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Digestive System Problems Colic Cause: Obstruction or twist in the digestive system Symptoms: Rolling, kicking at belly, getting up and down repeatedly Cure: Keep horse walking, laxative, surgery in case of valuable horses Colic surgery

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Digestive System Problems Bloat Cause: When cattle cant get rid of gas in the rumen Symptoms: Distended left abdomen, pain, bellowing Cure: Esophageal tube, or stab Death can occur within 15 min

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Digestive System Problems Bloat Video

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Digestive System Problems Diarrhea Cause: Virus, bacteria, change of food, or foreign body in the digestive system Symptoms: loose stool Cure: Antibiotics

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Circulatory System Purpose: Circulate oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and water throughout the body Made up of: Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries

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Circulatory System Heart Center of the system Pumps continuously Veins: Pump blood TO heart Arteries: Pump blood AWAY from heart Blood White and Red blood cells

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Circulatory System Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve RIGHT Ventricle LFT Ventricle Mitral Valve Aortic Valve LEFT Atrium Pulmonary Valve

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Circulatory System Problems Heart Murmur Cause: Abnormal/leaky heart valve Backflow of blood while heart pumps Common in puppies while they are growing and very active Symptoms: Abnormal heart sound, but usually no outside symptoms Cure: none, Surgery (Sx) in extreme cases

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Circulatory System Problems Heart Murmur

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Circulatory System Problems Congestive Heart Failure Cause: Weakened heart muscle usually from age Symptoms: Tiring easily, coughing Cure: None, but some medications are available to help symptoms

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Circulatory System Problems Heart Worms Cause: Parasite that is spread from dog to dog by mosquitoes Symptoms: no symptoms till its too late Cure: If caught early, heartworms can be killed

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Circulatory System Problems Heart Worms

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Circulatory System Problems Heart Worms Prevention: Monthly heartworm medication

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Circulatory System Problems Chocolate Toxicity Cause: Dog eating chocolate Symptoms: Vomiting, increased heart rate, muscle tremors, seizures Cure: If lethal dose is eaten, vet care is needed. Activated charcoal in stomach may be used

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Circulatory System Problems Chocolate Toxicity What's wrong with chocolate? Cocoa bean contains theobromine, a naturally occurring stimulant that affects the nervous system and heart muscle leading to. Vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria Arrhythmia Muscle twitching/tremors Seizures, coma, death

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Endocrine System Purpose: To produce and distribute hormones throughout the body Made up of Organs: Liver, Pancreas, Kidneys And Glands: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid

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Endocrine System What do hormones control? Growth Reproduction/milk production Digestion Level of excitement/depression

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Endocrine System Problems Hyperthyroid Cause: Overproduction of thyroid hormones T3 & T4 Symptoms: weight loss, increased appetite, hyperactivity Cure: daily, permanent medication to decrease thyroid hormones

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Endocrine System Problems Hypothyroid Cause: Low production of the thyroid gland Symptoms: Hair loss, weight gain, lethargy Cure: Diagnose with blood test, treat daily with medication to increase thyroid production

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Endocrine System Problems Diabetes Cause: Obesity, congenital, or unknown cause Symptoms: Weight gain, polyuria, increased drinking lethargy Cure: daily insulin

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Excretory System Purpose: Dispose (excretes) wastes from the body IE: excess water, toxins, other solutes Made up of: Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

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Excretory System Problems UTI Cause: Bacteria/Infection Symptoms: Excessive and frequent urination Cure: Antibiotics

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Excretory System Problems Kidney Failure Cause: Heredity Poisoning (antifreeze) Inflammatory Drugs (ibuprofen) Symptoms: increased thirst/urination, weight loss, lethargy, anemia Cure: IV Fluids, special foods

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Excretory System Problems Urinary Blockage Cause: excessive crystal formation in urethra preventing flow of urine Symptoms: Unable to urinate, frequent visits to the litter box (most common in male cats) Cure: urinary catheter, IV fluids to flush crystals, special foods to prevent reoccurrence

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Excretory System Problems Urinary Blockage

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Excretory System Problems Bladder Stones Cause: excessive crystal formation Symptoms: Frequent urination, blood in urine Cure: SX to remove stones then special foods to prevent reoccurrence

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Excretory System Problems Bladder Stones

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Integumentary System Purpose: Create a barrier between the body and the outside world Made up of: Skin Hair Nails Glands (Sweat) Subcutis

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Integumentary System Problems Allergies Cause: Can be genetic, other causes unknown Symptoms: Itchy Skin, dermatitis, itchy/dirty ears Cure: medications help, allergy shots are available but are expensive

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Integumentary System Problems Allergies Allergy symptoms for people are itchy eyes, sneezing, hay fever etc. Dogs exhibit allergies through skin and ears

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Integumentary System Problems Hot Spots Cause: bacterial infection.. Common in dogs with allergies or who swim a lot Symptoms: defined area of skin that is inflamed, red, hairless and oozing Cure: Oral and topical antibiotics

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Nervous System Purpose: Send and receive messages for motor control and overall function of organs Made up of: Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Neurons

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Nervous System Neuron

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Nervous System

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Nervous System Problems Seizures Cause: Usually unknown idiopathic Symptoms: Muscle twitching, foaming at the mouth, seizures Cure: No cure, but daily medication helps control the seizures

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Immune System Purpose: Identifies and kills pathogens Viruses and bacteria Made up of: lymph nodes Lymph system Spleen

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Immune System 2 categories of Immune Systems: Innate First line of defense No memory Non specific, tries to stop everything from coming in Skin, hair, stomach acid etc Adaptive Immunity Has a memory remembers how to defeat specific pathogens and heals faster/prevents next exposure Attacks SPECIFIC threats

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Immune System Innate or Adaptive? A dog becomes immune to parvovirus, because it had it as a puppy A horse cuts its leg on the fence, they body sends wbcs to the area to fight infection A cat is vaccinated for rabies virus and likely wont contract the disease A dog contracts bordatella. Once recovered, it likely wont contract the exact same virus. (it could mutate)

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Immune System Problems Lymphoma Cause: unknown, very common in boxers Symptoms: middle aged dog with lumps. Usually acts otherwise healthy Cure: Chemotherapy if elected by owner but tx typically only extends life for a short time.

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Reproductive System Purpose: Produce more animals Made up of: Male: Testicles, scrotum, penis Female: Ovaries, uterus, cervix vagina, mammary glands

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Reproductive System Problems Mammary Tumor Cause: Hormones & Abnormal cell growth Symptoms: Lumps on belly Cure: surgery to remove, spay also recommended

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Reproductive System Problems Pyometra Cause: bacterial infection in unspayed, usually old female dogs Symptoms: Vomiting, lethargy, abdominal pain, vaginal discharge Cure: SX: spay female to remove infected uterus

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Reproductive System Problems Pyometra

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Reproductive System Problems Testicular Cancer Cause: Unknown, lack of castration at young age Symptoms: abnormal shape and size to testicles Cure: SX neuter the male but it may have spread

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Reproductive System Problems Cryptorchidism Cause: Unknown Symptoms: 1 or both testicles NOT palpable in scrotum Cure: SX neuter the male