DIGESTIVE SYSTEMBY ACHMAD AMINUDDIN

FUNCTIONSINGESTION: taking food into the mouth.SECRETIO: release of water,acid, buffer, and enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract.MIXING AND PROPULSION: churning and propulsion of food through the GI tract.

CONTINUATIONDIGESTIO: mechanical and chemical breakdown of foodABSORPTION: passage of digested products from the GI tract into the blood and lymph.DEFECATION: the elimination of feces from the GI tract.

ORAL REGIONINCLUDES :THE ORAL CAVITYTEETHGINGIVAETONGUEPALATETHE REGION OF THE PALATINETONSILS

ORAL CAVITYCONSIST OFTHE ORAL VESTIBULETHE ORAL CAVITY PROPERIS WHERE FOOD IS INGESTED AND PREPARED FOR DIGESTIONTHE TEETH AND SALIVA FASILITATE THE FORMATION OF A MANAGEABLE FOOD BOLUS

THE ORAL VESTIBULEIS THE SLIT LIKE SPACE BETWEEN THE LIPS AND CHEEKS SUPERFICIALLY.COMMUNICATES WITH THE EXTERIOR THROUGH THE ORAL FISSURE ( ORIFI CE OF MOUTH )THE SIZE OF THIS OPENING IS CONTRO LED BY THE ORBICULARIS ORIS M.

THE ORAL CAVITY PROPERBOUNDARIESLATERAL AND ANTERIORTHE MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR ALVEOLAR ARCHES HOUSING THE TEETH.POSTERIORTHE TERMIAL GROOVE OF THE TONGUE.PALATOGLOSSAL ARCHES.THE ROOFTHE PALATE.POSTERIORLY COMMUNICATES WITH THE OROPHARYNX.

ORAL VESTIBULECONTAINORBICULARIS M.SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR LABIAL M.VESSELS AND NERVES.ARE COVERED BYSKIN.MUCOUS MEMBRANEPHILTRUM.THE VERMILLION BORDER.

THE GINGIVAECOMPOSED OF FIBROUS TISSUE COVE RED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE.FIRMLY ATTACH TO THE ALVEOLAR PROCESSES OF THE JAWS AND THE NECKS OF THE TEETH.

TEETHSET IN THE ALVEOLI OF THE UPPER AND LOWER JAWS.CHILDREN HAVE 20 DECIDUOUS ( PRI MARY ) TEETH.THE FIRST TOOTH USUALLY ERUPS AT 6 TO 8 MONTH OF AGE AND THE LAST TOOTH BY 20 TO 24 MONTH OF AGE.THE PERMANENT TEETH NORMALLY 16 INEACH JAW, 3 MOLARS, 2 PREMOLARS,1 CA NINE AND 2 INCISORS, USUALLY IS COMPLE TE BY THE MIDTEENS EXCEPT FOR THE 3rd MOLAR, WICH USUAL LY ERUP DURING THE LATE TEENS OR EARLY TWETIES

TEETHCONSIST OF,THE CROWNPROJECTS FROM THE GINGIVATHE NECKTHE PART OF THE TOOTH BETWEEN THE CROWN AND ROOT.THE ROOTIS FIXED IN THE ALVEOLUS BY A FIBROUS PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE.

COMPOSITION OF THE TOOTHDENTIN is covered byENAMEL over the crownCEMENT over the rootPULP CAVITY, containCONNECTIVE TISSUE.BLOOD VESSELS.NERVES.ROOT CANAL transmits the nerves and vessels to and from the pulp cavity

SALIVASALIVARY AMYLASE source ; salivary glands. substrates : starches ( polysacharides ). products : maltose ( disaccharide ). maltotriose ( trisaccharide ). a-dextrins.LINGUAL LIPASE source : lingual glands in the tongue. substrates : triglycerides ( fats and oils ) and other lipids. products : fatty acids and diglycerides.

PALATETHE HARD PALATESEPARATES THE AMTERIOR PART OF THE ORAL CAVITY FROM THE NASAL CAVITY.THE SOFT PALATESEPARATES THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE ORAL CAVITY FROM THE NASOPHARYNX SUPERIOR

THE PALATINE TONSILLIES IN A TONSILAR SINUS ( FOSSA ), BOUNDED BY,PALATO GLOSSAL ARCH.PALATOPHARYNGEAL ARCH.TONGUE.

PHARYNXEXTENDS FROM THE CRANIAL BASE TO THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE CRICOID CARTILAGE ANTERIORLY AND THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE C6 VERTEBRA POSTERIORLY.INTERIOR OF THE PHARYNX - NASOPHARYNX. - OROPHARYNX. - LARYNGOPHARYNX

ESOPHAGUSA MUSCULAR TUBE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE PHARYNX TO THE STOMACHDESCENDS THROUGH THE POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM, ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS IN THE DIAPHRAGM JUST JUST TO THE LEFT OF MEDIAN PLANE AT THE LEVEL OF VT 10 , ENTER THE STOMACH THROGH CARDIAL ORIFICE TO THE LEFT OF MID LINE AT THE LEVEL OF THE 7 TH LEFT COSTAL CARTILAGE AND VT 11

ESOPHAGUSPharyngoesophageal junction cardia.Striated muscle ( voluntary ) upper third.Smooth muscle ( involuntary lower third.Mixture -- in between.Cervical eophagus - upper third. - begin posterior to and at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage / C6 vertebra. - Pharyngoesophageal junction is the superior esophageal shincter is produced by the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor muscle. - lie between the trachea and the cervical vertebral column. - the recurrent laryngeal n.lie in the tracheoesophageal groove.

ESOPHAGUSThe esophagus descends in to the posterior mediastinum from the superior mediastinum passing posterior and to the right of the arch of the aorta.Passes through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm at the level of the T10 vertebra anterior to the aorta.Three constrictions - the arch of the aorta. - the left main bronchus. - the diaphragm.

NERVES OF THECERVICAL ESOPHAGUSSomatic motor and sensorik upper half.Parasympathetic, sympathetic and visceral sensory -- lower half.The cervical esiphagus receives - somatic fibers via branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. - vasomotor fibers from the cervical sympathetic trunk.

VESSELS OF THE CERVICAL ESOPHAGUSBranches of the inferior thyroid arteries.Tributaries of the inferior thyroid veins.Paratracheal lymp nodes.Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes.

DEGLUTITIONTHE MOVEMENT OF FOOD FROM THE MOUTH INTO THE STOMACH.FACILITATED BY THE SECRETION OF SALIVA AND MUCUS AND INVOLVES THE MOUTH,PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUTHREE STAGES; - the voluntary stage, the bolus is passed in to the oropharynx. - the pharyngeal stages. - the esophageal stage.

STOMACHA FOOD BLENDER.RESERVOIR.CHIEF FUNCTION , ENZYMATIC DIGESTI ON, GASTRIC JUICE CONVERTS A MASS OF FOOD IN TO A LIQUID MIXTURE CHYME THAT PASSES IN TO DUODENUM.

STOMACHHAS 4 PARTS AND 2 CURVATURES,CARDIA.FUNDUS.BODY.PYLORIC PART.LESSER CURVATURE.GREATER CURVATURE.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACHMIXES SALIVA, FOOD AND GASTRIC JUICE TO FORM CHYME.SERVES AS RESERVOIR FOR FOOD BEFORE RELEASE INTO SMALL INTESTINE.SECRETE GASTRIC JUICE, WHICH CONTAIN HCl ( kills bacteria and denatures protein ), PEPSIN ( begins the digestion of proteins ), INTRINSIC FACTOR ( aids absorption of vit. B12 ), AND GASTRIC LIPASE ( aids digestion of triglycerides ).SECRETES GASTRIN INTO BLOOD.

VISCERAL REFERED PAIN

SMALL INTESTINEEXTENDS FROM THE PYLORUS TO THE ILEOCECAL JUNCTION.THE PRIMARY SITE OF ABSORPTION OF NUTRIEN FROM INGESTED MATERIAL.CONSIST OF DUODENUM, JEJUNUM AND ILEUM.

DUODENUMSUPERIOR PART.DESCENDING PART.HORIZONTAL PART.ASCENDING PART.

JEJUNUM AND ILIEUM6 7 METERS.JEJUNUM , two fifth.ILEUM , three fifth.THE MESENTERYATTACHES THE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM TO THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL.THE ROOT OF THE MESENTERY, EXTENDS FROM THE DUODENOJEJUNAL JUNCTION ON THE LEFT DIDE OF V.L. 2 TO THE ILEOCOLIC JUNCTION AT THE RIGHT SACROILIAC JOINT ( 15 CM LONG ).

LARGE INTESTINECONSIST OFCECUM.COLONASCENDING.TRANSVERSE.DESCENDING.SIGMOID.RECTUM.ANAL CANAL.

COLON CAN BE DISTINGUISED FROM SMALL INTESTINE,TENIA COLI (excep appendix and rectum ).HAUSTRA.OMENTAL APPENDICES.CALIBER.

CECUMTHE FIRST PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.INTRA PERITONEALLY.HAS NO MESENTERY.THE ILEUM ENTER THE CECUM ,ILEOCECAL ORIFICE.ILEO CECAL VALVE.

APPENDIXEXTENDS FROM THE POSTEROMEDIAL ASPECT OF THE CECUM, INFERIOR TO THE ILEOCECAL JUNCTION/HAS THE MESOAPPENDIX.USUALLY RETROCECAL.ITS BASE MOST OFTENLIES DEEP TO Mc. BURNEY POINT.

THE ASCENDING COLONFROM THE CECUM TO THE RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE.RETROPERITONEAL ( 25 0/0 has a short mesentery ).

THE TRANSVERSE COLONTHE LARGEST AND MOST MOBILE.FROM THE RIGHT FLEXURE TO THE LEFT COLIC FLEXURE.

DESCENDING COLONRETRO PERITONEALLY.FROM THE LEFT COLIC FLEXURE IN TO THE LEFT ILIAC FOSSA.IN THE ILIAC FOSSA HAS A SHORT MESENTERY ( 33 0/0 ).

THE SIGMOID COLONS SHAPED LOOP.FROM THE ILIAC FOSSA TO THE THIRD SACRAL.HAS ASIGMOID MESOCOLON.THE ROOT OF THE SIGMOID COLON HAS AN INVERTED V SHAPED ATTACHMENT.

RECTUM AND ANAL CANALTHE FIXED TERMINAL PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.CONTINUOUS INFERIORLY WITH THE ANAL CANAL.