different kinds of enzyme on textile substrates

MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)

THE PROJECT & THESISON

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENZYME ON TEXTILE SUBSTRATES.

MD.AZMERI LATIF BEGM. Sc in Textile Engineering

Specialized in Apparel Manufacturing, Processing and Designing

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INDEX

Sl No. Topics Page no.

01 Table of content 03

02 Acknowledgement 05

03 Abstract 06

04 Chapter 01- Introductory part of the project & thesis 07

051.1. Introduction1.2. 08

06 1.2 Objectives 10

07 1.3 Typical applications of enzymes 10

08 Chapter 02- Literature review 11

09 2.1 What are enzymes ? 12

10 2.1.1 Enzymes are proteins and biocatalyst 12

11 2.1.2 Enzymes are specific and work in mild conditions

13

12 2.1.3 Enzymes are part of a sustainable environment

14

13 2.1.4 Enzymes and industrial applications 14

14 2.2 History of Enzymes 14

15 2.3 Nature of Enzymes 15

16 2.3.1 Enzymes are miracles of nature 16

17 2.4 How is Enzymes made ? 16

18 2.5 Enzymes for textiles 17

19 2.5.1 Desizing 18

20 2.5.2 Bio-polishing 19

21 2.5.3 Denim finishing 19

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22 2.5.4 Bleach clean-up 20

23 2.5.5 Bio-scouring 20

24 2.6 Enzymes composition 21

25 2.7 Enzyme classification 22

26 2.8 How Enzyme work? 23

27 2.8.1 Amino acid, Proteins and Bio-chemistry 23

28 2.8.2 Catalysts 23

29 2.9 Industrial application 24

30 2.10 Enzyme characteristics 2

31 2.11 Conditions for Enzyme activity 25

322.12 Some representative enzymes, there sources

and reaction

specificities

26

33 2.13 Factors affecting enzyme activity 27

34

2.13.1 Enzyme concentration 27

35 2.13.2 Substrate concentration 29

36 2.13.3 Effects of inhibitors on enzyme activity 31

37 2.13.4 Temperature effects 34

38 2.13.5 Effects of Ph 35

39 Chapter- 03: Methodology 37

40 3.1 Materials 38

41 3.2 Method 39

42 Chapter- 04: Results & discussion 48

43 4.1 Result 49

44 4.2 Discussion 52

45 Chapter- 05: Conclusion 54

46 Chapter- 06: Reference 56

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47 Appendix 58

ABSTRACT

Enzymes are proteins with highly specialized catalytic functions, produced by all living organisms. Enzymes are responsible for many essential biochemical reactions in microorganisms, plants, animals, and human beings. Enzymes are essential for all metabolic processes, but are not alive. Although like all other proteins, enzymes are composed of amino acids, they differ in function in that they have the unique ability to facilitate biochemical reactions without undergoing change themselves. This catalytic capability is what makes enzymes unique. Enzymes are natural protein molecules that act as highly efficient catalysts in biochemical reactions, that is, they help a chemical reaction take place quickly and efficiently. Enzymes not only work efficiently and rapidly, they are also biodegradable. Enzymes are highly efficient in increasing the reaction rate of biochemical processes that otherwise proceed very slowly, or in some cases, not at all.

The textile industry has used enzymes to remove hairiness of fabric. The textile industry has become familiar with the use of celluloses for stone-washing blue jeans, and more recently for finishing of fabrics and garments made on cotton, linen and other cellulose fibers. In the modern textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable enzymes can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which have hitherto been applied to improve the comfort and quality of textile materials.

Application of enzymes is getting higher in practical use in textile sector day by day.We have to observe the overall use of enzymes in defferent sectors.thus it importance will be more visible to the technical person and for the bettermeet of the sector aas well.

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Chapter: 1

INTRODUCTORY PART OF THE PROJECT


Chapter-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The textile industry has used enzymes to remove hairiness of fabric. The textile

industry has become familiar with the use of celluloses for stone-washing blue jeans,

and more recently for finishing of fabrics and garments made on cotton, linen and

other cellulose fibers. In the modern textile technology finishing process, employing

environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable enzymes can replace a number of

mechanical and chemical operations which have hitherto been applied to improve the

comfort and quality of textile materials. The expected technical advantages resulting

from the utilization of specified enzymes for fabric finishing are as follows:

A cleaner fabric surface with less fuzz.

A more even fabric surface appearance.

A reduced tendency to pill formation.

An improved hand.

Unique softness when combined with traditional softeners.

A more environmentally responsible means of treating textiles.

Enzymatic treatment of cotton fabric is a nontoxic, environmentally benign process,

which has gained wide recognition for various textile-processing applications such as

de-sizing, bleach cleanup, bio-stoning, and bio-polishing. Enzymes are specialized

biopolymers (proteins) composed of many different amino acids that have complex

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)three-dimensional structures held in place by a variety of bonding forces. Enzymes act

as catalysts to speed up complex chemical reactions such as the hydrolysis of

cellulose, starches, and triglyceride based compounds in fats and oils. Because they

act as catalysts, relatively small concentrations of enzymes are required. If the

conditions are favorable to the specific enzyme, the catalytic action (hydrolysis) will

be repeated many times in the same system. The application of enzymes in the textile

industry is becoming increasingly popular because of the mild conditions of

temperature and pH that are required and the capability of enzymes of replacing harsh

organic chemicals. The typical temperatures of processing during enzymatic treatment

are from about 40 to 50 °C, which offers a significant decrease in energy consumption

compared with the normal processing temperatures. Also important is that wastewater

from enzymatic treatments is readily biodegradable and, accordingly, does not pose

any environmental hazard. In addition to numerous advantages provided by the use of

enzymes for textile finishing, there are several shortcomings of enzymatic treatment

of cotton fabric, such as more expensive processing costs and a significant decrease in

fabric strength properties. Enzymatic treatments of the cotton fabrics, like any wet

processing of textiles, involve the transfer of mass from the processing liquid medium

(enzyme solution) across the surface of the textile substrate. As with all chemical

processes, these transport processes are time and temperature dependent, and

compromising either could affect productivity and/or product quality. Many of the

latest development studies on textile enzyme producers have been focused on

improving the characteristics of cellulose textile materials with cellulose preparations.

New enzyme products are still being developed for the finishing process of cellulose

materials based on cotton, linen, viscose, lyocel and their mixtures and blends with

synthetic fibers. The target of bio-finishing is to remove all impurities and individual

loose fiber ends that protrude from the fabric surface simultaneously in order to retain

the strength of fabric at an acceptable level.

At Maps, we continuously develop our product line in order to have innovative enzymes with unique features for existing and new applications within the textile industry. Our R&D aims to provide innovative products for fabric treatment reducing process time, chemical consumption and energy costs in compliance with sustainable development.

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)We provide a range of enzymes like amylases, cellulases, catalase, pectinase and protease for various textile wet-processing applications like desizing, bio-polishing, denim finishing, bleach clean-up, bio-scouring and de-wooling.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The major objective of this research is to establish a fundamental scheme for enzyme

process of knitted goods and other enzyme processes. This investigation was done

mainly-

1) To acquire knowledge about different enzymes.

2) To know the different application of enzymes.

3) To differentiate between enzyme application and other physical and

Chemical applications in same wet process.

4) To study the results obtained before and after enzyme treatment.

5) To know how to remove hairy fibers and fuzz from knit fabric surface.

6) To know effective use of enzyme.

1.3TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES

De-sizing.

: Removal of starch/size with amylases.

Scouring.

: Dissolution/Dispersion of waxes.

Bleach cleanup.

:Removal of residual hydrogen peroxide with catalases.

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile) Bio-polishing.

:Improvement of the appearance of cotton fabrics by removal of fuzz

fibers and pills from the surface with cellulases.

Bio-stoning : “Stone washing” of denim fabrics to produce the

fashionable aged appearance with celluloses.

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Chapter: 2

LITERATURE REVIEW


Chapter-2: Literature Review

2.1 WHAT ARE ENZYMES?

2.1.1 Enzymes are proteins and biocatalyst

Enzymes are proteins that participate in cellular metabolic processes with the ability

to enhance the rate of reaction between bio-molecules. Some enzymes can even

reverse a reaction from the direction it would normally take, by reducing the

activation energy (Ea) to the extent that the reaction favors’ the reverse direction.

Similarly, enzymes can catalyze reactions that might not otherwise occur, by lowering

the Ea to a more "affordable" level for the cell. Enzymes can be isolated using various

protein purification methods. The purity of an enzyme preparation is measured by

determining its specific activity. Enzymes, like other proteins, consist of long chains

of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. They are present in all living cells,

where they perform a vital function by controlling the metabolic processes, whereby

nutrients are converted into energy and new cells. Moreover, enzymes take part in the

breakdown of food materials into simpler compounds. As commonly known, enzymes

are found in the digestive tract where pepsin, trysin and peptidases break down

proteins into amino acids, lipases split fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and amylases

break down starch into simple sugars. Enzymes are biocatalyst, and by their mere

presence, and without being consumed in the process, enzymes can speed up chemical

processes that would otherwise run very slowly. After the reaction is complete, the

enzyme is released again, ready to start another reaction. In principle, this could go on

forever, but in practically most catalysts have a limited stability, and over a period of

time they lose, their activity and are not usable again. Generally, most enzymes are

used only once and discarded after; they have done their job. [1]

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http://biotech.about.com/od/glossary/g/SpecActivity.htm

http://biotech.about.com/od/protocols/a/ProteinPurify.htm

http://biotech.about.com/od/technicaltheory/g/Proteins.htm


Figure: schematic diagram of enzymes

2.1.2 Enzymes are specific and work in mild conditions

Enzymes are very specific in comparison to inorganic catalysts such as acids, bases,

metals and metal oxides. Enzyme can break down particular compounds. In some

cases, their action is limited to specific bonds in the compounds with which, they

react. The molecule(s) that an enzyme acts on is known as its substrate(s), which is

converted into a product or products. A part of large enzyme molecule will reversibly

bind to the substrate(s) and then a specialized part(s) of the enzyme will catalyze the

specific change necessary to change the substrate into a product. For each type of

reaction in a cell there is a different enzyme and they are classified into six broad

categories namely hydrolytic, oxidizing and reducing, synthesizing, transferring, lyric

and isomer sing. During industrial process, the specific action of enzymes allows high

yields to be obtained with a minimum of unwanted by-products. Enzymes can work at

atmospheric pressure and in mild conditions with respect to temperature and acidity

(pH). Most enzymes function optimally at a temperature of 30? C-70?C and at pH

values, which are near the neutral point (pH 7). Now-a-days, special enzymes have

been developed that work at higher temperatures for specific applications. Enzyme

processes are potentially energy saving and save investing in special equipment

resistant to heat, pressure or corrosion. Enzymes, due to their efficiency, specific

action, the mild conditions in which they work and their high biodegradability, they

are very well suited for a wide range of industrial applications. [1]

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)2.1.3 Enzymes are part of a sustainable environment

As mentioned earlier, enzymes are present in all biological systems. They come from

natural systems, and when they are degraded the amino acids of which they are made

can be readily absorbed back into nature. Enzymes work only on renewable raw

materials. Fruit, cereals, milk, fats, meat, cotton, leather and wood are some typical

candidates for enzymatic conversion in industry. Both the usable products and the

waste of most enzymatic reactions are non-toxic and readily broken down. Finally,

industrial enzymes can be produced in an ecologically sound way where the waste

sludge is recycled as fertilizer. [1]

2.1.4 Enzymes and industrial applications

Industrial enzymes are originating from microorganisms in the soil. Microorganisms

are usually bacteria, fungi or yeast. One microorganism contains over 1,000 different

enzymes. A long period of trial and error in the laboratory is needed to isolate the best

microorganism for producing a particular type of enzyme. When the right

microorganism has been found, it has to be modified so that it is capable of producing

the desired enzyme at high yields. Then the microorganism is 'grown' in trays or huge

fermentation tanks where it produces the desired enzyme. With the latest

technological advancements of fermenting microorganisms, it possible to produce

enzymes economically and in virtually unlimited quantities. The end product of

fermentation is a broth from which the enzymes are extracted. After this, the

remaining fermentation broth is centrifuged or filtered to remove all solid particles.

The resulting biomass, or sludge in everyday language, contains the residues of

microorganisms and raw materials, which can be a very good natural fertilizer. The

enzymes are then, used for various industrial applications. [1]

2.2 HISTORY OF ENZYMES

The history of modern enzyme technology really began in 1874 when the Danish

chemist Christian Hansen produced the first specimen of rennet by extracting dried

calves' stomachs with saline solution. Apparently this was the first enzyme

preparation of relatively high purity used for industrial purposes. This significant

event had been preceded by a lengthy evolution.

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)Enzymes have been used by man throughout the ages, either in the form of vegetables

rich in enzymes, or in the form of microorganisms used for a variety of purposes, for

instance in brewing processes, in baking, and in the production of alcohol. It is

generally known that enzymes were already used in the production of cheese since old

times. Even though the action of enzymes has been recognized and enzymes have

been used throughout history, it was quite recently that their importance was realized.

Enzymatic processes, particularly fermentation, were the focus of numerous studies in

the 19th century and many valuable discoveries in this field were made. A particularly

important experiment was the isolation of the enzyme complex from malt by Payen

and Persoz in 1833. This extract, like malt itself, converts gelatinized starch into

sugars, primarily into maltose, and was termed 'diastase'. Development progressed

during the following decades, particularly in the field of fermentation where the

achievements by Schwann, Liebig, Pasteur and Kuhne were of the greatest

importance. The dispute between Liebig and Pasteur concerning the fermentation

process caused much heated debate. Liebig claimed that fermentation resulted from

chemical process and that yeast was a nonviable substance continuously in the process

of breaking down. Pasteur, on the other hand, argued that fermentation did not occur

unless viable organisms were present. The dispute was finally settled in 1897, after

the death of both adversaries, when the Buchner brothers demonstrated that cell free

yeast extract could convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide just like viable

yeast cells. In other words, the conversion was not ascribable to yeast cells as such,

but to their nonviable enzymes.In 1876, William Kuhne proposed that the name

'enzyme' be used as the new term to denote phenomena previously known as

'unorganised ferments', that is, ferments isolated from the viable organisms in which

they were formed. The word itself means 'in yeast' and is derived from the Greek 'en'

meaning 'in', and 'zyme' meaning 'yeast' or 'leaven'. [2]

2.3 NATURE OF ENZYMES

2.3.1 Enzymes are miracles of nature

Enzymes are large protein molecules, and like other proteins, they are made up of

long chains of amino acids. Enzymes are present in all living things, where they

perform the essential functions of converting food to energy and new cell material.

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)Enzymes are bio-catalyst and can be used to speed up chemical processes or to make

reactions take place that otherwise would not.

Enzymes do this by binding to the starting material (substrate), catalysing the

reactions, and then releasing themselves from the products so that they can react

again. Although the enzyme is not consumed in the reaction, it does lose its activity

over time and so eventually needs to be replenished. Compared with other ways of

controlling chemical reactions enzymes are more specific, more efficient and work

under milder conditions. When enzymes are used in an industrial process, these

characteristics can often be used to achieve higher purity and better yields while

saving on energy.

Enzymes can be classified by the types of substrates they work on. Proteases works

on proteins, carbohydrates (amylases) work on carbohydrates, celluloses work on

cellulose and lipases work on lipids. They can also be classified by the types of

reactions they catalyzed. Hydrolases split molecules, synthetases join them and

tranferases move groups of atoms from one molecule to another. Over two thousand

different enzymes have been identified, and several hundreds are available

commercially, but so far only 25 are produced on an industrial scale. Some enzymes

are still derived from plants and animals, including papain from papayas and rennet

from calf stomachs. But the last 100 years, and especially since mid 1960s,

microorganisms have become the most important source of enzymes. Microorganisms

can be selected to produce almost any kind of enzyme in almost any quantity. [1]

2.4 HOW ARE ENZYMES MADE?

The starting point for enzyme production is a vial of a selected strain of

microorganisms. They will be nurtured and fed until they multiply many thousand

times. Then the desired end-product is recovered from the fermentation broth and sold

as a standardised product. A single bacteria or fungus is able to produce only a very

small portion of the enzyme, but billions microorganisms, however, can produce large

amounts of enzyme. The process of multiplying microorganisms by millions is called

fermentation. Fermentation to produce industrial enzymes starts with a vial of dried or

frozen microorganisms called a production strain. One very important aspect of

fermentation is sterilisation. In order to cultivate a particular production strain, it is

first necessary to eliminate all the native microorganisms present in the raw materials

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)and equipment. If proper sterilisation is not done, other wild organisms will quickly

outnumber the production strain and no production will occur. The production strain

is first cultivated in a small flask containing nutrients. The flask is placed in an

incubator, which provides the optimal temperature for the microorganism cells to

germinate. Once the flask is ready, the cells are transferred to a seed fermenter, which

is a large tank containing previously sterilised raw materials and water known as the

medium. Seed fermentation allows the cells to reproduce and adapt to the

environment and nutrients that will be encountered later on.

After the seed fermentation, the cells are transferred to a larger tank, the main

fermenter, where fermentation time, temperature, pH and air are controlled to

optimise growth. When this fermentation is complete, the mixture of cells, nutrients

and enzymes, called the broth, is ready for filtration and purification. Filtration and

purification termed as downstream processing is done after enzyme fermentation. The

enzymes are extracted from the fermentation broth by various chemical treatments to

ensure efficient extraction, followed by removal of the broth using either

centrifugation or filtration. Followed by a series of other filtration processes, the

enzymes are finally separated from the water using an evaporation process.After this

the enzymes are formulated and standardised in form of powder, liquid or granules. [2]

2.5 ENZYMES FOR TEXTILE

Enzymes are used to provide innovative products for fabric treatment reducing

process time, chemical consumption and energy costs in compliance with sustainable

development. Enzymes like amylases, cellulases, catalase, pectinase and protease are

used for various textile wet-processing applications like desizing, bio-polishing,

denim finishing, bleach clean-up, bio-scouring and de-wooling. [3]

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)2.5.1 Desizing

For fabrics made from cotton or blends, the warp threads are coated with an adhesive

substance know as 'size‘; to prevent the threads breaking during weaving. Although

many different compounds have been used to size fabrics, starch and its derivatives

have been the most common sizing agent. After weaving, the size must be removed

again in order to prepare the fabric for dyeing and finishing.

This process (de-sizing) must be carried out by treating the fabric with chemicals such

as acids, alkali or oxidising agents. However starchbreaking enzymes (amylases) are

preferred for desizing due to their high efficiency and specific action. Amylases bring

about complete removal of the size without any harmful effects on the fabric. Another

benefit of enzymes compared to strong chemicals mentioned above is that enzymes

are environment friendly.Maps offers a range of amylases for desizing which work at

different temperatures and for different equipments. [3]

Palkozyme Alpha amylase for low-medium temperature conventional

desizing.

Palkozyme Ultra Alpha amylase for low-medium temperature desizing

Palkozyme Plus Alpha amylase for high temperature desizing

Palkozyme HT Heat-stable alpha amylase for high temperature desizing

Palkozyme CLX Alpha amylase for low temperature desizing

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)2.5.2 Bio-Polishing

Cotton and other natural fibers based on cellulose can be improved by an

enzymatic treatment known as Bio-Polishing. This treatment gives the fabric a

smoother and glossier appearance. The treatment is used to remove 'fuzz' - the

tiny strands of fiber that protrude from the surface of yarn. A ball of fuzz is

called a 'pill' in the textile trade. After Bio-Polishing, the fuzz and pilling are

reduced. The other benefits of removing fuzz are a softer and smoother handle,

and superior color brightness. A range of celluloses for bio-polishing which work

on depending on fiber, fabric type and equipments. [3]

Palkofeel Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton and blended fabric and garment

Palkofeel C Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton fabric and garments

Palkosoft Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton and blended fabric and garment

2.5.3 Denim Finishing

Many garments are subjected to a wash treatment to give them a slightly worn look;

example is the stonewashing of denim jeans. In the traditional stonewashing process,

the blue denim was faded by the abrasive action of pumice stones on the garment

surface. Nowadays, denim finishers are using a special cellulase. Cellulase works by

loosening the indigo dye on the denim in a process know as 'Bio-Stonewashing'. A

small dose of enzyme can replace several kilograms of pumice stones. The use of less

pumice stones results in less damage to garment, machine and less pumice dust in the

laundry environment. BioStonewashing has opened up new possibilities in denim

finishing by increasing the variety of finishes available. For example, it is now

possible to fade denim to a greater degree without running the risk of damaging the

garment. Productivity can also be increased because laundry machines contain fewer

stones or no stones and more garments. Maps offers a range of cellulases for denim

finishing, each with its own special properties. These can be used either alone or in

combination with pumice stones in order to obtain a specific look. [3]

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Palkowash Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wet-processing

Palkostone Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wet-processing

Palkocel Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wet-processing

2.5.4 Bleach Clean-up

Natural fabrics such as cotton are normally bleached with hydrogen peroxide before

dyeing. Bleaches are highly reactive chemicals and any peroxide left on the fabric can

interfere with the dyeing process. A thorough 'Bleach Cleanup' is necessary. The

traditional method is to neutralize the bleach with a reducing agent, but the dose has

to be controlled precisely. Enzymes present a more convenient alternative because

they are easier and quicker to use. A small dose of catalase is capable of breaking

down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Compared with the traditional clean-

up methods, the enzymatic process results in cleaner waste water or reduced water

consumption. Maps offer catalase for removing residual hydrogen peroxide after the

bleaching of cotton. It reduces the rinsing necessary to remove bleach or it can be

used to replace chemical treatments. [3]

Palkoperox Catalase for bleach clean-up i.e. removal residual hydrogen peroxide after the

bleaching of cotton.

2.5.5 Bio-Scouring

Cotton yarn or fabric, prior to dyeing or printing, goes through a number of processes

in a textile processing unit. A very important process is scouring. In this process, non-

cellulosic components from native cotton are completely or partially removed.

Scouring gives a fabric with a high and even wet ability so that it can be bleached and

dyed successfully. Today, highly alkaline chemicals caustic soda are used for

scouring. These chemicals not only remove the non-cellulosic impurities from the

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)cotton, but also attack the cellulose leading to heavy strength loss and weight loss in

the fabric. Furthermore, using these hazardous chemicals result in high COD

(chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand) and TDS, in the waste

water Recently a new enzymatic scouring process know as 'Bio-Scouring' is used in

textile wet-processing with which all non-cellulosic components from native cotton

are completely or partially removed. After this Bio-Scouring process, the cotton has

an intact cellulose structure, with lower weight loss and strength loss. The fabric gives

better wetting and penetration properties, making subsequent bleach process easy and

resultantly giving much better dye uptake. [3]

Palkoscour

Multi-component enzyme for bio-scouring i.e. complete or

partial removal of non-cellulosic components from native

cotton

2.6 ENZYME COMPOSITION

Enzymes can have molecular weights ranging from about 10,000 to over 1 million. A

small number of enzymes are not proteins, but consist of small catalytic RNA

molecules. Often, enzymes are multiprotein complexes made up of a number of

individual protein subunits. Many enzymes catalyze reactions without help, but some

require an additional non-protein component called a co-factor. Co-factors may be

inorganic ions such as Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+, or consist of organic or

metalloorganic molecules knowns as co-enzymes. [4]

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Figure: schematic diagram of enzymes composition

2.7 ENZYME CLASSIFICATIONS

Enzymes are classified according to the reactions they catalyze. The six classes are:

1. Oxidoreductases

2. Transferases

3. Hydrolysis

4. Lyases

5. Isomerases

6. Ligases

Examples:

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)1. Alcohol dehydrogenase : An oxidoreductase converting alcohols to

aldehydes/ ketones.

2. Aminotransferases: Transferases catalyzing the amino acid degradation by removing amino groups.

3. Glucose-6-phosphatase: A hydrolase that removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, leaving glucose and H3PO4.

4. Pyruvate decarboxylase: A lyase that removes CO2 from pyruvate.

5. Ribulose phosphate epimerase: an isomerase that catalyzes the interconversion of ribulose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate.

6. Hexokinase: A ligase that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose and ATP with glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. [4]

2.8 HOW ENZYME WORKS

2.8.1 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Biochemistry

Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

and (in some cases) sulfur bonded in characteristic formations. Strings of 50 or more

amino acids are known as proteins, large molecules that serve the functions of

promoting normal growth, repairing damaged tissue, contributing to the body's

immune system, and making enzymes. The latter are a type of protein that functions

as a catalyst, a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without participating in it.

Catalysts, of which enzymes in the bodies of plants and animals are a good example,

thus are not consumed in the reaction. [5]

2.8.2 Catalysts

In a chemical reaction, substances known as reactants interact with one another to

create new substances, called products. Energy is an important component in the

chemical reaction, because a certain threshold, termed the activation energy, must be

crossed before a reaction can occur. To increase the rate at which a reaction takes

place and to hasten the crossing of the activation energy threshold, it is necessary to

do one of three things.

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http://www.answers.com/topic/hasten

http://www.answers.com/topic/catalyst

http://www.answers.com/topic/sulfur

MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)The first two options are to increase either the concentration of reactants or the

temperature at which the reaction takes place. It is not always feasible or desirable,

however, to do either of these things. Many of the processes that take place in the

human body, for instance, normally would require high temperatures—temperatures,

in fact, that are too high to sustain human life. Imagine what would happen if the only

way we had of digesting starch was to heat it to the boiling point inside our stomachs!

Fortunately, there is a third option: the introduction of a catalyst, a substance that

speeds up a reaction without participating in it either as a reactant or as a product.

Catalysts thus are not consumed in the reaction. Enzymes, which facilitate the

necessary reactions in our bodies without raising temperatures or increasing the

concentrations of substances, are a prime example of a chemical catalyst. [5]

2.9 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

There is even ongoing research into the creation of edible products from the

fermentation of petroleum. While this may seem a bit far-fetched, it is less difficult to

comprehend powering cars with an environmentally friendly product of fermentation

known as gasohol. Gasohol first started to make headlines in the 1970s, when an oil

embargo and resulting increases in gas prices, combined with growing environmental

concerns, raised the need for a type of fuel that would use less petroleum. A mixture

of about 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol, gasohol burns more cleanly that gasoline

alone and provides a promising method for using renewable resources (plant material)

to extend the availability of a nonrenewable resource (petroleum). Furthermore, the

alcohol needed for this product can be obtained from the fermentation of agricultural

and municipal wastes. The applications of fermentation span a wide spectrum, from

medicines that go into people's bodies to the cleaning of waters containing human

waste. Some antibiotics and other drugs are prepared by fermentation: for example,

cortisone, used in treating arthritis, can be made by fermenting a plant steroid known

as diosgenin. [6]

2.10 ENZYMES CHARACTERISTICS

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http://www.answers.com/topic/arthritis

http://www.answers.com/topic/cortisone

http://www.answers.com/topic/cleanly

http://www.answers.com/topic/gasohol

http://www.answers.com/topic/comprehend

http://www.answers.com/topic/reactant

http://www.answers.com/topic/starch

http://www.answers.com/topic/feasible

MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)Enzymes can be isolated and are active outside the living cell. They are such efficient

catalysts that they accelerate chemical reactions measurably, even at concentrations so

low that they cannot be detected by most chemical tests for protein. Like other

chemical reactions, enzyme-catalyzed reactions proceed only when accompanied by a

decrease in free energy; at equilibrium the concentrations of reactants and products

are the same in the presence of an enzyme as in its absence. An enzyme can catalyze

an indefinite amount of chemical change without itself being diminished or altered by

the reaction. However, because most isolated enzymes are relatively unstable, they

often gradually lose activity under the conditions employed for their study. [6]

2.11 CONDITIONS FOR ENZYME ACTIVITY

All enzymes need the right environment for effective function, notably an optimal

acidity, which differs in accordance with the site at which a particular enzyme acts

(for example, more acidic inside cells than outside, and, for digestive enzymes, acidic

in the stomach and alkaline in the duodenum). Like any chemical reactions, the rate of

those that are catalyzed by enzymes varies with temperature. Local heat generation,

for example in exercising muscle, enhances all such reactions within it. Likewise,

whole-body metabolic rate increases in fever and decreases in hypothermia, because

of the effect on all enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Extremes of pH or temperature

irreversibly abolish enzyme activity, and so also do some substances that bind to the

active sites of particular enzymes. These include an organophosphate ‘nerve gas’ that

blocks acetyl cholinesterase (causing persistent accumulation of acetylcholine at

neuromuscular junctions, and thus uncontrollable muscle contraction). Poisoning by

cyanide is due to blocking an essential enzyme in mitochondria and so fatally

preventing all tissue respiration. [6]

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2.12 SOME REPRESENTATIVE ENZYMES, THEIR SOURCES, AND

REACTION SPECIFICITIES

Enzyme Some sources Reaction catalyzed

Pepsin Gastric juice Hydrolysis of proteins to

peptides and amino acids

Urease Jackbean, bacteria Hydrolysis of urea to ammonia

and carbon dioxide

Amylase Saliva, pancreatic juice Hydrolysis of starch to maltose

Phosphorylase Muscle, liver, plants Reversible phosphorolysis of

starch or glycogen to glucose-

1-phosphate

Transaminases Many animal and plant tissues Transfer of an amino group

from an amino acid to a keto

acid

Phosphohexose

isomerase

Muscle, yeast Interconversion of glucose-6-

phosphate and fructose-6-

phosphate

Pyruvic

carboxylase

Yeast, bacteria, plants Decarboxylation of pyruvate to

acetaldehyde and carbon

dioxide

Catalase Erythrocytes, liver Decomposition of hydrogen

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http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrogen-peroxide

http://www.answers.com/topic/acetaldehyde

http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate

http://www.answers.com/topic/keto-acids

http://www.answers.com/topic/keto-acids

http://www.answers.com/topic/glycogen

http://www.answers.com/topic/starch

http://www.answers.com/topic/carbon-dioxide

http://www.answers.com/topic/ammonia

http://www.answers.com/topic/urea


peroxide to oxygen and water

Alcohol

dehydrogenase

Liver Oxidation of ethanol to

acetaldehyde

Xanthine

oxidase

Milk, liver Oxidation of xanthine and

hypoxanthine to uric acid

2.13 FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

Knowledge of basic enzyme kinetic theory is important in enzyme analysis in order

both to understand the basic enzymatic mechanism and to select a method for enzyme

analysis. The conditions selected to measure the activity of an enzyme would not be

the same as those selected to measure the concentration of its substrate. Several

factors affect the rate at which enzymatic reactions precede - temperature, pH,

enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or

activators. [7]

2.13.1 Enzyme Concentration

In order to study the effect of increasing the enzyme concentration upon the reaction

rate, the substrate must be present in an excess amount; i.e., the reaction must be

independent of the substrate concentration. Any change in the amount of product

formed over a specified period of time will be dependent upon the level of enzyme

present. Graphically this can be represented as:

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These reactions are said to be "zero order" because the rates are independent of

substrate concentration, and are equal to some constant k. The formation of product

proceeds at a rate which is linear with time. The addition of more substrate does not

serve to increase the rate. In zero order kinetics, allowing the assay to run for double

time results in double the amount of product. [7]

Table I: Reaction Orders with Respect to Substrate Concentration

Order Rate Equation Comments

zero rate = k rate is independent of substrate concentration

first rate = k[S] rate is proportional to the first power of

substrate concentration

second rate = k[S]

[S]=k[S]2

rate is proportional to the square of the

substrate concentration

second rate = k[S1][S2] rate is proportional to the first power of each of

two reactants

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The amount of enzyme present in a reaction is measured by the activity it catalyzes.

The relationship between activity and concentration is affected by many factors such

as temperature, pH, etc. An enzyme assay must be designed so that the observed

activity is proportional to the amount of enzyme present in order that the enzyme

concentration is the only limiting factor. It is satisfied only when the reaction is zero

order. In Figure 5, activity is directly proportional to concentration in the area AB, but

not in BC. Enzyme activity is generally greatest when substrate concentration is

unlimiting.

When the concentration of the product of an enzymatic reaction is plotted against

time, a similar curve results, Figure 6. Between A and B, the curve represents a zero

order reaction; that is, one in which the rate is constant with time. As substrate is used

up, the enzyme's active sites are no longer saturated, substrate concentration becomes

rate limiting, and the reaction becomes first order between B and C. To measure

enzyme activity ideally, the measurements must be made in that portion of the curve

where the reaction is zero order. A reaction is most likely to be zero order initially

since substrate concentration is then highest. To be certain that a reaction is zero

order, multiple measurements of product (or substrate) concentration must be made.

Figure 7 illustrates three types of reactions which might be encountered in enzyme

assays and shows the problems which might be encountered if only single

measurements are made. [7]

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B is a straight line representing a zero order reaction which permits accurate

determination of enzyme activity for part or all of the reaction time. A represents the

type of reaction that was shown in Figure 6. This reaction is zero order initially and

then slows, presumably due to substrate exhaustion or product inhibition. This type of

reaction is sometimes referred to as a "leading" reaction. True "potential" activity is

represented by the dotted line. Curve C represents a reaction with an initial "lag"

phase. Again the dotted line represents the potentially measurable activity. Multiple

determinations of product concentration enable each curve to be plotted and true

activity determined. A single end point determination at E would lead to the false

conclusion that all three samples had identical enzyme concentration. [7]

2.13.2 Substrate Concentration

It has been shown experimentally that if the amount of the enzyme is kept constant

and the substrate concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will

increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate

concentration will not increase the velocity (delta A/delta T). This is represented

graphically in Figure 8.

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It is theorized that when this maximum velocity had been reached, all of the available

enzyme has been converted to ES, the enzyme substrate complex. This point on the

graph is designated Vmax. Using this maximum velocity and equation (7), Michaelis

developed a set of mathematical expressions to calculate enzyme activity in terms of

reaction speed from measurable laboratory data. [7]

The Michaelis constant Km is defined as the substrate concentration at 1/2 the

maximum velocity. This is shown in Figure 8. Using this constant and the fact that

Km can also be defined as:

Km=K-1 + K2 / K+1

K+1, K-1 and K+2 being the rate constants from equation (7). Michaelis developed

the followin

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A small Km indicates that the enzyme requires only a small amount of

substrate to become saturated. Hence, the maximum velocity is reached at

relatively low substrate concentrations.

A large Km indicates the need for high substrate concentrations to achieve

maximum reaction velocity.

The substrate with the lowest Km upon which the enzyme acts as a catalyst is

frequently assumed to be enzyme's natural substrate, though this is not true for

all enzymes. [7]

2.13.3 Effects of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity

Enzyme inhibitors are substances which alter the catalytic action of the enzyme and

consequently slow down, or in some cases, stop catalysis. There are three common

types of enzyme inhibition - competitive, non-competitive and substrate inhibition.

Most theories concerning inhibition mechanisms are based on the existence of the

enzyme-substrate complex ES. As mentioned earlier, the existence of temporary ES

structures has been verified in the laboratory. Competitive inhibition occurs when the

substrate and a substance resembling the substrate are both added to the enzyme. A

theory called the "lock-key theory" of enzyme catalysts can be used to explain why

inhibition occurs.

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The lock and key theory utilizes the concept of an "active site." The concept holds

that one particular portion of the enzyme surface has a strong affinity for the

substrate. The substrate is held in such a way that its conversion to the reaction

products is more favorable. If we consider the enzyme as the lock and the substrate

the key (Figure 9) - the key is inserted in the lock, is turned, and the door is opened

and the reaction proceeds. However, when an inhibitor which resembles the substrate

is present, it will compete with the substrate for the position in the enzyme lock.

When the inhibitor wins, it gains the lock position but is unable to open the lock.

Hence, the observed reaction is slowed down because some of the available enzyme

sites are occupied by the inhibitor. If a dissimilar substance which does not fit the site

is present, the enzyme rejects it, accepts the substrate, and the reaction proceeds

normally.Non-competitive inhibitors are considered to be substances which when

added to the enzyme alter the enzyme in a way that it cannot accept the substrate.

Figure 10.

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Substrate inhibition will sometimes occur when excessive amounts of substrate are

present. Figure 11 shows the reaction velocity decreasing after the maximum velocity

has been reached.

Additional amounts of substrate added to the reaction mixture after this point actually

decrease the reaction rate. This is thought to be due to the fact that there are so many

substrate molecules competing for the active sites on the enzyme surfaces that they

block the sites (Figure 12) and prevent any other substrate molecules from occupying

them.

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This causes the reaction rate to drop since all of the enzyme present is not being used. [7]

2.13.4 Temperature Effects

Like most chemical reactions, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases as

the temperature is raised. A ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature will increase the

activity of most enzymes by 50 to 100%. Variations in reaction temperature as small

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)as 1 or 2 degrees may introduce changes of 10 to 20% in the results. In the case of

enzymatic reactions, this is complicated by the fact that many enzymes are adversely

affected by high temperatures. As shown in Figure 13, the reaction rate increases with

temperature to a maximum level, then abruptly declines with further increase of

temperature. Because most animal enzymes rapidly become denatured at temperatures

above 40°C, most enzyme determinations are carried out somewhat below that

temperature. Over a period of time, enzymes will be deactivated at even moderate

temperatures. Storage of enzymes at 5°C or below is generally the most suitable.

Some enzymes lose their activity when frozen. [7]

2.13.5 Effects of pH

Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value - the point

where the enzyme is most active - is known as the optimum pH. This is graphically

illustrated in Figure 14.

Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most

enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes. As with activity, for each

enzyme there is also a region of pH optimal stability. [7]

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)THE OPTIMUM PH VALUE WILL VARY GREATLY FROM ONE ENZYME

TO ANOTHER, AS TABLE II SHOWS:

Enzyme pH Optimum

Lipase (pancreas) 8.0

Lipase (stomach) 4.0 - 5.0

Lipase (castor oil) 4.7

Pepsin 1.5 - 1.6

Trypsin 7.8 - 8.7

Urease 7.0

Invertase 4.5

Maltase 6.1 - 6.8

Amylase (pancreas) 6.7 - 7.0

Amylase (malt) 4.6 - 5.2

Catalase 7.0

In addition to temperature and pH there are other factors, such as ionic strength,

which can affect the enzymatic reaction. Each of these physical and chemical

parameters must be considered and optimized in order for an enzymatic reaction to be

accurate and reproducible. [7

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http://www.worthington-biochem.com/CTL/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/BA/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/AA/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/MALT/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/URC/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/TRY/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/PM/default.html

http://www.worthington-biochem.com/PL/default.html


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Chapter: 3

METHODOLOGY

Chapter-3: Methodology


3.1 MATERIALS

In our project work, we have taken cellulosic fabric (knit & woven) for observing the

effect of enzyme treatment. We have taken a piece of woven fabric (plain fabric) and

four piece of knitted fabric as our materials for accomplishing our project work. The

name of the sample and their construction & specification are given in below:

A. PLAIN FABREIC (100% Cotton)

B. SINGLE JERSEY

C. WOVEN FABRIC

D. DENIM FABRIC

A. PLAIN FABREIC (100% Cotton)

1. Ends per Inch (EPI) = 97

2. Picks per Inch (PPI) = 64

3. GSM = 91

4. Warp Count = 51 Ne

5. Weft Count = 42 Ne

6. Warp Twist = 32

7. Weft Twist = 36

8. Warp Twist Direction = “Z”

9. Weft Twist Direction = “Z”

B. SINGLE JERSEY

1. Wales per Inch = 38

2. Course per Inch = 54

3. Yarn Count = 32 Ne

4. G.S.M = 164

5. TPI (Twist per Inch) = 23

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile) 6. Twist Direction = “Z”

3.2 METHOD

3.2.1 De-sizing:

Enzymatic Treatment (oxidative method):

The weight of 25gm fabric from five samples (each sample contains 5gm) have been

taken for the enzyme treatment by using the following recipe:

Recipe:

Enzyme = 1.5% owf

Wetting Agent = 1%

PH = 4.5 – 5.5

Temp = 550 C

Time = 15 min

M: L = 1: 10

Calculation

Total liquor = 15 gm × 10 = 150 ml

Enzyme % amount respect to owf (on the weight of the fabric)

In recipe, the Enzyme % (on the weight of the fabric) amount respect to the

materials .5

Required amount Enzyme =

= (5 ×1.5 ) ÷ 1

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(Materials weight × Recipe amount %)

Stock solution%

MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile)= 7.5cc×2=15cc

Acetic acid (gm/l) and wetting agent (gm/l) amount respect to liquor

In recipe, Acetic acid (gm/l) and wetting agent (gm/l) amount respect to liquor is

calculated with the following formula;

Required amount Wetting agent =

= ( 5× 1%) ÷ 1%

= 5 cc×2=10c

Temperature = 550 C

PH = 4.5 – 5.5 (by PH paper)

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Stock solution%

(Total Liquor (lit) × Recipe amount)


Process Curve:

Process:

1 = Raw Water

2 = Acetic Acid

3 = PH Check

4 = Enzyme

5 = Materials

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1 2 3 4 5

1 5min at 550c

Cool

10 min at 800c

Bath Drain

+

Cooling

+

Rinsing

+

Washing


Working Procedure:

1. Firstly, 5 gm of fabric from each sample has been taken for enzyme

treatment.

2. Set the bath with substrate at room temperature and add wetting agent,

acetic acid and check PH. (PH = 4.5-5.5)

3. After checking PH of the dye bath, appropriate amount of enzyme is added

into the dye bath.

4. If necessary small amount of common salt or calcium chloride are added to

keep enzyme solution stable at temperature.

5. Raise the temperature up to 550c and hold the temperature for 15 min for

proper enzymatic action.

6. Then cool and rinse for removing fiber dust from the bath.

7. After rinsing the temperature is raised up to 800c to kill enzyme. After

completing the action the process is drained out.

3.2.2 Bio-scouring: Americos Bio-scoured XL

Enzymetic Treatment (Exhust Method);

Adventages:

Softer febric Reduced water consumption Reduced energy consumption Mild application conditions

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Properties:

Apperence Viscos liquid

Chemical character Mixture of pectinase & cellulose enzyme

Ionicity Non-ionoc

Soluability Readily soluable in water

pH(1% solution) 7±1

Application pH range 7.5-9

Application temperature range 55º-60ºc

Stability:

Hard water Good ,ca2+ & mg2+ ions increase the efficacy of enzyme

Acids Poor

Alkalies Stable in alkaline region from pH 7 to 9

Metal ions Iron and copper ions are poisonous for enzymes

Compatibility:

Non-ionic surfactant Generally very good

Anionic surfactant Selective, some reduce the efficacy of enzyme

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Solvent based surfactant Selective, some reduce the efficacy of

Enzyme

Organic sequestrant Generally good

Reducing / oxidizing agent Reduce the efficacy of

Enzyme

Application Methods:

Americos Bio-scoured XL can be applied by exhaust method:

Exhaust application : (jigger ,soft-flow m/c, winch)

Americos Bio-scoured XL 2-3 ml/l Americos anti-crease pro-76 A 0.5-1 g/l temparature 55º-60ºc pH 7.5-9 time 60 min

Working Procedure:

Add 2-3 g/l of Americos extracta XL ( emulsifying cum wetting

agent),raise the temperature to 80º-85ºc and run the machine for 30

minutes.

Drain the above liquer at high temperature.

Give one hot wash & one cold wash.

3.2.3 Neutral cellulase:

Americos cellucom 110 OM:

Enzymetic Treatment (Exhust Method);

Adventages:

High contrast with low strength loss. Better and bigger granular effect. Even abrasion. Low back staining of indigo.

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MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG MSc Engr(Textile) Improves the touch of germents Very broad pH range (5.5-8)

Properties:

Apperence Powder

Odor Slightly fermented odor

Chemical character Cellulose (endo,1-4-8 d glucanase )

Soluability Readily soluable in water

pH(1% solution) 7±1

Application pH range 5.5-7.5

Application temperature range 50º-60ºc

Stability:

Hard water Good

Acids/ Alkalies Active and Stable in pH range 4.5 to 8.5

Metal ions Iron and copper ions are poisonous for

Enzymes

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Compatibility:

Non-ionic surfactant Good

Anionic surfactant Selective, some reduce the efficacy of enzyme

Solvent based surfactant Selective, some reduce the efficacy of

enzyme

Organic sequestrant Generally good

Reducing / oxidizing agent Reduce the efficacy of

enzyme

Application Methods:

Americos cellucom 110 OM is applied on denim germents using rotary drum

washer with high mechanical action.

Dosage :

Americos cellucom 110 OM 0.5-1%(owg) Americos anti-crease pro-76 A 0.5-1 g/l temparature 55º-60ºc pH 6-7 time 60 min

Working Procedure:

Add 2-3 g/l of Americos extracta XL ( emulsifying cum wetting agent),raise the temperature to 80º-85ºc and run the machine for 30 minutes.

Drain the above liquer at high temperature. Give one hot wash & one cold wash.

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Chapter: 4

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Chapter-4: Result & Discussion


4.1 RESULT

After completing enzyme treatment we have analyzed the fabric by different tests.

There is an important test is done in textile industry after enzyme treatment on

cellulose fabric. The test procedure and our analyzed report are given in below:

Experimental procedure:

At first 5 gm fabric from each sample were cut accurately by sample cutter their

weights were taken separately with the help of balance. Then, the samples were

prepared for enzyme treatment. After completing the enzyme treatment, the samples

were weighted again and the following data was taken.

Sample Name Wt. of Untreated

Sample

Wt. of Treated

Sample

Wt. Loss Wt. Loss

%

1. Plain Fabric 5.000 gm 4.905 gm 0.095 gm 4.167

2. Single jersey 5.000 gm 4.899 gm 0.101 gm 4.367

3.Woven fabric 5.000 gm 4.901 gm 0.099 gm 4.333

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4.2 Samples of Enzyme Treatment

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4.2 Discussion

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up complex chemical reactions such as the

hydrolysis of cellulose, starches, and triglyceride based compounds in fats and oils.

Because they act as catalysts, relatively small concentrations of enzymes are required.

If the conditions are favorable to the specific enzyme, the catalytic action (hydrolysis)

will be repeated many times in the same system.

Enzymatic treatments of the cotton fabrics, like any wet processing of textiles, involve

the transfer of mass from the processing liquid medium (enzyme solution) across the

surface of the textile substrate. As with all chemical processes, these transport

processes are time and temperature dependent, and compromising either could affect

productivity and/or product quality.

At the end of our project work, we have reached in a decision that after enzyme

treatment the weight loss % of three samples (plain, single jersey, rib) are about the

same label. But we also observed that there is a significant variation of weight loss %

in interlock fabric and pique fabric has little effect of weight loss % than other

samples. Because interlock fabric contains large number of hairy fibers and the

number of hairy fibers of pique fabric is little than other sample.

In our project work we have known that principle of bio-finishing is to remove all

impurities and individual loose fibers end that protrude from the fabric surface

simultaneously in order to retain the strength of fabric at an acceptable level.

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Chapter: 5

CONCLUSION


5.0 Conclusion

1. Enzyme treatment is very important for textile wet processing technology.

It increases more even fabric surface appearance and improved hand. It

removes all impurities and individual loose fibers end that protrude from

the fabric surface simultaneously in order to retain the strength of fabric at

an acceptable level.

2. So we can say that cotton and other natural fiber based on cellulose can be

improved by an enzymatic treatment known as Bio-Polishing. This

treatment gives the fabric a smoother and glossier appearance. The

treatment is used to remove 'fuzz' - the tiny strands of fiber that protrude

from the surface of fabric. A ball of fuzz is called a 'pill' in the textiles.

After Bio-Polishing, the fuzz and pilling are reduced.

3. One thing is very clearly pointed out that benefits of removing fuzz are a

softer and smoother handle, and superior color brightness of fabric.

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Chapter: 6

REFERENCE


6.1 REFERENCE

A. Webpage

1. http://www.mapsenzyme.com

2. http://www.mapsenzymes.com/History_of_Enzymes.asp

3. http://www.answers.com

4. http://biotech.about.com/mbiopage.htm

5. http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/biology-ebook.html

6. http://www.chemheritage.org

7. http://www.worthington.com

8. http://www.naturalnews.com/np/enzymes.html

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

10. http://www.2456.com/epub/eventlist/event_ata_en.html

B. Books

1. Textbook of Biochemistry by- Harrow- B and Mazur

2. Chemistry of Textile Industry by- C.M. CARR

C. Industry

1. R L YARN DYEING LTD.

Chandura, Shafipur,Gajipur,Dhaka

2. MAGPIE KNIT COMPOSITE LTD

Amtola,savar,Dhaka.

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http://www.naturalnews.com/np/enzymes.html

http://www.worthington.com/

http://www.chemheritage.org/

http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/biology-ebook.html

http://biotech.about.com/mbiopage.htm

http://www.answers.com/

http://www.mapsenzymes.com/History_of_Enzymes.asp

http://www.mapsenzyme.com/


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Chapter: 7

Appendix


7.0 Appendix

1) For more information:USA and CanadaDanisco US Inc.

Genencor Division200 Meridian Centre Blvd., Rochester, NY 14618 USA

Telephone: 1-800-847-5311 (USA)Telephone: +1-585-256-5200

Telefax: +1-585-244-4544

2) Europe, Africa and Middle EastGenencor International B.V.

P.O. Box 218, 2300 AE Leiden, The NetherlandsTelephone: +31-71-5686-168

Telefax: +31-71-5686-169Latin America

3) Danisco Argentina S.A.Alicia Moreau de Justo 1750 Piso 2, G y H

Buenos Aires C1107AFJArgentina

Telephone: +54-11-5199-9550Telefax: +54-11-5199-9559

Asia/Pacific

4) Danisco Singapore Pte Ltd.Genencor Division

61 Science Park RoadThe Galen #06-16 East WingSingapore Science Park III

Singapore 117525Telephone: +65-6511-5600

Telefax: +65-6511-5666Web Address

www.genencor.com

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different kinds of enzyme on textile substrates

Education

enzymes unique

nature of enzymes

representative enzymes

history of enzymes

enzymes composition

enzyme activity

enzyme work

azmeri latif