differential interference contrast (dic) verses dark field...
TRANSCRIPT
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Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Verses Dark Field and Phase Contrast Microscopy
E. D. SalmonUniversity of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill
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How Does Contrast in DIC Differ from Phase and Pol?
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DIC Phase Pol
ne
no
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General References
• Zernike, Frits. 1955. How I discovered phase contrast. Science 121: 345-349.
• Zernike, F. 1958. The wave theory of microscope image formation. Strong, J. "Concepts in Classical Optics". W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 525-536.
• Murphy, D. 2001. Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging. Wiley-Liss, N.Y.
• Yuste, R. F. Lanni, A. Konnerth, eds, 2000, Imaging Neurons, A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
• Molecular Expressions, a Microscope Primer at:http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/index.html
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DIC References
• Salmon ED. 1995. VE-DIC light microscopy and the discovery of kinesin.
• Trends Cell Biol. 5:154-8. • Salmon, ED and Tran P. 2003. High-resolution video-
enhanced differential interference contrast light microscopy.Methods Cell Biol. 72:289-318.
• Salmon ED, Shaw SL, Waters J, Waterman-StorerCM, Maddox PS, Yeh E, Bloom K. 2003. A high-resolution multimode digital microscope system. Methods Cell Biol. 72:185-216.
• M. Shribak and S. Inoué, “Orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscopy,”submitted to Applied Optics.
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First
• Experiment described by Fritz Zernike in discussion of how he discovered Phase Contrast in 1930’s
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BRIGHT IMAGE OF SMALLOPENING IN CONDENSER IRIS
OBJECTIVE LENS
SPECIMEN
CONDENSER
IRIS
APERTUREPLANE
IMAGEPLANE
ABSORBING
a.
10XNA = .25
SlottedExtender Slot
Pin Hole
Shimstock
Narrow Strip
b.
Tiny carbon particles
c. Observations
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Conclusions:• 1. Image is formed by interference of direct (undiffracted)
and diffracted (scattered) light.• 2. Blocking diffracted light results in uniform illumination
of image by direct light• 3. Blocking direct light results in darkfield image generated
by interference of diffraction orders at image plane.• 4. Darkfield image emphasizes higher spatial frequencies
like those of edges, but does not accurately reproduce object because of absence of direct light
• 5. Absorbing objects behave like transparent objects that make λ/2 retardation relative to direct light
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For Darkfieldimaging, specimen is
illuminated with a hollow cone of light
with:NAcond > NAObj
Objective can have iris diaphragm to limit NAobj and
prevent illuminating light from entering
objective
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Stroboscopic Darkfield Imaging of Flagella Motility of Sea Urchin Sperm
and Chlamydomonus
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Phase Contrast Gives Contrast to StructuralDetail in Transparent Specimens
Brightfield Phase Contrast(NAobj = 1.4)
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Objective
Specimen
Image Plane
NAcond = 0
Back Focal Plane
Scattered (Diffracted)Light
UndiffractedIllumination Light
PlaneWavefront
BASIC CONCEPTS
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Illuminating Wavefront Wavefront just after specimen
Specimen (thickness, t)
Γ = t (nsp -nm)
EXAMPLES: nsp = 1.4 organelle nm = 1.36 cell cytosol t = 1 micron Γ = .04 = 550nm /13
Undiffracted Light (U)
Specimen Light (S)
Diffracted Light = S - U
At Specimen
Diffracted Light
nmnsp
At Image Plane
Specimen Light
Background Undiffracted Light (U), Attenuated, Phase Advanced by λ/4
= U + D
(D)
Summary:
In Dark Phase Contrast
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Objective
Specimen
Image Plane
NAcond = 0
Back Focal Plane
Scattered (Diffracted)Light
UndiffractedIllumination Light
PlaneWavefront
BASIC CONCEPTS
Phase Plate
Phase Advance λ/4 andAttenuate 75%
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Objective Lens
Objective Back Focal Plane
Phase Plate
Ring
AnnulusCondenser Lens
Condenser Turret
Illumination light
Specimen
MICROSCOPE ALIGNMENT FOR PHASE CONTRAST
To Increase NAcondillumination, Modern Phase Contrast Uses Annular Ring asCondenser Stop
and Phase Ring in Objective Back Focal Plane
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Depletion of hNuf2 from HeLa cells using siRNA.
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10X Phase Contrast of HeLaCells:Time-Lapse for 10 hoursAt 5 min intervals;1/10 field,1of 25 fields recorded
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Example: Mad2 Antibody Injection into Early Prometaphase Ptk1Cells
Induce Anaphase in Early Prometaphase by Overcoming the Spindle Checkpoint
Julie Canman
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CCD Camera
Analyzer Filter WheelCamera Mount
1X-2X Optivar
Emission FilterDichroic Mirror
1.25X Mag.
60X Objective
Motorized Stage
1.4 N.A. Cond.
Upper DIC Prism
Lower DIC PrismPolarizer
Electronic ShutterField Diaghram
100W
Hal
ogen
Lam
p
IR F
ilter
Gro
und
Gla
ss F
ilter
540n
m F
ilter
100W
Hg
Arc
Lam
p
Elec
troni
c Sh
utte
rN.
D. F
ilter W
heel
Exci
tatio
n Fil
ter W
heel
IR F
ilter
1.4 N.A
Iris D
iagh
ram
Digitally Enhanced-DIC with
Fluorescence In A Multi-
Mode Microscope With CCD Detector
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Green:GFP-Cdc20At Kinetochores
Red:Phase ContrastImages of PtK1Tissue Cells
Cdc20 PersistsAt KinetochoresThroughout Mitosis and Exhibits
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A DIC Microscope is a Polarizing Microscope with Condenser an
Objective DIC Prisms
E-W
N-SAnalyzer
Compensator
Rotatable
Stage
Polarizer
Condenser
Objective
DIC Prism
DIC Prism
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Comparison of Phase Contrast to DIC for Cheek Cell
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What Are 5 Major Features of A DIC Image?
High Resolution VE-DIC Image of Microtubules
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What Are 6 Major Features of A DIC Image?• Contrast is directional: maximum in one direction
and minimum in the orthogonal direction• Contrast highlights edges; uniform areas have
brightness of background• In direction of contrast, one edge is brighter, the
other darker than the background• Each point in object is represented by two
overlapping Airy disks in the image, one brighter and one darker than background
• The Direction of Airy disk separation is the “Shear” direction and direction of maximum contrast
• Peak-to-Peak separation of Airy Disks is amount of Shear, typically ½ to 2/3 radius of Airy Disk
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The DIC Microscope Is a Dual-Beam Interferometer Made with Polarization Optics
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The Condenser DIC Prism Splits Illumination Light into 2 Divergent
Orthogonal Polarized Beams
Prism is Oriented with the Optic Axes at 45o to Polarizer.Why?
α
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A Modified-Wollaston Prism is Used To Place Prism Above Objective or Below Condenser Diaphragm
Effective Beam Splitting Plane
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Nikon’s New DIC System Uses One Birefringent Prism Combined With A Glass Wedge
(courtisy of Mr. Toshimitsu)
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Divergent Beams from Condenser Prism Pass through Specimen as Parallel Beams
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Microscope Alignment For DIC
• 1. Achieve Koehler illumination• 2. Align for Polarization Microscopy: Polarier E-
W, Analyzer Crossed• 3. Rotate Condenser Turret to Select DIC Prism
to Match Objective• 4. Use Correct Objective DIC Prism• 5. Add Bias Retardation to Brighten Image• 6. Adjust Compensation for maximum Contrast
of Specimen Detail of Interest
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Microscope Alignment for DIC
Objective Back Aperture:Full Aperture Illumination
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Objective Back Aperture:1/3 Aperture Illumination
Poor Condenser Illumination
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Miss-Matched Prisms, or a Missing DIC Prism
Extinction Fringe Not Spread
Across Aperture;This is View
When Objective or
Condenser prism Removed
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Matched DIC Prisms; Full Objective Aperture Illumination
Extinction Fringe Spread Across
Aperture
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Image Intensity for Test
Specimen With No
Compensation
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Image Intensity for
Test Specimen With Plus
Compensation
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Image Intensity for Test
Specimen With Minus
Compensation
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Comparison of DIC Image Intensity for
Test Specimen With No, Plus
and Minus Compensation
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Two Types of Compensation Are Used For
DIC Microscopes
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Isp = Ic + Ipsin2((Δcomp +Δsp)/2) Ibg = Ic + Ipsin2(Δcomp/2)
How Intensity Changes With Compensation
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For Maximum Contrast:1) Adjust Compensation So One Edge of Specimen Detail is Near Extinction; or 2) Use About λ/10- λ/20 for Video/Digital-Enhanced Contrast
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Why is shear chosen to be 0.5 to 0.6 of radius of Airy Disk?
• The Abbe limit of resolution is:r = λo/(NAobj + NAcond) = 0.5 λo/NAobj
when NAcond = NAobj• For NAobj = 1.4 and λo = 550 nm:
r = 190 nm• This resolution limit corresponds to a maximal
resolvable spatial frequency:fsmax = 1/r = 5.1 cycles/μm
• A shear of ~r/2 will give the maximum retardation (and contrast) between the e and o wavefronts at fsmax; let’s see how……
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Use Cheek Cells for Contrast and Resolution Test
A. 20X/NA = .45 Objective B. 100X/NA = 1.4 DIC Objective
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Example DIC: Mitosis in Mitotic Newt Lung Cells
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CCD Camera
Analyzer Filter WheelCamera Mount
1X-2X Optivar
Emission FilterDichroic Mirror
1.25X Mag.
60X Objective
Motorized Stage
1.4 N.A. Cond.
Upper DIC Prism
Lower DIC PrismPolarizer
Electronic ShutterField Diaghram
100W
Hal
ogen
Lam
p
IR F
ilter
Gro
und
Gla
ss F
ilter
540n
m F
ilter
100W
Hg
Arc
Lam
p
Elec
troni
c Sh
utte
rN.
D. F
ilter W
heel
Exci
tatio
n Fil
ter W
heel
IR F
ilter
1.4 N.A
Iris D
iagh
ram
Digitally Enhanced-DIC with
Fluorescence In A Multi-
Mode Microscope With CCD Detector
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Fluorescent Images of 200nm bead: 100x/NA=1.4, detector pixel scale = .065 nm
No DIC Prism With DIC Prism
Peak = 3650 Peak = 2710 (75%)
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Yeast Digital Imaging System(s)
Kerry Bloom Lab, UNC-CH
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Pearson et al., 2001, JCB
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Video-Enhanced Contrast Methods Developed in Early 1980’s by Inoue and Allen Revealed Cellular Structures and
Macromolecular Complexes Invisible by Eye or Film
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Video-Enhanced DIC Microscope System
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Practical Example: VE-DIC of Isolated Microtubules
View by eye
Analog Contrast Enhancement Live Image
De-focus Slightly;Acquire Background Image and Store into Frame Buffer
Subtract Background fromLive Image at Video Rates
Increase Contrast Digitally
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Preparations for Motility Assays
Slide
#1.5 Coverslip
70mm Thick Double-Stick Tape
Perfusion Chamber
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VE-DIC Microtubule Motility Assay for Minus-Kinesin ncd
(3.3 rotations/um forward movement)
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Color DIC with Full Wave (RED) Plate