diffuse water pollution from agriculture and mitigation measures - anguelov
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Diffuse Water Pollution from Agriculture and Mitigation Measures:
A Case Study in Lincolnshire, UK
Gueorgui Anguelov*, Isobel Wright*, David Stainton*, Sarah Swift**, David Hutchinson**
University of Lincoln, College of Science, Department of Agriculture, Riseholme Park, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK
Environment Agency, Lincolnshire & Northamptonshire Area, Lincoln LN2 5HA, UK
May 2, 20231
May 2, 2023 2
Lincolnshire is one of the UK’s most important agricultural counties. Agri-food industry contributes around £2.5 billion to the economy and employs around 56,000 people. The agricultural sector is the market leader in many intensive crop and livestock product categories with 25% of vegetable production, 21% of ornamental crops, 19% of sugar beet and 17% of meat chickens. (GLLEP Agri-food Sector Plan 2014-2020)
David Jones, FARNERS WEEKLYFriday 14 November 2014 11:32
May 2, 2023 3
Lincolnshire Wolds grower Tim Lamyman broke the UK wheat yield record with a harvest of 14.5t/ha last summer as he won an ADAS organised yield competition.Mr Lamyman bettered his own record set in 2013 of 14.31t/ha as he narrowed the gap on the world wheat yield record set in New Zealand.In a summer of high yields, Mr Lamyman also scooped the top prize in ADAS Yield Enhancement Network (YEN) to add to his world record oilseed rape yield of 6.14 t/ha this summer.The yield of his crop of Kielder winter wheat harvested in early September is edging closer to Mike Solari’s 15.7t/ha achieved in 2010 in New Zealand’s South Island.A key aspect of Mr Lamyman’s success was applying multiple nutrients through the season using foliar feeds which encouraged the production of cytokinin plant hormones in the crop.He used a product called Delta K nine times throughout the season which encouraged cytokinin growth to bring flowering forward to 30 May and slow down later growth to extend the grain-filling period.
Monthly temperature and precipitation departure from 1910-2014 average in two periods for N-NE England
SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG-2
-1
0
1
2
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Precipitation1910-1984 Precipitation1985-2014Temperature1910-1984 Temperature1985-2014
Tem
pera
ture
0C
Prec
ipita
tion
mm
May 2, 2023 4
-43 2 6 -21 50 -6 -14 -1 -38 -10+/- average
from 1910-2014
19 73 82 52 32 27 31 27 96 472014-2015
Rain Riseholme
University of Lincoln Farmland
May 2, 2023 5
Slowly permeable clayey Cannamore soil with slight seasonal waterlogging (Hodge et al. 1984)
May 2, 2023 6
Depth cm SOM LOI Sand %w/w Silt %w/w Clay %w/w
0-22 5.2 33 35 32
22-40 2.7 47 14 39
Crop rotation2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Spring Beans
Winter Wheat
Winter OSR
Winter Wheat
Winter OSR
Winter Wheat
Winter 2014-2015 cover crops (cc): cc1 – rye & vetch; cc2 – black/bristle oat & vetch; cc3 – oil radish; and cc4 – a mix of oil radish, black oat, berseem/persian clover, vetch and phacelia
May 2, 20237
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 BalanceInput 84 95 99 121 28
+162Output 34 76 65 58 32
Phosphorus (P2O5) balance kg ha-1
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The 4 cover crops (cc) grown after winter wheat
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cc4-mix of Black/Bristle Oat, Berseem/Persian Clover, Oil Radish, Phacelia, and Vetch
cc2-Black/Bristle Oat & Vetch
cc3-Oil Radish
cc1-Rye & Vetch
Fresh- and dry-biomass yields from cover crops (cc): cc1 – rye & vetch; cc2 – black/bristle oat & vetch; cc3 – oil radish; and cc4 – a mix of oil radish, black/bristle oat, berseem/persian clover, vetch and phacelia
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc40
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
7.62 6.12 14.57 11.74
Fres
h-bi
omas
s yi
elds
t ha
-1
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc40.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.29 1.02 1.87 1.72
Dry
-bio
mas
s yi
elds
t ha
-1
May 2, 2023 10
Carbon (C ), N and P content, uptake and ratios for the four cover crops (cc): cc1 – rye & vetch; cc2 – black/bristle oat & vetch; cc3 – oil radish; and cc4 – a mix of oil radish, black/bristle oat, berseem/persian clover, vetch and phacelia
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc40
100200300400500600700800900
603 473 812 736
Abo
vegr
ound
bi
omas
s-C
kg
ha-1
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc40
2
4
6
8
10
12
7 4 10 9
Abo
vegr
ound
bi
omas
s-P
kg h
a-1
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc40
102030405060708090
56 35 78 66
Abo
vegr
ound
bi
omas
s-N
kg
ha-1
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc40
20
40
60
80
100
120C:N C:P N:P
Rat
io
May 2, 2023 11
Controlling blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides)?
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cc1-Rye & Vetch cc2-Black/Bristle Oat & Vetch
cc3-Oil Radish cc4-mix of Black/Bristle Oat, Berseem/Persian Clover, Oil Radish, Phacelia, and Vetch
May 2, 2023 13
Fixing N? / Vetch rhizobia
Improving Soil Structure?
May 2, 202314
Preventing Leaching?Nitrate-N in soil solution at 90cm depth and mineral-N in a 90-cm profile under plough and the four cover crops (cc): cc1 – rye & vetch; cc2 – black/bristle oat
& vetch; cc3 – oil radish; and cc4 – a mix of oil radish, black/bristle oat, berseem/persian clover, vetch and phacelia
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 Ploughed0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0-30cm 30-60cm 60-90cm NO3-N
Min
eral
N k
g ha
-1 in
soi
l pro
file
NO3-
N m
g L-
1 in
soi
l-wat
er a
t 90c
m
May 2, 2023 15
cc1 – rye & vetch; cc2 – black/bristle oat & vetch; cc3 – oil radish; and cc4 – a mix of oil radish, black/bristle oat,
berseem/persian clover, vetch and phacelia
17-Nov-14
24-Nov-14
8-Dec-14
22-Dec-14
8-Jan-15
17-Feb-15
24-Feb-15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4
NO3-
N m
g L-
1 17-Nov-14
24-Nov-14
8-Dec-14
22-Dec-14
8-Jan-15
17-Feb-15
24-Feb-15
0123456789
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4
pH
17-Nov-14
24-Nov-14
8-Dec-14
22-Dec-14
8-Jan-15
17-Feb-15
24-Feb-15
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4
Elec
tric
al C
ondu
ctiv
ity u
S cm
-1
May 2, 2023 16
Dynamics of soil-solution components beneath the four cover crops (cc):
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What happened next?
18
What happened next?
May 2, 2023
Summary• All cover crops captured N and reduced
leaching• Soil mineral N were lower than in
ploughed areas (no cover crops)• Establishment of the following cash crop
has been challenging• More research is needed on these clayey
soils
May 2, 2023 19
Thank You
Questions?
May 2, 2023 20