differentiation higher human biology. differentiation unspecialised cells become altered and adapted...
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Differentiation
Higher Human Biology
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Differentiation
• unspecialised cells become altered and adapted
• perform a specialised function• permanent tissue• Division of labour • Multicellular organisms
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Differentiation in Human Cells
• Fertilised egg (zygote)• Divides rapidly by
mitosis and cell division to form an embryo
• Many different specialised cells created – each adapted to suit its function.
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• Each embryonic cell contains all the genes for constructing the whole organism
• Unlike adult cells these genes are either switched on/ have the potential to be switched on.
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• As embryological development proceeds embryonic cells become differentiated and specialised in;– Structure– Biochemical properties
• Perfectly adapted to carry out particular functions.
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Somatic cells
B Lymphocyte
Hyaline cartilage
Smooth muscle
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Somatic cells
Ciliated epithelial cell
Red blood cellplatelets
neutrophil
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Somatic cells
Cardiac muscle
Nerve cells
Squamous epithelial cells
T lymphocyte
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Selective Gene Expression
• Differentiated cells only express the genes that code for the proteins specific to the workings of that particular cell.
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Nerve cells - genes that code for formation of neurotransmitter substances switched on - genes for production of mucus switched off.
Goblet cells – genes that code for mucus production switched on- Genes that code for neurotransmitters switched off.
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• Only a fraction of genes in a specialised cell are expressed.
• Approx 3 – 5 % in a typical human cell.