PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

TOPIC:DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Different approaches differ in the level of teacher and student participation. We start describing these approaches from that approach with the highest to the lowest level of teacher direction or from the lowest to the highest level of student participation. On the basis of student and teacher involvement, these methods are categorized as direct/expository approach or guided/exploratory approach.

INTRODUCTION

Approach - one’s viewpoint toward teaching or refers to what one believes in, regarding teaching, upon which teaching behaviors are based.

Method - a series of related and progressive acts performed by a teacher and students to achieve the objective of the lesson.

BASIC CONCEPTS:

TWO TYPES OF TEACHING APPROACHES

Direct Approach

Indirect/ Guided Approach

Expository Method Deductive

Directive

Exploratory Method

Inductive

Exploratory

Inquiry

Laboratory

Problem Solving

Metacognition

Reflective

Constructivism

Demonstrative

When to use :

Direct Instruction/Expository

• Content oriented• Factual Information

• Similar information directly available – no effort to look for it

Guided Instruction/Exploratory

• Experience oriented• Developmental /

formulation of concept, principles, skills, attitudes, and values

• Information not available – needs to be discovered yet

Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic skills and “procedural knowledge.”

DIRECT/EXPOSITORY INSTRUCTION APPROACH

It is straight forward and is done in “a step-by-step manner.” The emphasis is on how to execute the steps of the entire procedure.

This may involve a simple or a complex skill such as solving a problem by using mathematical equations.

Attention is focused on every detail of the procedure.

It includes presentation and recitation, as well as teacher-student interactions.

Content mastery and overlearning of fundamental facts.

Teachers need to arouse of heighten the interest of the students.

Performance-based subjects such as Science, Mathematics, Music and Physical Education are taught by this technique.

Strategies use in Direct Instruction:1.Lecture and Student Recitation2.Deduction3.Expository/didactic method4.Demonstration method

-Provide the rationale

TO EMPLOY THIS METHODOLOGY, FOLLOW

THESE STEPS:

-Demonstrate the skill

-Provide guided practice

-Check for understanding and provide feedback

-Provide extended practice and transfer

Teacher-directed and teacher dominatedTeaching of skil l. The students gain “how” rather than

“what” (procedural knowledge). Each step must be mastered

Step by step procedure with no step missedLesson objectives easily observed behaviours that can

be measured accurately. The level of performance can be assess from the number of steps performed correctly

Form of learning through imitation ( behavioral modeling)

CHARACTERISTIC OF A DIRECT INSTRUCTION:

Sample Lessons with Step-By-Step TasksExecuting steps of a folkdanceSteps in preparing a mealWriting a letterSolving Math problems

Examples:

Teacher-dominated approachIt begins with the abstract rule, generalization,

principle and ends with specific examples and concrete details

Cover a wider scope of subject matterLearning is passive process, the learners do

not take part in the generation of conclusion or generalization

Drill or exercises come after the explanation of the rule or principle

DEDUCTIVE METHOD

The teacher begins her lesson with a generalization that geographical location influences peoples’ way of life.

She will present a map of the Philippines. Then study the map with them.

Those who live in wide plains like Central Plain of Luzon, Cagayan Valley have rice as main product and farming as main occupation. Those who live near the sea are fishermen. Their main product is fish.

EXAMPLE: GEOGRAPHY

Teacher define: All animals with backbone are classified as vertebrates.

Teacher give examples: dog is vertebrate because it possesses backbone. Fish, frog and cow are vertebrates, they possess backbone

EXAMPLE: SCIENCE

Teacher Explain the rule first: To add similar fractions just add the numerators then copy the denominator.

Then teacher begin will gives examples.After which she will give written exercises

for her pupils.

EXAMPLE: MATH

Wider scope of subject matter because the instruction is direct by stating at once the rule or the principle at the beginning of the class.

Teacher do not have to worry on what questions to ask for learners to generalization or conclusion.

ADVANTAGES OF DEDUCTIVE METHOD:

Passive learning. Less involvement on part of the learners

The learners do not take part in the generation of conclusion or generalization.

Learners’ involvement will be drill or exercises that come after the explanation of the rule or principle

Lesson appears uninteresting at first. Teacher begin the lesson with the abstract with what the learners do not know

DISADVANTAGES OF DEDUCTIVE METHOD

It begins with specific details, concrete data and examples and ends with an abstract

Learners are more engaged in the teaching-learning process

Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because we begin with the experiences of our students. Begin with what they know.

It helps the development of our learners’ higher order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze the same in order to arrive at generalizations requires analytical thinking.

INDUCTIVE METHOD

It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered

Need much time to lead students to formulate generalizations

Teachers got to ask the right questions, organize answers and comments to pave the way to the derivation of generalizations or principles

INDUCTIVE METHOD

The teacher will shows to the class the map of the Philippines then ask the class to study it with special attention on geographical features and economic products.

To guide them in their analysis she will ask them questions like what is the occupation of people who live by the sea? What is their main livelihood? What generalization can you draw about the relationship between geographical features of a place and peoples’ means of livelihood?

EXAMPLE: GEOGRAPHY

To Find out the body parts of animal that if it has a backbone.

Teacher will say: the dog has a backbone. The fish, frog and cow also have backbones.

Then the students will conclude that: the dog, fish, cow and frog are vertebrates.

EXAMPLE: SCIENCE

The learners are more engaged in teaching-learning process. The learners formulate the generalization or rule.

Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because teachers begin with the experiences of the students. Teachers begin with what they know.

It helps the development of the learners’ higher order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze the same in order to arrive at generalizations requires analytical thinking.

ADVANTAGES OF INDUCTIVE METHODS

It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered. Teacher needs much time to lead students to the formulation of generalizations.

It demands expert facilitating skills on part of the teacher. Teacher got to ask the right questions, organize answers and comments to pave the way to the derivation of generalizations/principles.

DISADVANTAGES OF INDUCTIVE METHOD

Deductive Method Inductive Method 1. It does not give any new knowledge.

1. It gives new knowledge

2. It is a method of verification. 2. It is a method of discovery.3. It is the method of instruction.

3. It is a method of teaching.

4. Child gets ready made information and makes use of it.

4.Child acquires first hand knowledge and information by actual observation.

5. It is quick process. 5. It is a slow process.6. It encourages dependence on other sources.

6. It trains the mind and gives self confidence and initiative.

7. There is less scope of activity in it.

7. It is full of activity.

8. It is a downward process of thought and leads to useful results.

8. It is an upward process of thought and leads to principles.

Between the deductive and the induction method,

- which method is more teacher-directed?

- which one engages more the learners in conceptual understanding?

- which demands more teacher’s skillful questioning?

LET’S REVIEW OUR UNDERSTANDING:

Between the deductive and the induction method,

- which tend to depth retention of learning? - which learning method is more predictable? - which engage to learn faster for large

number of facts and concrete concepts?

LET’S REVIEW OUR UNDERSTANDING:

Demonstration is a learning activity which is performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4 members or a teacher while the rest become observers.

Teacher-dominatedTeachers show how to operate, manipulate

an equipment while the class observes

DEMONSTRATION METHOD

Teacher should be knowledgeable in preparing the apparatus needed according to the steps to be followed

The rest of the class becomes focused on the activity and concentration on the subject is assured

DEMONSTRATION METHOD

It follows a systematic procedure, students will be able to learn from a well-tired procedure since the demonstrators are selected and adjudged to be skilled

The use of expensive equipment and machines will be maximized

Possible wastage of time, effort and resources will be avoided since the demonstration is supposed to be well-planned in advance

ADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD

It will not result to trial-and-error learning as what happens with unplanned learning activities

Findings are reliable and accurate since the procedures has been tried before

The value of confidence is developed among the demonstrators for such hands-on demonstrators for such hands-on demonstration

Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled among the observers

ADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD

How to focus a microscopePreserving flowers and other

specimensPerforming First-AidHow to mix ingredients for a menu

EXAMPLES:

1. Modeling… a. is a direct teaching activity. b. is seldom used by effective teachers. c. allows students to imitate from

demonstration or infer from observation the behavior to be learned.

d. both a and c.

LET’S REVIEW:

2. Direct Instruction is more appropriate when…

a. cooperative learning is not an option. b. the teacher needs to arouse or

heighten student interest. c. attempting to achieve content mastery

and overlearning of fundamental facts. d. both b and c.

3. This method of teaching presents a general concept by first defining it and then providing examples or illustrations that demonstrate the idea until it achieve the concept mastery.

a. Inductive b. Deductive c. Directive d. Demonstrative

4. Mr. Cruz is very careful in his classroom about using his class time efficiently and having active student practice. To do this, Mr. Cruz uses an instructional sequence of review, presenting new content, practice, feedback, and reteaching. He is attempting to achieve the goals of…a. mastery learning

b. indirect instruction c. lecturing d. cooperative learning

5. Among the methods/approaches discussed, which teaching method/s is use in Guided/Exploratory Approach?a. Direct Instruction

b. Deductive Method c. Inductive Method d. both b & c

Thank you!

Prepared by:Ian N. Valencia