 12, 31

Great snakes Aduh 13Great snakes Astaga 23,29,42,72,112Good heavens Ya, Tuhan 41Heavens Aduh 51Morons Dogol 64Heavens Astaga 89Great snakes Sialan 90Crumbs Astaga 91, 92Great snakes Ya, ampun 107

Total numbers 20

From the analysis above, the researcher also found that the consistency of

the translator of The adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic in

translating the swearing word is poor. It can be seen from the way the translator

transfered ‘great snakes’ into four different translation: ‘sialan’, ‘ya ampun’,

‘aduh’, ‘astaga’. There is a chance that translator considered to make a creative

translation by translating one expression of the source language into some

different translation in the target language. As the result, not all of the translation

produces equal expressive meaning in the target language. Another example

which shows the inconsistency translation is ‘blistering barnacles’ which is

translated into ‘setan laut’, ‘topan badai’, ‘kampret’, ‘setan alas’, ‘astaga-naga’,

‘sompret’ and ‘jangkrik’.


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1.4. Generalization

Generalization is a technique of translation applying term which is more

general in target language. In this research, there are 2 data which are translated

using generalization technique.


ST: Miserable reptile

TT: Binatang keparat

(Datum no: 44)

The example shows that there is a shift from ‘reptile’ into ‘binatang’.

‘Binatang’ has the more general meaning (superordinate), meanwhile ‘reptile’ has

specific meaning as the subordinate. To keep the expression of swearing word, the

translator put the word ‘keparat’. As the result, the translation can be classified as

a swearing although it is less acceptable.

Table 4.1.4

Generalization


Data numbers

Miserable reptile Binatang keparat 44Cushion-footed quadrupeds Binatang berkaki bantal 63

Total numbers 2

1.5. Addition

This technique is applied in order to strengthen the expressive meaning

of the translation of swearing word by adding some words or phrases. The

translator considers that the words added to the translation is able to help the


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readers feel the character’s expression. There are 4 data translated using addition

technique.


ST: Thundering typhoons!

TT: Seribu juta topan badai!

(Datum no: 2)

The example shows that the translator adds ‘seribu juta’ in order to

create a terrible atmosphere of a typhoon. This swearing word represents the

character who was surprised by unexpected situation. By adding ‘seribu juta’, the

readers hopefully understand the terrible situation through the more expressive

swearing word.

Table 4.1.5

Addition

English swearing word Translated swearing

word

Data numbers

Thundering typhoons Seribu juta topan badai 2

Billions of blue bubonic barnacles Sompret! Seribu sial! 5

Pirates Bajak kudisan 47,57

Pithecanthropic mountebanks Babon kudisan! Jangkrik

parasit!

78

Total numbers 5

1.6. Translation shifts

Translation shifts technique is used when the translator finds difficulty in

translating source text into target text which language system is different. It


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involves grammatical changes from the source language to target language. In this

research, there is only one type of shifts which are applied by the translator.

1.6.1. Structure-shift from Modifier-Head (M-H) into Head-Modifier (H-M)

It is a shift which involves the changing system of M-H into H-M of

phrases. In English phrase, the modifier is put before the head. On the other hand,

a modifier is put after the head in Indonesian phrase. There are 5 data found in this

research which use this type of shift.


1. ST: You little rat, take that!

TT: Tikus kecil!..rasakan ini!

Little rat tikus kecil

M H H M

(Datum no: 34)

2. ST: And you, foreign dog, where did you get it?

TT: Dan kau, anjing asing, dari mana kau dapat itu?

Foreign dog anjing asing

M H H M

(Datum no: 114)

From the examples above, it can be seen that there are shifts from (M-H)

into (H-M). In SL phrases, ‘little’ and ‘foreign’ are the modifiers of ‘rat’ and

‘dog’. The words ‘little’ and ‘foreign’ are adjectives and they function as

modifiers. In English grammatical structure, an adjective must be put before the

head word, so the phrase structure will be (M-H).


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In Indonesian grammatical structure, the position of the adjective is

changed. Adjective that functions as modifier follows the head word, as the result,

the structure will be (H-M). The occurrence of shift in TL can be seen from the

words ‘kecil’ and ‘asing’ that modify the head words ‘tikus’ and ‘anjing’.

Table 4.1.6

Translation shifts

English swearing

word

Translated swearing

word

Data numbers

Little devil Setan kecil 14

Little rat Tikus kecil 34

Mountain goat Kambing gunung 49

Little viper Ular kecil 113

Foreign dog Anjing asing 114

Total numbers 5

1.7. Deletion

Deletion technique is applied to avoid translation which probably cannot

be understood by the reader. In this research, deletion is applied to omit swearing

words which have no significant meaning in a sentence. There are 4 data

translated using this technique.

ST: But, thundering typhoons, the doctor definitely said..

TT: Tapi dokter itu mengatakan…

(Datum no: 10)

In the example, the word ‘thundering typhoons’ is not translated in the

target text. However, the message of the source language is still delivered well.


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The deletion of the swearing word does not make significant change in the

translation. The translator considers that deleting this word is better than putting

the unfamiliar equivalence which has the more opportunity to confuse the readers.

Table 4.1.7

Deletion


word

Data numbers

Thundering typhoons - 10,110

Bald-headed budgerigar - 60

Bashi-bazouks - 99

Total numbers 4

1.8. Loan translation (Calque)

This technique is applied to translate by putting the linear substitution of

source language’s element by target language’s element (Bell, 1991, p. 70). This

technique is normally applied in noun phrase. In this research, there are 15 data

translated using loan translation.

ST: Bunch of savages!... What I need is a pipe to calm my nerves…

Where is it?..Ah, got it… Hello, what’s this?

TT: Gerombolan liar!.. Saya ingin mengisap pipa untuk menenangkan

syaraf. Di mana, ya?..Nah, ini. Hei, apa ini?

(Datum no: 115)

It can be seen from the example that ‘bunch of savages’ is transferred

into ‘gerombolan liar’. The translation of the source language is linear in the

target language. ‘Savages’ means very violent. In Indonesian, the word ‘liar’ is


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considered equal to the meaning of this word. However, this word is not familiar

to be a swearing word.

Table 4.1.8

Loan translation


word

Data numbers

Thundering typhoons Topan badai 11,15,36,48,53,74,119,

122,125,129

Pair of perambulating

fire-pumps

Sepasang pemadam

kebakaran

37

Moth-eaten imitation

camels

Onta palsu pemakan

rayap

38

Raggle-taggle ruminants Pemamah biak 62

Beastly mosquitos Nyamuk parasit 81

Bunch of savages Gerombolan liar 115

Total numbers 15

II. Accuracy and Acceptability of the Translation of Swearing Word

In this research, the researcher invited three raters to rate the level of

accuracy and acceptability of the translation of the swearing word. The researcher

uses questionnaire with an open-ended and close format. The raters of this

research rated the accuracy and the acceptability of the swearing words translation

based on the scale determined by the researcher. They are asked to give reasons or

comments and some explanation about their answers.


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2.1 Accuracy of the Translation of the Swearing Word

The scale of accuracy which is used in the questionnaire is defined as

follows:

Scale Description1 Inaccurate;

If the swearing word in TL does not convey equal and expressive meaning of the SL because it is translated improperly or not translated at all.

2 Less accurate;If the swearing word in SL is translated with less expressive word which does not show equal and expressive meaning properly.

3 Accurate;If the swearing word in TL shows equal and expressive meaning of the SL.

In this research, the level of accuracy of each datum is shown by the

mean of the scale which is given by all raters. The level of accuracy as a whole is

shown by the total average of the mean of the total data.

The research analyzes the level of accuracy by classifying the data as the

following:

Classification 1a: inaccurate translation, range 1 to 1.67

Classification 2a: less accurate translation, range 1.7 to 2.33

Classification 3a: accurate translation, range 2.4 to 3

1.1.1. Classification 1a: inaccurate translation

The data which belong to classification 1a are data with mean range

between 1 and 1.67. All of those data are considered to be inaccurate analyzed

from the meaning and the emotion which cannot be delivered properly since they

are omitted or not translated correctly.

Examples 1:


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10 ST TT

Thundering typhoons - (deleted)

From the example above, the word ‘thundering typhoons’ is used to

express the character’s feeling of worry and surprise. The translator omits this

word and does not translate it at all. As the result, the expression of the character

cannot be conveyed to the readers. According to the rating of the three raters, this

translation belongs to classification 1a with mean 1.

Example 2:

24 ST TT

The baboons Babon-babon ini

When the word ‘baboons’ is translated into ‘babon-babon’, the meaning

changes. ‘Baboons’ means kind of large monkeys (OED, 2000, p.25). In the mean

time, ‘babon’ means hen (http://kamusbahasaindonesia.org/babon). The

translation of ‘baboons’ into ‘babon-babon’ does not convey both the equivalence


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and the expressive meaning of the swearing word. This is an incorrect translation.

The translator intends to find the equivalence by giving a word with similar

pronunciation. The mean of this datum is 1.67, therefore, this translation is

considered as inaccurate translation.

1.1.2. Classification 2a: less accurate translation

The data which belong to this classification are data with mean range 1.7

to 2.33. Those data are considered to be less accurate since the translation only

delivers the meaning with less expressive words.

Example 1:

81 ST TT

Beastly mosquitoes Nyamuk parasit

Example 2:

87 ST TT

Blistering barnacles Astaga-naga


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From the example 1 above, the word ‘beastly mosquitoes’ becomes less

expressive since it is translated into ‘nyamuk parasit’. The meaning of the word is

considered as equal, but the expression is not as strong as the source language

swearing word. In this example 2, the expression of surprise can be delivered

well, but ‘blistering barnacles’ has a very different meaning from ‘astaga-naga’.

The mean of the data belongs to classification 2a, it indicates that the translation

above is considered to be less accurate.

1.1.3. Classification 3a: accurate translation

All of the data with mean range 2.67 to 3 are included in the

classification of accurate translation. Those data are considered to be accurate

because they convey the meaning and or the expression of the swearing word

well.

Example 1:

1 ST TT

Nitwits Dogol-dogol


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Example 2:

45 ST TT

Bandits! Kampret!

In example number 1, ‘nitwits’ means stupid people. This translation is

accurate since it has the equal meaning with ‘dogol’. Based on Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia (2005), ‘dogol’ means ‘bodoh’ (p.261). Moreover, the

expression of annoyance of the character is conveyed well. The both words

express the cursing of someone who is annoyed by low-intelligent people. As the

result, this translation can be considered as an accurate translation.

From the example 2, it can be analyzed that the emotion of the character

can be delivered well. The word ‘kampret’ is able to represent the expression of

anger. Analyzes from the lexical meaning, this translation can be considered to be

less accurate. However, for a contextual reason, the transferring of expression is

more emphasized than the lexical meaning.

The three raters agreed to give scale 3 for both of the data above. They

emphasizes on the important of expression delivery rather than the lexical

meaning of the English swearing word itself. Those translations belong to accurate

classification based on the reason and the rating of the three raters.


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Table 4.2.1

The classification of translation accuracy

Categories Data number Total number Percentage

Inaccurate 10,24,37,65,60,110,126 7 5.43%

Less accurate 2,3,11,13,15,16,19,22,23,25,28,

29,30,32,33,35,38,40,42,43,44,

48,50,51,52,53,58,59,61,62,66,

67,72,73,74,76,78,79,80,81,82,

83,84,85,86,87,93,94,97,101,102

,103,104,105,106,109,111,112,

114,115,116,117,118,119,120,

121,122,123,124,125,127,128,

129

73 56.57%

Accurate 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,17,18,20,21,

26,27,31,34,36,39,41,45,46,47,

49,54,55,56,57,63,64,68,69,70,

71,75,77,88,89,90,91,92,95,96,

98,99,100,107,108,113

49 37.99%

2.2 . Acceptability of the Translation of the Swearing Word

The scale of acceptability which is used in the questionnaire is defined as

follows:

Scale Description1 Unacceptable;

If the swearing word in the TL is not accepted by the Indonesian culture or is never used to swear in the culture.

2 Less acceptable;If the swearing word in TL is not easily accepted by the Indonesian culture or is rarely used to swear in the culture.

3 Acceptable;If the swearing word in TL is easily accepted by the Indonesian culture or is commonly used to swear in the culture.


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In this research, the level of acceptability of each datum is shown by the

mean of the scale which is given by all raters. The level of acceptability as a

whole is shown by the total average of the mean of the total data.

The research analyzes the level of acceptability by classifying the data as

the following:

Classification 1b: unacceptable translation, range 1 to 1.67

Classification 2b: less acceptable translation, range 1.7 to 2.33

Classification 3b: acceptable translation, range 2.4 to 3

2.2.1. Classification 1b: unacceptable translation

The data belonging to classification 1b are data with mean ranges from 1

to 1.67. The data belonging to unacceptable translation are data containing

swearing word translation that is never used as swearing word in the target culture

and is not acceptable to the target readers considering the cultural background

distinctions.

Examples 1:

2 ST TT


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Example 2:

11 ST TT

Thundering typhoons Topan badai

The translation of ‘thundering typhoons’ into ‘seribu juta topan badai’

and ‘topan badai’ is considered as unacceptable translation since the target

readers (Indonesian people) never use the words as swearing words. In this case,

that kind of exclamation is a unique curse which probably is commonly used by

the people who are familiar with the marine culture. The author of this comic

created this swearing word to strengthen the bad-tempered character of Captain

Haddock as a sailorman.

The three raters gave score with mean ranges from 1 to 1.33. It shows

that the swearing word translation is never used by the culture of the target

language. It means that this swearing word is unacceptable.

2.2.2. Classification 2b: less acceptable translation

All of the data which are classified in less acceptable translation are data

with mean ranges from 1.7 to 2.33. Those data indicates the swearing word which

is rarely used in the target language and of which emotion is not totally expressed.

Example 1:


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124 ST TT

Blistering barnacles Setan laut

Example 2:

64 ST TT

Morons Dogol

In the example 1, the word ‘setan laut’ is rarely used as a swearing word

in the target language (Indonesian). The word ‘setan’ can be used to express anger

caused by somebody’s act or by an unpleasant situation, but the addition of word

‘laut’ reduces that expression. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce the word ‘laut’

in order to make the translation acceptable.

In the example number 2, the word ‘morons’ refers to stupid or idiot, and

so does the word ‘dogol’. However, ‘dogol’ is considered as less acceptable

translation since it is not familiar to the target language. In general, Indonesian

people often use ‘bodoh’ or ‘tolol’ to show the same expression as ‘morons’.


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Both data have the same mean, which are 2. Most raters agreed with the

same reason of swearing word which is uncommonly used. It shows that this

translation is less acceptable and is included in range 1.7 to 2.33.

2.2.3. Classification 3b: acceptable translation.

The data belonging to classification acceptable translation are those

having mean range 2.4 to 3. The translation is acceptable considering that the

swearing word is commonly used in the target language (Indonesian). It is

acceptable considering that the word can be accepted by the culture of the target

language.

Example 1:

12 ST TT

Crumbs Sialan Example 2:

22 ST TT

The blistering blundering bird-brain

Sompret


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According to Cambridge International Dictionary (1995), the word

‘crumbs’ refers to expression of surprise or worry (p.330). In Indonesian, the word

‘sialan’ can be used to express surprise and an unpleasant situation (Wijana and

Rohmadi). It can be concluded that the word is commonly used in the target

language as a swearing word.

In the example 2, ‘the blistering blundering bird-brain’ expresses the

annoyance of the character. If this swearing were translated literally, the

translation would not be accepted by the target language as a swearing. The

translator decides to translate it into ‘sompret’ because this word is commonly

used in the target language culture although it is not as expressive as the source

language. In this way, this example is considered as an acceptable translation.

The examples above are rated 3 by all raters. It means that the mean

ranges from 2.4 to 3. It indicates that the translation is classified into acceptable

translation.

The quality of translation can be seen from the accuracy and the

acceptability level. A translation can be considered as a good translation when it is

accurate and acceptable for the target readers. In translating swearing word from

the source language (English) into the target language (Indonesian), the cultural

background distinction often becomes the main problem for the translator. A word

sometimes cannot be translated accurately because the translation is considered as

too rude and is in the contrary with the culture of the target language. In this case,

when the translator decides to pay more attention to the accuracy of the

translation, the result may not be accepted by the target readers. Meanwhile, a


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translation which is considered to be less accurate or even inaccurate is natural

when the essence of it can be accepted by the norm or rule of the culture of the

target language.

Table 4.2.2

The classification of translation acceptability

Categories Data number Total

number

Percentage

Unacceptable 2,11,15,16,24,28,30,36,37,38,48,52,53

,57,58,59,60,62,63,65,66,67,74,76,79,

80,81,86,93,97,106,109,110,111,114,

115,119,122,123,125,126,129

42 32.56%

Less

acceptable

1,3,4,10,13,19,23,26,29,32,33,34,35,

39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,49,50,51,

64,70,71,72,73,78,82,83,84,85,89,91,

92,95,96,98,99,101,102,103,104,105,

107,112,113,116,117,120,124,127,128

56 43.41%

Acceptable 5,6,7,8,9,12,14,17,18,20,21,22,25,27,

31,54,55,56,61,68,69,75,77,87,88,90,

94,100,108,118,121

31 24.03%

C. Discussion

On this discussion, the researcher explains the analysis of the data of the

techniques applied in translating swearing words, the data of the impact of the

techniques to the accuracy, and the data of the impact of the techniques to the

acceptability.


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3.1. The techniques of translation applied in the translating swearing word

In the beginning of this chapter, the researcher has analyzed the

techniques which are applied to translate the swearing word. From the result of

the analysis, the researcher found 8 techniques applied by the translator of the

comic.

3.1.1. Adaptation. This technique covers 77 data or 59.7% from the whole data.

3.1.2. Borrowing. This technique covers 1 datum or 0.8% from the whole data.

3.1.3. Equivalence. This technique covers 20 data or 15.5% from the whole data.

3.1.4. Generalization. This technique covers 2 data or 1.6% from the whole data.

3.1.5. Addition. This technique covers 5 data or 3.9% from the whole data.

3.1.6. Translation shift. This technique covers 5 data or 3.9% from the whole data.

3.1.7. Deletion. This technique covers 4 data or 3.1% from the whole data.

3.1.8. Loan translation. This technique covers 15 data or 11.6% from the whole

data.

From the summary of analysis above, it can be concluded that the

technique which is mostly applied by the translator is adaptation. The translator

modifies the source language swearing word into the word which is more familiar

for Indonesian. The translator found that there are cultural distinctions which

become problems in the translation. Many SL swearing words are not commonly

used as swearing word in Indonesian, neither in modern English. The author of

this comic created unique swearing words based on the cultural background of the

characters and on the context of situation. The adapted swearing words are mostly


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rude for the target language culture. Indonesian people who become the target

language readers do not have such cursing concept.

By applying adaptation technique, the translator pays more attention to

the acceptability of the translation rather than the accuracy. However, the

expression of the character in a form of swearing can still be delivered well. The

readers are able to feel the same expression as the characters do in a language they

are more familiar with. The norm or the rule of the target language’s culture is

also appropriate with the translation.

3.2. Accuracy

Based on the analysis of the whole rated data given by three raters, the

researcher found the classification of the level of accuracy in this research as

follow:

3.2.1. Inaccurate translation covers 7 data or 5.43% from the whole data.

3.2.2. Less accurate translation covers 73 data or 56.57% from the whole data.

3.2.3. Accurate translation covers 49 data or 37.99% from the whole data.

From the summary of analysis above, it can be seen that less accurate

translation with data covers 73 data or 56.57% from the whole dominates the

result of the analysis. The data belonging to this classification are data translated

with less expressive words which do not show the expressive meaning of the

message. Most of the data in this research are translated less accurate since the

translator gets difficulties in finding the equivalence of the SL swearing word in

the TL one. The swearing words in this research mostly are considered as unique


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swearing words and some words are considered too rude to be translated literally

into the target language.

The number of the inaccurate translation which covers 7 data or 5.43%

shows that the translation of the swearing word is poor. This result also indicates

that the translator’s competence is poor. However, the accurate translation which

covers 49 data or 37.99% makes the whole translation in this research is not

considered as poor translation. The analysis result above shows that the accuracy

level of the translation of swearing word is less accurate.

The impact of the techniques applied to the accuracy can be seen on the

following table:

Table 4.3.2

The impact of translation techniques to the accuracy

Technique Inaccurate Less accurate Accurate

Adaptation 24,65,126 3,16,19,22,25,28,30,32,33,3

5,40,43,50,52,58,59

,61, 66,67,73,76,79,

80,82,83,84,85,86,87,93,94,

97,101,102,103,104,105,10

9,111,116,117,118,120,121,

123,124,127,128

4,7,8,17,18,20,21,

27,

39,45,46,54,55,56

,68,

69,70,71,75,77,88

,95,96,98,

100,108.

3 (3.9%) 48 (62.3%) 26 (33.8%)

Borrowing - - 26

- - 1 (100%)

Equivalence - 13,23,29,42,51,72,112 1,4,6,9,12,31,41,

64,89,90,91,92,10

7


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- 7 (35%) 13 (65%)

Generalization - 44 63

- 1 (50%) 1 (50%)

Addition - 2,78 5,57,47

- 2 (40%) 3 (60%)

Translation

shifts

- 114 14,34,49,113

- 1 (20%) 4 (80%)

Deletion 10,110,60, - 99

3 (75%) - 1 (25%)

Loan

translation

37 11,15,38,48,53,62,74,81,11

9,115,122,125,129

36

1 (6.7%) 13 (86.7%) 1 (6.7%)

The table shows that adaptation is the most dominant technique applied

by the translator to translate the swearing word. This technique covers 77 data or

59.7% from the whole data. There are 3 data (3.9%) producing inaccurate

translation. 48 data (62.3%) producing less accurate translation and the rest, 26

data (33.8%), producing accurate data. Nevertheless, not all of the techniques

deliver the message and the expression properly. Borrowing is the least dominant

technique applied by the translator. It only covers 1 datum which is considered as

accurate translation.

3.3. Acceptability

Based on the analysis of the whole rated data given by three raters, the

researcher found the classification of the level of acceptability in this research as

follow:

3.3.1. Unacceptable translation covers 42 data or 32.56% from the whole data.


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3.3.2. Less acceptable translation covers 56 data or 43.41% from the whole data.

3.3.3. Acceptable translation covers 31 data or 24.03% from the whole data.

From the summary of analysis above, it can be seen that less acceptable

translation with data covers 56 data or 43.41% from the whole dominates the

result of the analysis. The data belonging to this classification are the data

translated to swearing words which are rarely used to swear by mostly Indonesian

people. Most of the translations in this research are considered to be less

acceptable since there are many swearing word translations which are not familiar

to the target language. Most of them are unique swearing words used by particular

culture. The translator gets difficulties in finding the same concept in the TL

culture. As the result, many translations are modified to make it, at least, less

acceptable to be common translation in the target language.

There are 31 data or 24.03% data which are considered to be acceptable

in this research. Those translations in the data are commonly used by the target

language to express emotion of anger, annoyance, surprise or worry. However, 42

data or 32.56% data are unacceptable. The translations belonging to this

classification are never used and not familiar to the target language culture.

Less acceptable translation covering 56 data dominates the result of the

whole classification. The meaning and emotion of those less acceptable data are

translated less expressively. According to the analysis above, it can be concluded

that the acceptability level of the translation of swearing word is less acceptable.

The impact of the techniques applied to the acceptability can be seen on

the following table:


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Table 4.3.3

The impact of translation techniques to the acceptability

Technique Unacceptable Less acceptable Acceptable

Adaptation 16,24,28,30,52,5

8,59,65,66,67,76

,79,80,86,93,97,

106,109,111,123

,126

3,19,32,33,35,39,40,43,

45,46,50,70,71,73,82,8

3,84,85,95,96,98,101,1

02,103,104,105,116,

117,120,124,127,128

7,8,17,18,20,21,2

2,25,27,54,55,56,

61,68,69,75,77,

87,88,94,100,108,

118,121

21 (27.3%) 32 (41.6%) 24 (31.2%)

Borrowing - 26 -

- 1 (100%) -

Equivalence - 1,4,13,23,29,41,42,51,6

4,72,89,91,92,107,112

6,9,12,31,90

- 15 (75%) 5 (25%)

Generalization 63 44 -

1 (50%) 1 (50%) -

Addition 2,57 45,78 5

2 (40%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%)

Translation

shifts

38,114 34,49,113 14

2 (40%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%)

Deletion 110,60 10,99 -

2 (50%) 2 (50%) -

Loan

translation

11,15,36,37,38,

48,53,62,74,81,

115,119,122,125

,129

- -

15 (100%) - -


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It can be seen from the table that adaptation technique is the most

dominant technique which is applied to translate the swearing word from the

source language to the target language. This technique covers 77 data or 59.7%

from the whole data. There are 21 data (27.3%) considered as unacceptable

translation, 32 data (41.6%) considered as less acceptable translation and 24 data

(31.2%) considered as acceptable translation. However, there is also translation

technique which is the least dominant technique applied to translate the swearing

word. It is borrowing technique which only covers 1 datum.

From the discussion above, it can be seen the impact of the techniques to

the accuracy and the acceptability level. From the calculation of all score rated by

the three raters, it is known that the mean of all data for the accuracy level is 2.37.

It indicates that the translation of the swearing word in “The Adventures of Tintin:

Prisoners of the Sun” comic is accurate based on the scale used in the research.

The technique applied by the translator in producing high level of accuracy in

translation is borrowing. There is only 1 datum translated using this technique and

it is considered to be accurate. On the other hand, the technique producing low

level of accuracy in translation is deletion. There are 4 data translated by using

this technique. Three of the data are considered to be inaccurate and the rest is

considered to be accurate.

The mean of all data for the acceptability level is 2.07. It indicates that

the swearing word translation in “The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun”

comic is considered to be less acceptable. The technique mostly used by the

translator is adaptation. This technique produces the high level of acceptability


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translation. From 77 data translated by using adaptation technique, there are 24

data which are considered to be acceptable and 21 data which are considered to be

unacceptable. The rest of the data are considered to be less acceptable.

Meanwhile, the technique which produces low level of acceptability in translation

is loan translation. There are 15 data translated using this technique and all of the

data are considered to be unacceptable.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the conclusion and the

recommendation. The conclusion subchapter contains the two answers of the

problem statement. The recommendation subchapter contains some

recommendations given by the researcher.

A. Conclusion

According to the research done by the researcher, it can be concluded as

the following:

1. There are eight techniques which are applied by the translator to translate

the swearing word of The adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun comic.

They are adaptation, borrowing, equivalence, generalization, addition,

translation shift, deletion, and loan translation. Adaptation is the most

frequently used technique. From 129 total data, adaptation covers 77 data

(59.7%). There are 20 data (15.5%) translated by equivalence technique, 1

datum (0.8%) translated by borrowing technique, 2 data (1.6%) translated

by generalization technique, 5 data (3.9%) translated by addition technique,

5 data (3.9%) translated by translation shift, 4 data (3.1%) translated by

deletion technique, and 15 data (11.6%) translated by loan translation.

2. The accuracy level of the translation of swearing word in The Adventures of

Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun is considered to be accurate since the mean of


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all data for the accuracy level is 2.37. The technique applied by the

translator to produce high level of accuracy in translation is borrowing.

There is 1 datum translated using this technique and it is considered to be

accurate. The technique which produces low level of accuracy in translation

is deletion which covers 4 data. Three of them are considered as inaccurate

translation.

The level of the acceptability of translation in this research is

considered to be less acceptable. The mean of all data for the acceptability

level is 2.07. The technique used by the translator to produce high level of

acceptability in translation is adaptation. This technique is the most

dominant technique used by the translator. From 77 data that are translated

by using adaptation technique, 24 data are considered as acceptable

translation. Meanwhile, the technique producing low level of acceptability

in translation is loan translation. There are 15 data translated using this

technique and all of those data are considered to be unacceptable.


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B. Recommendation

Based on the conclusion of the research analysis, the researcher intends

to offer some recommendations which are hopefully beneficial for:

1. The other researcher

The researcher recommends the other researcher who conducts a research

about swearing word translation to ask the native speakers from both

English and Indonesian to give opinion about the expression of the

swearing word appeared in the data. In this way, the researcher will find it

easier to analyze and determine the techniques applied by the translator.

2. Translator

The researcher expects the translator who works on swearing word

translation especially in a comic to pay more attention to each cultural

background of both language (source language and target language) and

the cultural background of the element of the comic in order to produce a

high quality of translation. It is also expected that the translator applied the

appropriate translation technique to support the quality of translation.

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