diaries and reminiscences of women on the oregon trail : a
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Portland State University Portland State University
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Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses
1974
Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon
Trail a study in consciousness Trail a study in consciousness
Amy Kesselman Portland State University
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AN ABSTllACf OF mE mssll OF Y Xbullbullbullbull1man Cos- ~ Malter of
Al1a 1n Hlatol7 prebullbullrated Dec 10 1973
Tllles Diu1es and a_lalcene of WOIen 011 the OJeaoa
Trail t A Study in COIUIcdousfte8bullbull
APampOVID BY MEMBERS OF THE THIS IS CCM(lTTEII
fc
this cudy 1 aD attempt 0 d1bullbullover bow paamptl
aipatlna in tbmiddotaldn1aetaUft cenCurv m~amploa to ~bullbullGD
vid the bullbullbullbud jOlley and thlv la Jfl~lorumip
middotco 1t It 1s o~ survey of _hmiddotrespnebullbull of all waaen in
the vbullbullevu movement but raChe an exploratloD of tbe
perspective ofmiddot CbO8 vema Vb lefl bull ~l~ceft ~eco~d of
their ~bullbullp~oaa O~ eool1eotio be thels focua on
the 4~1bullbull end inloenobullbull of wamea Uravel1lna pa-imull
but Dot exclusively In Ibe y 18511853
bull
I
fb 1D~todueOJ1 aerial ClODaleta of bull 8llew of Ube
exletlJlB hlCo-leal lieaea8 oa ween8ft and Che W bullbullc aad amp
cSlcusaloa of the metmod aDd bullbullbullbullpCiOM _ad la lb Uhbullbullte
Fol1owtns tal ia bull shOEt akeCGb of the hlbullbullbull~y of ~b
m8fatloa 0 flit-SOD
Tbe mejoa- p8l1 of the dlbullbulls i ani aoIDCI flve
theme whlch eXse fit waraen diui aael tealllaceacea
the fubullbull of the five _hem OJreson A Male
rd deal wlUb ~e aecltucte of vamell ow the
uad-akUS_ Themiddot OM -be rolltis of BYyday Lif
d18Cuabullbullbull waaen relationhlp to 4eclalOD mAktaa and
responsibility -las the twlp_ The Chin Cbesutic chapeer
-Values aftd Sources of Support a expl0bullbullbull tbobullbull tbtna- whlch
bullbullbulled lmponaftt to the wortlen who wrote t~ll mat_lel
and discusss the ways in whieb women val bull ed ~
C01lfllct wi~ or diff flan thobullbull of lb mell on 11M 111p
lb cNlpt ttCOJlttameD~ and abullbulltatrUle deal vllh the
way lit wb1ch wamea pltlised tbell f llDta 4=ia8 the
j0UJft8y The eOftaludlDl ebaptel ccmsl of bull brief
dtcualon of be ffec of the eXpewlence of ploa~ women
OIl he lIext female erubullbulltlOll
DIAlllS AND BDt1MlSeOCIS or WOMEN ON TIm OREGON TRAIL
A STUDY IN CONSCIOUSNESS
by
AMY USSItMAN
A thbullbullia eubmiCeed ill partial fulflllmeft1 of the requlr_enta for tbe dearbullbull of
MASTER or ARTS in
HISTORY
Poreland Itae UDlverslty1974
11161 bull ZZ AlwnlQ8Jl
-poundpound61 01 qraeOeQ uebullbull=unrrgtl 4JfI
JO 1bullbullqa q AO_d bullbullSa18lOO eqa J 8aqu8U1 81U
IlDltVIlIt aNY snans 3~YllaVto 10 1010 mu OJ
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
TABLE or CONtENTS
PAGE
LIST or FIOUUS bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lv
CHAPTER
1 INtRODUCTION
Hls~orlcal Wrl~lnl on Wanen ta the We 1
aor and Kwbod bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12
11 8ACKGROUlfD or mE MIGRATION TO OItIGON bullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 20
111 OREGCIf PEVERs A MALE DISEASE 26
IV THE POLITICS or EVlRYDAY LlrE 30
V FEMALE CULTURE VALUES AND SOURCES or SUPPORT bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 39
VI CONTAINMENT SO
VII RSSISTANCE ANI) REBELLION S3
VIII AFTERMATH bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot shy bull bull bull 57
souaCES CONSULTED bull 68
NOTES bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot bull bull bull middot bull bull bull bull 59
bull bull middot
~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull auval1~ eqa JO ftO~ 1
3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
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Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
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BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
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MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
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AN ABSTllACf OF mE mssll OF Y Xbullbullbullbull1man Cos- ~ Malter of
Al1a 1n Hlatol7 prebullbullrated Dec 10 1973
Tllles Diu1es and a_lalcene of WOIen 011 the OJeaoa
Trail t A Study in COIUIcdousfte8bullbull
APampOVID BY MEMBERS OF THE THIS IS CCM(lTTEII
fc
this cudy 1 aD attempt 0 d1bullbullover bow paamptl
aipatlna in tbmiddotaldn1aetaUft cenCurv m~amploa to ~bullbullGD
vid the bullbullbullbud jOlley and thlv la Jfl~lorumip
middotco 1t It 1s o~ survey of _hmiddotrespnebullbull of all waaen in
the vbullbullevu movement but raChe an exploratloD of tbe
perspective ofmiddot CbO8 vema Vb lefl bull ~l~ceft ~eco~d of
their ~bullbullp~oaa O~ eool1eotio be thels focua on
the 4~1bullbull end inloenobullbull of wamea Uravel1lna pa-imull
but Dot exclusively In Ibe y 18511853
bull
I
fb 1D~todueOJ1 aerial ClODaleta of bull 8llew of Ube
exletlJlB hlCo-leal lieaea8 oa ween8ft and Che W bullbullc aad amp
cSlcusaloa of the metmod aDd bullbullbullbullpCiOM _ad la lb Uhbullbullte
Fol1owtns tal ia bull shOEt akeCGb of the hlbullbullbull~y of ~b
m8fatloa 0 flit-SOD
Tbe mejoa- p8l1 of the dlbullbulls i ani aoIDCI flve
theme whlch eXse fit waraen diui aael tealllaceacea
the fubullbull of the five _hem OJreson A Male
rd deal wlUb ~e aecltucte of vamell ow the
uad-akUS_ Themiddot OM -be rolltis of BYyday Lif
d18Cuabullbullbull waaen relationhlp to 4eclalOD mAktaa and
responsibility -las the twlp_ The Chin Cbesutic chapeer
-Values aftd Sources of Support a expl0bullbullbull tbobullbull tbtna- whlch
bullbullbulled lmponaftt to the wortlen who wrote t~ll mat_lel
and discusss the ways in whieb women val bull ed ~
C01lfllct wi~ or diff flan thobullbull of lb mell on 11M 111p
lb cNlpt ttCOJlttameD~ and abullbulltatrUle deal vllh the
way lit wb1ch wamea pltlised tbell f llDta 4=ia8 the
j0UJft8y The eOftaludlDl ebaptel ccmsl of bull brief
dtcualon of be ffec of the eXpewlence of ploa~ women
OIl he lIext female erubullbulltlOll
DIAlllS AND BDt1MlSeOCIS or WOMEN ON TIm OREGON TRAIL
A STUDY IN CONSCIOUSNESS
by
AMY USSItMAN
A thbullbullia eubmiCeed ill partial fulflllmeft1 of the requlr_enta for tbe dearbullbull of
MASTER or ARTS in
HISTORY
Poreland Itae UDlverslty1974
11161 bull ZZ AlwnlQ8Jl
-poundpound61 01 qraeOeQ uebullbull=unrrgtl 4JfI
JO 1bullbullqa q AO_d bullbullSa18lOO eqa J 8aqu8U1 81U
IlDltVIlIt aNY snans 3~YllaVto 10 1010 mu OJ
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
TABLE or CONtENTS
PAGE
LIST or FIOUUS bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lv
CHAPTER
1 INtRODUCTION
Hls~orlcal Wrl~lnl on Wanen ta the We 1
aor and Kwbod bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12
11 8ACKGROUlfD or mE MIGRATION TO OItIGON bullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 20
111 OREGCIf PEVERs A MALE DISEASE 26
IV THE POLITICS or EVlRYDAY LlrE 30
V FEMALE CULTURE VALUES AND SOURCES or SUPPORT bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 39
VI CONTAINMENT SO
VII RSSISTANCE ANI) REBELLION S3
VIII AFTERMATH bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot shy bull bull bull 57
souaCES CONSULTED bull 68
NOTES bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot bull bull bull middot bull bull bull bull 59
bull bull middot
~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull auval1~ eqa JO ftO~ 1
3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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fb 1D~todueOJ1 aerial ClODaleta of bull 8llew of Ube
exletlJlB hlCo-leal lieaea8 oa ween8ft and Che W bullbullc aad amp
cSlcusaloa of the metmod aDd bullbullbullbullpCiOM _ad la lb Uhbullbullte
Fol1owtns tal ia bull shOEt akeCGb of the hlbullbullbull~y of ~b
m8fatloa 0 flit-SOD
Tbe mejoa- p8l1 of the dlbullbulls i ani aoIDCI flve
theme whlch eXse fit waraen diui aael tealllaceacea
the fubullbull of the five _hem OJreson A Male
rd deal wlUb ~e aecltucte of vamell ow the
uad-akUS_ Themiddot OM -be rolltis of BYyday Lif
d18Cuabullbullbull waaen relationhlp to 4eclalOD mAktaa and
responsibility -las the twlp_ The Chin Cbesutic chapeer
-Values aftd Sources of Support a expl0bullbullbull tbobullbull tbtna- whlch
bullbullbulled lmponaftt to the wortlen who wrote t~ll mat_lel
and discusss the ways in whieb women val bull ed ~
C01lfllct wi~ or diff flan thobullbull of lb mell on 11M 111p
lb cNlpt ttCOJlttameD~ and abullbulltatrUle deal vllh the
way lit wb1ch wamea pltlised tbell f llDta 4=ia8 the
j0UJft8y The eOftaludlDl ebaptel ccmsl of bull brief
dtcualon of be ffec of the eXpewlence of ploa~ women
OIl he lIext female erubullbulltlOll
DIAlllS AND BDt1MlSeOCIS or WOMEN ON TIm OREGON TRAIL
A STUDY IN CONSCIOUSNESS
by
AMY USSItMAN
A thbullbullia eubmiCeed ill partial fulflllmeft1 of the requlr_enta for tbe dearbullbull of
MASTER or ARTS in
HISTORY
Poreland Itae UDlverslty1974
11161 bull ZZ AlwnlQ8Jl
-poundpound61 01 qraeOeQ uebullbull=unrrgtl 4JfI
JO 1bullbullqa q AO_d bullbullSa18lOO eqa J 8aqu8U1 81U
IlDltVIlIt aNY snans 3~YllaVto 10 1010 mu OJ
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
TABLE or CONtENTS
PAGE
LIST or FIOUUS bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lv
CHAPTER
1 INtRODUCTION
Hls~orlcal Wrl~lnl on Wanen ta the We 1
aor and Kwbod bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12
11 8ACKGROUlfD or mE MIGRATION TO OItIGON bullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 20
111 OREGCIf PEVERs A MALE DISEASE 26
IV THE POLITICS or EVlRYDAY LlrE 30
V FEMALE CULTURE VALUES AND SOURCES or SUPPORT bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 39
VI CONTAINMENT SO
VII RSSISTANCE ANI) REBELLION S3
VIII AFTERMATH bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot shy bull bull bull 57
souaCES CONSULTED bull 68
NOTES bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot bull bull bull middot bull bull bull bull 59
bull bull middot
~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull auval1~ eqa JO ftO~ 1
3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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- Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail a study in consciousness
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DIAlllS AND BDt1MlSeOCIS or WOMEN ON TIm OREGON TRAIL
A STUDY IN CONSCIOUSNESS
by
AMY USSItMAN
A thbullbullia eubmiCeed ill partial fulflllmeft1 of the requlr_enta for tbe dearbullbull of
MASTER or ARTS in
HISTORY
Poreland Itae UDlverslty1974
11161 bull ZZ AlwnlQ8Jl
-poundpound61 01 qraeOeQ uebullbull=unrrgtl 4JfI
JO 1bullbullqa q AO_d bullbullSa18lOO eqa J 8aqu8U1 81U
IlDltVIlIt aNY snans 3~YllaVto 10 1010 mu OJ
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
TABLE or CONtENTS
PAGE
LIST or FIOUUS bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lv
CHAPTER
1 INtRODUCTION
Hls~orlcal Wrl~lnl on Wanen ta the We 1
aor and Kwbod bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12
11 8ACKGROUlfD or mE MIGRATION TO OItIGON bullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 20
111 OREGCIf PEVERs A MALE DISEASE 26
IV THE POLITICS or EVlRYDAY LlrE 30
V FEMALE CULTURE VALUES AND SOURCES or SUPPORT bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 39
VI CONTAINMENT SO
VII RSSISTANCE ANI) REBELLION S3
VIII AFTERMATH bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot shy bull bull bull 57
souaCES CONSULTED bull 68
NOTES bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot bull bull bull middot bull bull bull bull 59
bull bull middot
~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull auval1~ eqa JO ftO~ 1
3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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- Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail a study in consciousness
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TABLE or CONtENTS
PAGE
LIST or FIOUUS bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lv
CHAPTER
1 INtRODUCTION
Hls~orlcal Wrl~lnl on Wanen ta the We 1
aor and Kwbod bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12
11 8ACKGROUlfD or mE MIGRATION TO OItIGON bullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 20
111 OREGCIf PEVERs A MALE DISEASE 26
IV THE POLITICS or EVlRYDAY LlrE 30
V FEMALE CULTURE VALUES AND SOURCES or SUPPORT bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 39
VI CONTAINMENT SO
VII RSSISTANCE ANI) REBELLION S3
VIII AFTERMATH bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot shy bull bull bull 57
souaCES CONSULTED bull 68
NOTES bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot bull bull bull middot bull bull bull bull 59
bull bull middot
~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull auval1~ eqa JO ftO~ 1
3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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TABLE or CONtENTS
PAGE
LIST or FIOUUS bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lv
CHAPTER
1 INtRODUCTION
Hls~orlcal Wrl~lnl on Wanen ta the We 1
aor and Kwbod bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12
11 8ACKGROUlfD or mE MIGRATION TO OItIGON bullbull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 20
111 OREGCIf PEVERs A MALE DISEASE 26
IV THE POLITICS or EVlRYDAY LlrE 30
V FEMALE CULTURE VALUES AND SOURCES or SUPPORT bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull 39
VI CONTAINMENT SO
VII RSSISTANCE ANI) REBELLION S3
VIII AFTERMATH bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot shy bull bull bull 57
souaCES CONSULTED bull 68
NOTES bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull middot bull bull bull middot bull bull bull bull 59
bull bull middot
~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull auval1~ eqa JO ftO~ 1
3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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- Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail a study in consciousness
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3lmOtlSOVd
CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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- Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail a study in consciousness
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CllAPTB 1
INTRODUCTION
1 HISTORICAL WRITING ON WQ(O IN THE WEST
lrl Ubbullbull~0JrY of the bullbullt~lemeD1 of the Wec an have
tradlloDally be t~ted a _ack drop 0 aft bullbullbullentially
mal drama Aa In me btstorlcal wi1la about p~actlcll)
all bullbullpecbullbull of put women ue i_laer ipored 011 viewed
~UIb bull mlat of ~dltloaal bullbullbullumptions about laquobe femal
elaRact_ Wome oftee coJdad 1ampCanc 0 participat
b the wstward advenuure 1 pIbullbullbullbullted as yet aIlotmc
obsCacle to be ovcame by the mea 1spued by what
Bl111ft8ton oa118s a the piDeer lnatlDot the CroftS
beat of men spiritbullbull ~ delre to blbullbullbullbull~ailt 10 accept
a dlftlault ahallellse the thrill of peniDs a Dew OOUlltzy
bullbull tne lons hunters had 40D~ tn Ch KentuCky wllderDebullbullbull n1
The fol1owiaa exaerpt fram VerDe Brlsbc utlele The
Folklore dct Htscory of the bull OrelOD rever il1U8n-aC tbe
predomilumt Saae of tbe role of whlt wemeD in the westward
movbullbullnt
Petc Bunaet is ealkiDa Co ble famlly gOUt ill acesoD I CaD set me a 4~ mile of land he boad - e bull quarter atioD foE eaob of 701 611 J)ad bUftl m 1 dOlle with this cOWltJ) Wiater it l bull Ioal and snow to fr a bodYI IlIl1 the overflow t am -he Old Muddy drowns balf me 8CS8 axe 1ake 1he yield of Chem thatI 1ft What say
2
MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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MampWf 11 God COUll rD mOther wbullbull doubfula But CIlia is God CG1SfttJ)
too aDd it ls 80 fer away And Wha will we 40 f~ achool _d dlUEohbullbull and townst
Clfhu11 seD b acbool aael eh SUOJU afttl tOWD8 eveqtbtaa Chey ha ill the old bullbullbullbullbullbullbull lou liaa 10 lnto lA4epeltdence tomonow ud ~ Dew wason I bOUlbt esteria MeW you male up a lbt of 1Ihlnamps we Dead 10 teke alOilI WhlllUA 1 lolDa baolt out _ be l ll lead ua OCllle 011 bo- hit the ~lt
aed-hbullbulld~ ~~ 1 out bull wlld yell -wboopeLe 10 Maw ~ )8ft whelte Che XIljuae be aX
If ousr prtrauy lilt la dlDs dlalosues llke
thls 1 Co appreclat how the Wat vaa WOAmiddot wh we 11
mal aclVeDturoUSDbullbullbull aeetlnamp fal tlmlc11ty aDCI co the
soott f Cuae of be Wee mal_018 eODqueriaa
If t howeY_ 0- i Sa 1D 1lIIdatu4lna the 1Iv of
he people who led the West whys__ of t1_ vented to
cOlDe bullbullt tbellt latlcmahlpa ee what tbeu- sa v
what Chell expectacloaa wee tbe above cUalosue albullbullbull a_l of qu6eCloD8 Do 11 peat a4 oOt1ramiddot 10tn of
wca 8 atillud_ lowecda t11e ud jOUllley aa tbea
relatlOlUlblp to eelaloD maklllat What ve ell experiencbullbull
which affeeted vom atllltude toward Che lp1
In mUeb f ~h blstioel soh01u1p 01 ella wbullbulltwa
mov__1 Chbullbullbull killd of quebullbullloa have beIbm be-
Death pervaaibullbull blas which placbullbull prima17 importance 08
the D1OD 0 Ube AlMtieaa empire The 10a__ al
lionized bc _h were the vehicle of this 1=3
ell lDatlu f ~ Indiana 1 OIl alII Indlo
prect dlfflout for the wenwud lIlovaMftt4 and the
3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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3
f li1laa of wom_ abOUS tbe project ~Y pUliolpatled iD ue
no explored Rlatorlana 88D~11y ~ama1n un-bullbulllfcOD8cloua
about Chell failure c deal wiCh vameD lives by
Bil1lDa1oll dbullbullerl1raquollll the lftcJebullbulled lAt 10 the hl~ory
of the Weat alAee 1960 relDUked that be re8u11iDamp flood
of book U11clays haa lllUIDia viJCuall
eVfIIf1 ph of the history of the Wst uS thla remaJZk was
made ill the lrlZodU01iOD to Weheel IelSIl which does
IlOt iftclude women Ift ice index
Much of 1the work which bas Heft doD 011 the h18UOn of
WOIReD pica aufter flUID a enc18DCY cunent la mUGh
l1tbullbull__ about tllle West i phbullbullis 1 OR the exe_ trloa81 6 11 is oftum aD atc_pot 10 pllaquo8 beside the
810110Wl ttaaae of tbe plea IUD a alos-1oua 1mas of the
pion WOIIlampb Jba putlculu ohuacu_181C8 which hlsshy
toriana glorify chaftse a Our cult ebeDl b1d the
m1al fal1UJl remlA f11_ ~o explore lb ways ill
wblch the plODeer _len08 was ~lat to tile t~ of
women 1D ebe Uftltacl Sates bullbull bull whole to 1 the val
1ft vbi cU1ubullbulll DO8 an4 cttloa ill aa14asneteenth
CeftlUampY Alac ffec1e4 ploD womea 8Ild how tbe piOD
exprleaae laacId with thbullbullbull noau lnetead What 1
oflen prec 18 bull lul f aleleotyp tefleetul more
of Cbe cult~l experl of Ihe blto~iampD8 thaa of Ube
people about whom -bey are wiiDa Dlarrles aDd 8111aJbullbull
eenee are of used but bey an Dot c_ted a 80UZC
4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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4
tOI UDdbullbull1aadlDg how eD falt aboutr thembullbulllves and Chell 7
~ltlOllahp Co the wolcl in whlch they lived
The fksc book about ploatar women wbullbull ~fJIIAR Oil Ikbull
teelcID a~ftUlert published l 1877 aA4 Iten by
William W fow1elt be 8 bullbull 11iD8 of eha rOlls_bullbullbullY
rowler
I bull bull is bull moral as well a a phyelcal CrilOph and fomu 8ft poeb in ~bullbullbullvanee of clvll1tloa 1D thle ShDd achlenc iD chibullbullrlumph of physicalfUld ~1 wOlDen musC be allOwed bu abal of the bOIlOJr 8
1D pas-cel1ln8 Od hoaol Fowlei celatae woman foe her
Plene h~ 00116 beJ f=t1Cude h Caet tier preshy9 c of mbld in tlylnS hoWs bull bull bull t Tbe imase ia epishy
tomi by bull 8Ubitle CO one of Fowlerl ellapteJrs entieled
femal ea4~aDebullbulla male oouaae ft10 tbe anecdotes Whlch
cOIIlpclbullbull the bulk of Fow1 book are extremely 1aters~1D8
and altho Ill_e ue DO fOOtDO~bullbull 1mobullbull all of ~h_
uclude e of WODiea vblCh could be Uaced Slftce the
boek va published in 1877 scme of thbullbullbull anecdoCe may
hae came from wlCDe or faul reCUNl _11y memoJlbullbullbull
FOil Ch weoas Fowl II book i8 valuable bullbull lt pleeJVbullbull
males-hl whlcb he beeD 1sncned 1D lala Icbolushlp the
1011 rowlett tecel1bullbull however ue powufully Raped by
hie bi Ia tilDe hoftor~ mat 114411011 he fee18 DO
ClDpWlctioll about aecliblng motivbullbull CO tlt women be disshy
0bullbullbull artd maklDg bullbullInmptlons about Cbe t leminae natbullbull SA
tlteqUttDt comment auch a Uhe follbwlDgt WeeD be it
s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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s J_ambus I uturally bullbull alla 10 wat mOWleainshy
1 wh1ch fll ov foJ f f wetlna It
teee-11
owl book coven dl 101 of 1101MB 01 Che
roalaquol_ f~am 0olollial timbullbull ~o the oa1 Civil Wac period
Siae owlerbullbulls8IDptio t explleit 1dltroqbout ~ book i
lbbullbull WGIIlaA is WaD DO ma11eJt Whee WheD she livbullbull there
s 11bullbull1 1aslpt ffcccled Ul the book about Cbe nauUJ of
bull utlCUl_ plWlod aDd tiae ways iD which be ltv of
ven lIlcctecl with epaolflc bitorical eveau Of t d~
It 1 oaly with area mental ff~t Chat W CaD pick OU ~h
dlffcbullbull beCW ehe behavior aR4 82IpW1o of wcaen
Ottlas tn Rooki and tho in the oaltu bullbullttlemenbullbull
of Rew Enaland in tbe evenIMDtb cbullbullbullUI7 alae fowl
btlc lra pampt8841DUlq the ecoURU 1 lD tlbetz ell bull athe the thetz 4Ufereaa
he en lD fowl book bull 11 80t oal f
pfozmllls lA _het- appa-opzal bullbullpil bue for eputlaa
fJ_ Chelr tacliclonal 101bullbull to display -laobullbull maacu1lDe
courea and ftlftUlbullbullbullbull u12 He pl D_KOWI ceoUftc of
WGllUtll uaiJas SUDS 4reaslaa s eft flamplltlas in Lotic
8bullbull fel1laa cad flablaquolas lacllau lbbullbullbull role
dp~~ ~ carefully placed in a GORteae Goaalcent with
Vleorlan valbullbull It Lbullbull we abould bullbullsum that WOllen delved
ClfloaloD fllGm par_lcipUlna in cu1la aoelvit1 t
Fowl poLDIS out ill s11on eatitlAd A buo aael 111 a
6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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6
WOIUIl that bull
bull bull bull if w were to analyze the motivbullbull which prompe4 h h8Joic acts we should tad eIl_ 0 rlaS 1bullbull fz-om ~ 0110 of power __eot e are spealtllll 11 1 out of hu aboundlDs and foreeshylui emltIOIlal na~UCe tbat ahe bee a h-olDe II 18 0 1I1l0 8UCCOJf or 10 aave her d ODbullbull thbullbull ahe S brave strofts fJlDduwlaI patlea and devotre4 13
lUI if Wcmara the 1yent12flft l1mt1 -18 II period
pleoe Iepl~ with UlnGDl1ed Itclam 4D4 bz-lellns with
the spirit of Manifeat DesCiQy a8 el1 e ouedaCe4 idea
about vomeD Dt Gentle ~-tU7bullbull ~y De B~OWA publlebecI lD
1958 18 anOCher but of a pelriod frOlll which w have DOC ye~
-Sed Brown cnltleiae the old t~otJP of tile
patient plOD- v_an her appeuaAee moltled by uti bardshy
_hlp be eAdUSed bueft of fineST and fuhioft BemGaDus
the predomlnde of ~hl 1mle he clau8 the way for his
own But the westent woman a BZOWG OWbullbull moz by far
than a face htdden lD a88ed aUftbODDet Ofeft her bOMbullbull
ws say wlth colw ud omamera1ad wltb flowe _1mbullbull
ahe 1101 rraeb ml11iZlalY the laueat bullbull1bullbull fltODl aris
amal1 ouad haCs oontatiq with Ill enomlty of her
v~l1DlDOUS bulle-out sklart8 Her pnleoata wue Jampblbow
colored H817 t lsh- be shod 1a nuab wos-k 0108 but
~ mOlt than ltltely they ve in h18h boots of finbullbullbull kld or
hllb bUUton shoes 14 lna1bullbulla of beiDa 11amp8 -nbodlaenC of
pllll aDel vb1ue VCIaeD to Irowa u bullbullbe odmet of
11amour secSuotlv and vanlty he GeDCle tam
7
diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
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Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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diaCU8ea WOIDeD In the weatem ataC 1D 1Ie oDd half 01
1h nlnetea~h oentUlY It lDclud Seed bullbullbull1 of matulal
on what B~GWD calls Ladle of Easy V~U8ftl bull subject
omibullbullad enurel fZ-OlD Fowlert s p1lluaalcel panean1c Oft ttl
planeer VamaD Like Fowler work it cone_ln a bull le of
lwrld tale about the vieulmlzbullbulllon of Vbie wcmen by
amerloaa Indiana beina much mo~plleiC about Cbe
sexual bullbullpeece and bull chapbullbull full of aneado1bullbull eupportina
Uthe heoS thai women vaalty oan COil all aAY place
and allY l1me16 co the dellaht of the a_hoI who nJolcea
that - iDa what Ihey hael the) tlUUU1Sed 10 keep ~h~ 8X
appeal ablnlna und~ the worbullbull condlcleas n17
Al1bOuab FoWleI aIld BllOWft p~ovld Q8 wlth 80me
int~t1na mtal eulled fcom 1lcete and diaRies Cbl~
analysis is 80 tuneeI by thea coaoepti01l of WomaD bullbull an
ablbullbullbulls-leal csory t81018 aDd can tbat they
provide DO lows laveelsaion of women and theiJr rol on
tAe f~OAC1c lXCo11iD8 Ube v~u of ~1d and matroftsh18
em he ene hand aad vice of middotlak UiP8 Yrud red velvee
aklrtal on he other leves no room fOamp aaklaa tbe kid
of queeulons needed to study biaCol1 ser10usly the work of
Fowle and 8JOWft is aD excellent illusestloA of the
fol1ow1a bullbullbullampVa1Oft made in 8ft ar1101e entitled I Iylp
of Ss~sm lp AMpoundlSe Hyos-lcl r1tbullbullfI
Sexlam aa4 IGod bitorical wrltiaa ~ incomshypatible irace hlat017 deal with ch time all st aGA1) apply laautable 8ftd lIlbuerlt
8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
poundL
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8
(a well a UDpsrGVen) emu_c a_lbut ~o wOIDeD aDd Ib prooeed to wlte hluoary with the at- but lD alac 20
Sea pnabullbullovadbull me loal of bullbullHOWl hlatorleal
WJlttDa altouC wcatm lD 1he bullbullbull1 wa made by Wliliam Spraaue
1Il rf~StA She lest 6 Short socy I-mf publiabed ill
1940 While spaue does Bot deal in clepCh llh tne
left088 of VameD in Che cifle HocIbMe bie book eka
pJoblDa quesUlons abed Cbe oondition of wamen 111 the Iron
ci la eauampl aDd bliabbullbull a uaefu1 fe_ont foampshy
developlDa mOire specific queetloas WJCiq bullbull he dU at bull
time Whera pute of Uhe h18Coirlcal plollOft w_ beecmlDa
inCItbullbullCed iA the hlcoJY of he omaoa people Splraaue
dobullbull Dot bullbullbull adelcaoke4 ialo JrCb or Che exceptional
and slOSioua b a1tamp to dbullbullerlbe tm eondlloM of life
wtUbla Which WOIHIl 1D Ube wst bad to fUftcnloa 1Il com
pawlDa trh of W_eIl la r10Wl ampOIltI leampioDII
h SPftlBU8 d~_ cODelustODe from 1dler inconclusive
evidence While he qu01_ bull Teua WGmAlD a J8IIl8zklDa that
II bullbullbull tbe Wut I a hbullbulleD for mea ead doss but bull hell for
WOlle ead oxen bull bull bull 21 be doe Dot pply an aftalsis of
the esprbullbullbulled feltna_ of wom to hi eoaclualoD Ubat 1ft
the nl Wbullbullcmiddot en t~bullbullted wamen bbullbuller tbaft 81aewhece
Hls upp~lns evidence 18 rather incidenc of oblval~ous
ts-bullbullUment of VGBlen lly meA aDd the expz-eaed need for womea
1D ~e -ibullbulle Wbullbullt u
g-
SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
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Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
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Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
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MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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SiDe faniDtat ides fiat _ed lD All_lea lft ehe
aiDch cen1ury wotaen bav evidenced ine 1ft Che
hiCory of wcxaen 1ft the 11 tvallth Cfhl~wry a spate of
blopapblebullbull collections and auraiv about W08leD livlDa 1ft
lir paamp1- made Uhetc ppeRabullbull aDd lDtftbullbullC baa conshy
1iDue4 in apa until ehe prebullbulln plod of falalbullbull
bull~lvly
A col1eC1ion 8IltiCled sectOUyen1rl of Wat_ iCtt
ediced by M8CY Double wa pub1tabecS ill 1905 wlth the PUZshy
pobullbull of recerctlaa II bullbullbull vGIllen purlaquo in wfbtk1DS out ~h
plan of ow Vm clvillzatlon n22 llboUSb wcaen
diai art4 raalDuoeDc have beeD Ipored la av= of
biOpaE)blcl sltbullbullcha he ekccbe we wrineA by people
only o-SeDeraclora INIIlctved f tbe pier expez-ieace aad
the prrvaulon of Cheir aecol1eccloaa a usul addlCloa
Co oebel macial
A lacv collection WltbII- _ WlMbullbull eclted tJy
ae1en babe Smlth for he Portlaad fedel of WcaeD
arbullbullnlbullbullbull10ll8 ill 1948 bullbullbull endftbullbull0 e osoln of ptoa V_eDS expeJlieac and eaollorus
laquoupbaelslna neicher -he Vft7 ~ed BOZO the ectml23
It includee excte from ellulbullbull lt and camlshy
niampcenebullbullbull aad dbullbullcribbullbull the ltvbullbull of womu mo have
remained UftluJOWZl 88 well as _hobullbull Who achieved D01oJlety
A partioularly valuable bullbull141011 of the Ctol1eCSloft ia lta
lnolusioD of anecd and o~lea banded down t~OU8b the
10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
poundL
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10
seD~aio1l of 0-011 wamea SLDee moat of Uh 2bullbullbullafth
ba~ haa been done Oft Wbullbulltarn folklore makes litt1 or DO
attempt to study tm folklore traclltloll8 of wcaaa24 thebullbull
stori are c~emly valuable
00 historical Doval lelucCfC lioaU by
Beatztice Bl1 dbullbullenClem 1D bull Itiaw of llcatUJre
about womea in Che W bullbullt The populu Im_ of be pio
experlenoe ba b 141881 dulved frem hlaeorical Dovels
wn1cb tell he ae em male point of 9lew25 In
aelueuans llUe a Dovl baaed Oft the 11f of the
auth~ pat paadmothu Maay Vcnrell Ad BeaCJlce
B11bullbull attempts to let lnelde the mind of bull woman ploft~
With appreotatlve llvSy to til dll of female exlmiddot
ceace h 1Irqic port~lt f Mary Adshy foe same of the
queCloas whlch need Co 7be xpl about womeD 1D the
wecwari mlaltloa 10 a consWuabl edeDt thia pap
waa aUtmulce4 by queatioa Jd8ed la Itl_tan llopEs
ne ODe Dartattve hl8tozy of WOIleD lD the wbullbullc _iCeIl
11) bull womaD 1 Ws tbe Womo by Nacy 10bullbull publlehed la
144 aobullbull ia explicit about her cOIIIlltlmenC co COUDt the
cllioDal malbullbullPPJoach 0 the hlatoq of WGmea 1 1
men Who baye -riCt_ the worlda hisorlbullbull middot 8he ays ill bu
latrocIOtlon II bull bull bull ad lD WielDs them Chey have almoat
witbout exceptio lanoared wanea AIlOthu cae of male
m1hd ~ of the phlloaoptler has fit to treat wome
a elal hum etbullbullt bullbullbull tbe pOI~or of ~lc 80
11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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11
pecullu s Co malt the obj80bullbull whyo t elbullbullbulli
flca_loa uade Mbull 26 With thl oGIIIIl1tment 10ell
amons both the well bOVll ud the 8IlOD)ltOUlJ for moclel of
wOlDen CiDI C1NNltibullbullly art ladep-1tly She babullbull
heavily 011 4iu1 aDd 1 yenbleb she 8 valuable
80urce meerlat fo lorlaa bull bull bull tlle hid d-lv of 27the Imllcbullbull 9__ Heir emlaeatly eadable llUraClve
preeDt bull wid varlety of dac about wca in the w
ftrOll 1830 Co 1900 The cllfflcul1S ak of taeklq eabullbull of
thls dt however of aklq qualobullbull of it t dev4a1oplaa
Dew quetloaa ZCb1D8 fOl the eA to Ib_ ~_iDI
to 1gte dOll Rea 1 U8 Cl She pHeats erial
iadleatllna baenbullbull fllScratloa aad dbullbullpal 011 the ~ of
WOIIeD but 8141 a he end of her boolt Wha1 happened
-01amp the bee of plOft va true dem~oy wtCh me aD4
wamen abarlna equal1 bull bull t 28 leaviaa U8 eo 188 eicb_
that _he fausChtloll and d palr wabullbull -OIlS the tbbullbullC of
pl0fteU8 OJ- that 1 is aomebow DO relevant co ~ quebullbullloD
of _1 equallty Women Oft _be r1 dld m varied
VO Chd ven in lat8I ~an 1fteDVUoam_ adelilOll te dial foc the he aa4 chlld1ea they milked
cowbullbull cultivated Cud aDd produced the main neebullbullbullitlbullbull
of 11 Dld that meall that _ea felt Ihel to be
equal padlelpaaCs ia lif OR the fJfHlleJrl D14 11 meaa
the they fel1 en thaDCbeCIbullbulllves 0 It 1 cIem waaera Who bouabt Z-a elo1hUa P oaadl aDd
12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
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Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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12
cheese thes amp1 tbe klai of quaetlou which 1 am
attptlag to eftIver by 8tuciylq the thobullbullbull of womea
a exprect in the lui aftd relnls-e of he
jourftey to oreaoll
11 THEORY ABO KDBOJ)
lb OYeltlaM journe represeDe4 only flve to seveD
month 1D tbe ltv of tea particlp Bowev8X for
nUDlber of z-0118 cll mterlal 1e bull ~lch 80_C of
inlab about the live of pioaeel vcmaD la 8ual
Beeause of tme ~1uUdous amoURt of publlelty yenhi _he
mi8ta~icm to the far wbullbullbull enjoyed bOCb aU tbe lime of lea
OCOUJTence and 10Jl8 ftecwarde bull fau IlWDbu of women
wrc diari and unlike mall bullbulll18ttlbullbullbullurce materlala
about women liv maD) of _hem bave be_ pCeaerved and
made avallltl We ue therefore able to stud a col1eoce
of pzlmu-y ~ material 811 WXliteD abOut ella putulH
espiac wlllch ocoUlTed (Iithia bull flrly short time pctod
eartala bullbullpace of fSample experience stud out 1ra
relief becauae of the pattleulu chareelK of laquohe overlampDd
jOcIlQ8 a 1 shall demobullbullUrate 1D Chls paper the bullbullbullt
we4 movemeau appeale4 pJtlmaJrl17 uo ea Moat of the WaneD
who aem to ~80 lD the lale 1840 8oct ear17 1850 8 ca
only becaus8 the1Jr fathel8 OJ bueteada wanted to 80 So f _
_ taIlen came to tbe OreoA country d-las Whe flnt thzbullbull
decads of the Eutopean lmr bullbulllcm that tile aortas of
13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
SOURCES OONSULTED
Books
Alcott William A aelatlemR Yok
AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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13
f l bullbull- became a pr~ preocoupation of 401flc NoZUhwbullbullbull
11bullbullbull29 P8IIlclpaDt lD bull mate-deflaed veo_ eted
fltem tlle h of aoetvlty in which they exerted some
bflueaee JOIiJIlde by UftceZtdaclea aDd elana- WGmeJl
we ia aft acucely powulbullbullbull poslCloa The ovallaftd jOUl
ney provide WI wlth an OPPORUDlty 10 101 wOllen
r bullbullpoDSmiddotbullbull 10 pow l bullbullbulln
Ie do 80t Jequl much pertspioaoltl to undtand
the woaea in the a1aelMDtb cbullbullt117 W lftvolved 1D bull
different set of aotlltl flGD ~obullbull Whlch lavolved men
Aa David PoCtc polDCect out tbe 4lffe~c becw CIle
work of mea ed _am_ bas alplflceac laplleatloras 1a 11118 of the C0Il8Clo18M of Mob soup30 lhls papear wl11
explore cae of chose dlffoebullbull
BC 41ffeIlbullbull in work pa1SCeJtIUI are BOt the ODly
rootaof the dillrenoe between tbe oDaClouso of men
and women To use aD analOU It wit plantation otmw
may have bullbullen himself aDd the world aomewha d1ftrutly
fJom bull whit bUIIlnes_an but the oonaciouaabullbullbull of black
51avbullbull vubullbull Utinl d1eul_ow fs-8ft both of them weebel
_hey v alabullbull in a wuehoua OJ Oll bull plantation DIe
key difl_enae h_ l8 ampl~ eoclvly 8 mUCh as power The
slavea had DO COIl1lol over thelr livbullbull Whil Che 81ave
owa had ooalol over boch Ibeir llv and the livbullbull of
their 81avebullbull
Moat White v_en wee aot boUlht aDd sold lD DinI68tb
14
GetlCUI1 Aaaerica How__bullbullhe hact DO polltical power
Chea Cbelc of ae1lt v_ ly IUlnowed by law
0089_108 uaequal oppOJCua1ey KaftJed womea were aC
the men of heir hWJbaa wll1 In 1848 wblle thOUltUld8
of lmmlaaIlta weJe wendiDa thaia wa w bullroup of
wos m-lDs in Seneca Fal18 New YOampk t to Ulausuat ~e
Women alsbts Movement eoluecl The bilozy f maftkiDcl
1s a blalolY of pealed injuri anel t1 011 he
pan of maD tewad waua havlDS 1D direct object tbe bullbulltab
1I3llllUllea 1 aft aaolute l)Zaamy u h
OUt of 1 expelA the matrix of poverles ad a eclfic of bullbullbulllvil 04 Je8poasibilltl
11 conaol0WlIl eveloped lbl 18 1101 t aay thaC all
VOIDeD Ihollb1 alike 1II41v14_1 elbullbullbullbullbullbullbAte and
Cesloaal lnfluen all olbut bullbullbe va d1ffereat
wOlDen lv them_lv aad their WOJlld 1
expelrleaee wbullbull bowbullbull cnteial CDpOllen-t When we
iIl the eoio_nbullbulls bullf an4 W_eD WIIo SUlecI aimlshy
11 0111 cultal 8IJd elasleac 0 per
eelbullbull dlaC1DCtdlffewencee
Vlctorrlan ldeololY aIl4 I-wadi-tioa relafolOed ~hbullbullbull
dlffece labullbullbullral 10 the y~lq of zue nhooel
wa the elief ella eDt pUlrlt) made hem IIlfi
Co paJttlclpaC la 1the male worl The 8001bullbull of mea va
pOllnyed a alDful aad 1nacCicm beCWeest me and women
oiteD became limited 0 Ih aecal) 10 iDeals tile
is Duol family32 The 8001al bullbullbullrbullbullbullbullioa of lbbullbullexe which
reeu1 -ebfocced Ihe diverleft duecloD8 in wh10b male
ampad le coalolOWtDebullbull developed I fostered the dev
l~eat of bull dlstinct let 1 female values ~tludbullbullbull
prioritie ~radl~10 souroe of uppo~ and fozms of
creatvlcy In tbls paper 1 am cal1ina ebls _pl st
of phetltlnena female cultUlre Redleus Che inamp of
Chis culture 1 a difficult tampk It iAvolvbullbull eXCIavaina
aDd aaalyalDgthe art wom producec33 the SOIl8 women
34 the edlcal wisdom Chey pe4 Oft Co each other35
altd the fosml of 80clAl btotion 1he developed 0tI
lpA1lee ia Cllla are t mammoth
-rtUs ppeI will deal liaurl1y lUb cenclouaJMa8
womenlI pereepulon8 of ttl1 eftd the 0001d ~ Cb_
thek val aDd Mllas- s expreaM irt fhetr cll_1 and
zoiAlc aecauae 80 little ia kaowrt about Che
varlowa fabullbullts of W_81t 8 culture my study of ccmscloWlaes
is prlm1clva lystv4yllls be diuSbullbull la tftlD of WhaC tbey
CaD tell us about the m1Ada of WafteD 10 the weward moveshy
meat 1 ~ to 8U81ea arebullbull whiob Deed 0 be 1 1ft
oriel co UDeampl1h tbe oVl1n of vGIIle ia Alneteentb oentUamp7
America
Ia alacusslag tbe tbat be Alory of women
has beelt ipoJed by 1he histOSleal profuloa Linda Gordon
mad eM 0110_ observation
16
bull bull bull the thiDa tbat bave WIlal1y bee eonaldued 10 COMl~ tblal aDd which v ue pc-bullbullbull 80 hud co oonfnm 0 peelbullbullly tb08 tpoundblDS8 _at ~uwe wcaea f the polltlcal Uella Allhoup tbe talll of femlftlDl~y UI cbaDaed 8iashyDllle_ely b DIM way_ 1ft oe 41aloa 11 ha remabed lb what ls _tala 8lmon aoCltbecleal 10 what is powul SiD WomeIl have had aelCh pll~leal D~ eoODGDle or mlllccry POW4W 8vlol81 ~Y elld DO~ make hlbullbullocy cd ob vieualy tbeY cr not iD he hlbullbull~ book 36
To tud7 dle h18t011 of woaea Chea we mus shlft
enee the pollelce of yaman 11 1e feen CODtlaed 11l
are eODIIlded lvlal b Uadileaal hlat_leal wltiDa
SiOjeo lOb as the pJepuauloll of food vbullbullbolDa CiDa
for Ibe obil4Jen aDd the alck bave bpuaed from Cbbull
bullbullla bod f 111t0amp101 lavellaaCloD U1cI dlaCWIaect 081y as
maIul aDd cuetems ltd of the 1 cOIleain
import JR8taht aboue Che 11 of VCIIIeIl My pap wt11
deel wtCh bull Dgd)eamp of ~be middotlvlal 1aue8
1 bav DOt bullbullt p 10 8petativ
_1 of WOlle IA the ud mtaletloa 1 14 vuked
wlh he available bullbull~cbullbullbull Chobullbull dlarie and ~lfteceaGbullbull
whlch bave ahe be publihed OJ oted lD publlsh
woka ea wh tmpubl1eh m8lluacqtip whiCh lacWed
til th OIreoll Hl~OJicl Soct Wom who woe dlulbullbull
bad bull etcbullbullta _OUllt of coDflcleace ill theb abllley to
exp thlv ift wrltlDs Ii 1UlldD8Jt 0middot th e whobullbull dlulbullbull 1 read a1809l0bullbull POdJ7 many 0111
ejoyed ualaa WOIrda In th waye th ue a particular
poup of women I uat a180 be 1000ed 1M1 1lO1 all dlul
17
end up 18 kiatacloal octtles
1 do AOl me this study to be ooaclualve 01 comp~
heDalve 11 1 meane to be 811Sbullbulltly 1 hav ezaalled Ih
avalleble bullbullteriel lD ~lbullbulllofthlp to the ooadlCioas of
female estsceaoe aDd the auleUlal mille of tbe pulod of
the weeWUCI _talraloa 1ft all attempt to find clt88 which Cd
be explored furlher with sa to ClltfeJeDObullbull wiUhia ~
f8llale COUllualty G19en that we bave 80 littl UDdadt1lamp
of f 1 aODsclousn aru cutee we need che8 elubullbull
before m aopblatlcated studies CaD be UDdU1akea
The maculal avallbl WJl1~n by wam_ Oft he ovushy
lnd jOUftleye lnclud itt aeldlloD co 4lul bull lus
II_bar of nmlnlac Wblle coacencn11na OIl the dlU1bullbullbull
1 have aot lpo-ed eeat08pectl perceptlou of the trlpbull
lIltceneften lDclude bull b~oad of lafOElD8lloD
sUCh bullbull dbullbull~lptlGa8 of what hapPeDed bel aDd afbullbull~ Uhe
trip bull - laclude4 la diaJlea Sue 1 int1ed 1a
waneAt a Zbullbullpol1bullbullbull 10 the joUftla ret-08pec11ve reeponsbullbull
ue tao Hlev Beeauae r_tnlc of plOD cepeshy
trlen oft have a CudeDay 0 coDfe to rlcual1aed
CCent wblch beeame popular 1ft he 1lDee 07 foUl deeadbullbull
fl1owlDS the ovclaad jOurmbullbull anel 11 0JtCl 10 take into
account tbe dlbullbullozrtloft wbleh occur elm 1 bave used
relftlbullbulleobullbull a_dully and have 01u1 lclea-clfled the
maCerial whloll oame fzoom them
Althouab 1 have 1884 80me otllbullbullbulld2ia1 1 bave
18
CODcentrad on darlbullbull from the yeus 1851185J lb
dealalOft 10 UhJ8 AUTO ~h focus of the bullbullsay ther than
covairl8 bull lOllS_ time period or a broader sroup of vomea
wae based OI my 4bullbullU to explore the pOns8 of ween Co
8~11 experiences Thla pp~och fellibullbullbullbull vbbullbull
Gene Wise 1a tsepoundampse Blat0slcal hPJeCicms 4efln8 a
1h task of hitorlcal scho1anhlp n bullbullbull Co seucb out
what i eonneded wl~h what and when aDd bow anti tluouah
wh~ foxma 38
Seva~al factoJ8 cont-l1tuted 0 my choice of tbe y
1851-1853 Th mtampratloas fJram 1843184 we_ smaller and
tbos of 1849 aDd 1850 were shaped by cn Gold RWIh mos
people welte h bullbullded fo~ California aDdbullbullbull Mnll Matte
pointe4 ~ The Gold au-h in iUs early at w l_ly
a male affair and thls L reflecte4 la the jOunlampla39 1D
1851 alhouah he 8lze of ehe WMtWu bO1lcI lmmilOD
d8CJaae4 the perc_tatS of OJreaon bOUDd immlsran1
1Daed~40
This situation 18 reflected lft the fad the the
luS nllftber of 411 by wom- available 1rl OresOD vbullbull
wriCten dulnl Ihe year 185118SJ
Thebullbull diutbullbull refl~ cea1ain explencu la common
such 8 the Cholewa epldeaic of 1852 and the vast number of
8Jraves aesultlas flem it t Which weamp-e pased by 1be
travel1ezs of 1853
Thla 88a offers the perapeetlve of a particular
I
middotaavA81~- peaou q t11-bullbull1ampr1P eIQ
qlftoaqa 8tQluaeafJlP q81bullbullbullauea1P H01lt 1a iu01D1l
oueDJJ1P f Nt bull~tU middotPOlad _ashy
aqa Iulznp _--_ 0 abullbullbull putt bull (a--JJ1P ea dlza 811
1u1~apun aoJ bullbullbull18Alaom bullbullOqA bullbulll~1bullbull1 0amp 0440
e) P11ftltl tnt -ta 01 uos_ro 01 lal_o ~-qa
-ue1lOA eaampqamp bullIe O~ dl~ eqa uo -deed JO dto~1
at
CHAma 11
BACUROUID or TBI MIGRATION to 01I00NI
Unetl 1843 tb Peoific lonhwbullbull1 Ibell JmGWft bullbull the IshyI I 11088 COURt t II va labablted by AmuiCaIl 1ll4leaa small
enotf Srilaquolab PCench Calladlaa aDd scaa fUl
tractmiddot mlbullbull10Dar1lbullbull and bull clay handful of lean
bullbullbullbull1
18 he 11 1840 a iIl_eat lD -wbullbullew 81IpfIft81cm
bull __eeI meaea__ in tdle UIlited s a_iDa to
8tl1tea1Cb Amari4ft alSa Oil the ea by -I-aiDa the
coloay of bullbullbullbull1
Illbullbulltaulbullbull ead at OOASEn --~---
besan to promobullbull the viun of tile west1 ~_pap aDd J
mlD auned a epate of alowbta POrta 0amp1 Ibe r w _1111_ by exp1J era4 albullbullioaarl aa4 11__018
-Qztesen e_lass weJ held to 4S8laquo218 Ibe pobullbulllbl1ltl of
bullbullbullbull1iAS Whe Pacific NorIbwbullbullt AllhOuab Ibe bill laroshy
duo by eaacow LiaD f-om MlBenIto occupY PampDt lancia
ertd d UDited Staee privl1 and law Co the OJresoll
cOUftIq--bad Ieoelved 80 cODpettaSoaal accton the publteI waed by 10 prcaoceJ8 of the Wes bullbull move lSo CAe
wcn lade ID ordC 10 pe-empl Briclab clatma 011 the
41
Jtuc t1m la ahe KUatbullbulllppl valley Gnated
21
recepUIe audience ~or 0-881 en~hualbullbull1U Alriculture bad
nev tully recovued from ~e pule of 1837 PJriQ for
farm products werbullbullepressed aDd inadeqMtca tlaDsportaCion
in many part of Cbe Midwet aasravated ~ dlfficul~ls
fac1q fum OztesOA leve- apt quickly duough the
tlolltler bullbullel_eDt of Ibe Middle Bu4_ Accorcllna to
8111lnsuOll It bull bull bull by 1840 not a fame or ahopkbullbullpeX 1D
the MibullbullIbullbulllppi vall but cac~ld 1D his mind a soldan bull
and l~sly fale plC~ lb Wll1am~ aDd Sacramento
val1aya tt42
Idwud LeDox in OYeJflp4 0 OpoundUM lD j 1843 bullbullulbbullbull
the fol1owiaa epeaeb by r bullbullbullr Butftt A lead of Cbe 1843
la~ampDt pU1y Which be haud 1a PlbullbullU 01ey Klbullbull~l
bull bull bull he told of the pea crop 01 which I_ wbullbull pobullbullible to amp1bullbull in OZesoD aDd 1Ctwed til 81ow1al the rich f Ih il aftd Ihe bullbullU~ctlOD of Cbe el~tJ aDd with a 11bullbull1 evlhkl 1D hi eye he 8ald -and Chey do sayt len-Ilft they do bullbully that out 1a OJesoa piss are IUlUllas about urad the Irut aoon _oUlld and bullbull aDd auely cooked wlCb kalv ampAd fodt atloklq 1ft ttl_ 10 tb you Call cu oft bull elloe wheaever you He hUl8sylI 43
SiDee p~8Vlllas i4eololY rationali the ta~loA
upoza lAdl lands by bullbullbull=il18 the auperiotlty of Ciutletlan
aaCuiaa clvl11zatioa Ihe fact thae 1bullbull viC Ill
lAduu bad ot be eoaceel did aot d DlDe-hUllfteci
people fraa kiDS OIl 1he fbst mabullbullie lmmlalation of
famili to Or_IOD 1ft 1843
EaCh Buccbullbullbulliv au the ft of immipanbullbullbullbullbull1aa
t
I
12
the ~omled 1aa4 lD the OJresoD oouatlY in 11CIOD
of Polk _0 1he estelDCY ill 1844 Ol aD expaaalODle Jroshy
1It- corael_lOll of bull tJty with Britaill lD 1846 SSvlns )t
the United Stat 811 lead aouthef the foaety-nLnCh pual1el
artd the aaalbullbulltlon of bull tenllozolal aoverraeDC in OJesOA
lD 1848 fUJCher ~tmulcecl the srowth f the westward
moveme~t44 Most of the OJeaen l)oUDd travel1__ wee bOZIl in the
Allaacic bullbullbullt bullbull but Md bullbullfurled in feDtiu abullbullelemeats In
the Mldwea tbe arbullbull whleh ha been called II bull bull bull the
uuelbl la which the populbullbull ioll of elle Paclftc NOXtbwbullbullbull
w molded45 thy Johaaen la A Worklaa Hypthbullbull18
t tb Study of K18~tlonbullbull used tb bull pcebl
to 881) ~h avbullbullS- tmml8~ 4eflD1Damp z-bullbulllMtCtable bullbullbull
bull ea tCioa f law aDd oft and ISh UJlil Se 109_ aad the r t t bullbull opposedto tbe CaCbolio falUh aDd bull bull bull basically A ltaD lIloality wtUh arapbaala upoa sobs-lecy 81Cl tbelle with eiel b he IlIdlmaabullbull of ecluca 11_ aDd 111 m lUlou of OGIIlPetence and bullbull1f bulliOleD- 46
lhe im111pan1a v bullbull mbullbullbull1 11 f maay of wham old
their land in OICI t~ outfit thembullbulllv for tbs trip 1
D0w 1b tlla did aGe have laquohe elabt bUll 10 twelve ~ J
IhOWland 40118 aecbullbulls to equip a as aecUZ1ld pae
with ob- paI11bullbull ia ~tUlll fer leU lab_ or a
of mOlle
The pleo1 aDbu of wome 1Il the Gv_land pulibullbull
ralDa a ma of conjetUH A COUDe of the ewed
-
oog eADlt -all po I U1tl30as amoe ampq 11 ~q bullbullbull aMA 41aa eqa uo SIl1-Jlfts 10 ale 4KU
6middotaol~ ebullbull pue 801 aoa qa 10 ~ttAU bullbull1 0 Dq8ltl bull PU1f alPbullbull -neto
aou Jo eaeA Jbullbullo sMU tampeu_r -fa 0 NU1taS1P elta
~1t oa bullJo- PUll oa ead-aa-a~aqr
89 middotaqa Iu1tt8Aha JO qa tIV tUfte eqa JO a 1 MIa (J1 paw bullbull111lt11bullbull04 113 lu1a bull z oa 1811_ JI18lta Aq paHldNa All8ft8ft ~A at lQoqe oq ealrA
oa ampTIaunOD uoabull1O eqa 0amp laabullbull J uolsutrclxe eqa ~J-1 qtInoQ8 2bullbull111 _a_ 0 bullbullotU
faao peaUl tl~)J laB
bullbull 1bullbull lqaloO a-qa pae (oq1fpt AOU sl a-
Ul) 11WH ~oi Camp qaaaas eqa bullbullA 4euanof MQ 0 Utcl
Pl1nt ella aetta -ll~a eqa bullbull1AP-03 petl- bull401
bullbullbullbullbullPlnSl aSOH middot41~a e1a Aq ptt-xd bullbull1ClOI ampuN eqa
qa t bullbullp 01 AOq 0 1JUOlllae epftI pta AeA -tta l1Iot
=-dKe oa - 10 Pi w I81111rJ eqa eA bull __t81Ila
Dlta ttq pan bulled pav tntOoq P1I1) bullsqauoa Mshy
Ol eA1J UDa aumor 8U middotU8XO pen ella J bullbull01
eqa till bullbullbullepa Ul aooJ go p811Abull q aq oa bullbullbullbull11a
J qoft)l bulluolaW1ap ~qa p8 Aeamof ella JlOJ bullbullbullt bullbull
__18 ampWd oa 48 qa pa-t(aW ~tlAaa eqa eabullbull
middotzftObullbull1W eaueue4epUl eaeq A-l -ll1D pmrtmOqa fHt
middotueJIPtllJ 80
n _meA ZZc~ I8lD 606 IMtplloo bull 1 Z8t q (1t1tbullbull~H
AO at) avaX ~aw uea lllIa ptIftOq
24
for example wrote It bull bull bull to tbObullbull who laver kruIw any life
other thea that of labor and hudhlp with iDenals mayhap
of real p~ivtloft the journey was Dot c~ibl nor in many
ca even lrklcmemiddot5O 1 will Dot attempt to make juclSeshy
menta about the _OUDt of ufferias Oft the trip It
suftle co ay that there were maay death amoq the lmmlshy
Bran putleSl most of which were lraCUlrec by sicknesbullbull
bull 8~aYbullbulled by inadequate diet52 and inelement weather 53
1
I 1
I I I
I I
Ne-VADA
bull
N0 f61 A ~()NiANA
C) VA ~b-rA wItgt MIN ampshy
UTAH LO pound-oR A) 0
R0 Ts 0 F fE 1 rtt s-RAN~ F~e~ 0 0 o~e()~ T1itA ~
-
b~ WI1ER Mef(tut ppso Sl V1
CHAPTER 111
OREGON rEVER A MALlE DISEASE
Today we etarte4 acrobullbull the dreary plaine Sad He the ChO18h~ that atel OVeJ 1he flec1inS m1nd 1 am 1bullbullvill8 my home my euly friClda an4 aociabullbullbull aevft to bullbullbull them asaln acent1811slDa the dSit1Uted 80licitude ot fond f-lead for ~h cold add~ympaUbtie friendshlp of 8tranlera Shall we all tech the 11 J)erado of o hopbullbull or shalt orae of O~ Dumber be lefe aftd 0 v be In the dXeUY wlldna ~ bodi UIlcoffineO nd UDkaown sr_in ttl 1ft solitude Bud iDeSad that hbullbullZt be Chat do fto1 op a C bullbull thee
1hoUSbta 1011 auobullbull the mud 54
When E1Siabelaquoh Goltre who woee thi dluy eAtry as
she was lavlD for Or_Son from Kana bullbull 1 18S3 apeaks of
Che sac tbouahta that Ceal evemiddot dle reflectlaa miDcl abe 1
very peclflc and detailed When she apeaks of tile dbullbulltlshy
nal10B of ~bullbullravliera he 1 abatract and eveo s11lhtly
CSlle the ocr conveys bull k1Dd of skeptical dlatallce
from ~e dr which aclaquolvaced the Heward mewemeDt
This tOIle Sa echoed ill many wom s 111 diari It j
111U8~Jtbullbull what Chaz-ibullbull Moorbullbull 1amp plODe of 1852 commeDted
Oil ill ttl addrbullbullbull co the 0I8SOD plon Abullbulloclation iA 1904
when he bullbullserted that middotPOI the aVeI4bullbull wcaiaa there w an
uCUer laok of 1I1ceratlve Ie was a forcecl and chbullbullrlbullbullbull
march 0 ~h ~led ham on tbe frontier ef 01v111 bull
lonSS
Aa Davld Potter lusbullbullsted lD hi artiole uAmuioall
27
Women and the Am_toaft Chuaccu the promtsed land toWucb
whlch ~h plon were beadlDa wa not a laDd of opportushy
nity far womea
bull bull bull for American women 8 lDdlvlcl1ampls oppOJtushyll~) belu pCty much where the flroatlft 1f ott For epportuaity lay 1D aoobullbullbull uo lndepeaclenl _ployshymeAt aDd Cbe esaploymen1uI of the fJtonU1 we aot prlmatlly acceBalble co wGIJle 56
Moet GIlen were embadclDa on bull journey full of zrlsks
and uneercalDlles n01 in the 10pel of fulfll11ng their
dreams buC e lllueCbullbullted by he fol1owlAa lecbullbull~ in tbe
NtlOfl lldSlllaea iD 1843 a aecoll c theizshy
huabanct
You of the old ata cannot cea4l1y Goacelve tbe evet7-day 0 of bWlln aD old bullbulluelc makes of bullbull11lns hi lmpltOYaaeca bltohiaa the h 10 tbe biS waaon and with hi wife and chlldcea wiDe aDd cI1bullbull pobullbull aDd kdtl ampQd household aoolaquoh atutua a joUbullbull of bundred of mllbullbull co flod and raa1t new bcabullbull 37
Yet Chbullbullbull accbullbullbullort had hoUSh~ and f bullbullllDSS of
their OWD Alcma8tde Ube Oreaon reve COJUJl0U8Dbullbullbullbullbull
expansionist liHUle8bullbullbulle1tlas auoebullbullbull aa4 advenlCe-
ex1atect the a1aClOW1lle of WCIIIKHl Frem WQDelIt d1u1e8
hldden between desclptlon8 of 8CD~ and eveats am~a a
aet of value belief end f bullbullliDbullbull bOJrD of female exper1shy
ce
When ahe wro1te the fol1owifta dtu) 1Iry Marla
Belabaw puC) had urived la oreSOll was look1AS fOJr
land Oft aleh to sett1e
28
1 ChOUlht Salem and Albany ~pbullbullbulledal1 the towns 01 Creson - 1 l1 Maury_ville we haY ~ mOll bea~lful 11111s on the JlshC wlth Geeioshy11y the bxoaneh of a loae rl~ blddlns WI welshycame to their home where (paIl4ewr aa4 bauty are dlsplyed by the God of Nature-bUC yet our mud aJre not bullbullClsfled they meditae OR p pleashy80 bull thell tmaatne tho 118U bey eajoy if tlley can flad better la1ld llQDU bloa- are 80 coa8t111Ilted that they ue ever pbullbullplna a~ GIIleshythlaS ahead 8
Al1houah ~la ~ltbullbull of amphuman be1n8a ahe makbullbull i~
clear ~hat it 1 Dot she who wib to keep loinS_ She does
Doe lcS8Iltify wiCh the reb tor pfo~ land 8u OWA
yaift8 hel own deetc flto a f 8C11ldhlD8 abead
ue burled W doat know tbt form they would cake if they
had a cbaaee to grow
Similar alienation fram the aplrtt of bullbulloptapbia
mobility wbullbull explrebullbullad by Asne Stew~ who oelebla1ed ber
twenty- I$ec bU1bdy Oil the OJflIOft Car11
Pbullbullbullect the rave of bull young maD juat twenUy ODe ya~ of as Startina with 811 Che p~id of h18 beut thlnklDa DO doubt of weal1h aa4 plbullbullbull_e who he pod the wealCh that ChoUllaDds had dane bfo~ hila but left with all hi wild ambishytloDS to wand_ away Oft the plalns Pecbapa _OIl_ wamantlc Dation filled hi h bfore he ~are4 Such chlDss happen to peple S9
btauleam tor Ihe trip eo what Hr8 Corella Sharp
called the far otf aDd much talked about plalns of
Oreaora-60 is rue in women diaztis Yea hbeec Ketchum
who travelled without ilK family evlclencly Oft her OWD
initiative write r a1 do not Chlnk it such a wendful
China to come to Orson but 1 am Dot Chue yet bullbull61
29
It seems fairly clear that when wiv aft4 hUlbands
came tosethw Ihe ecleloll co com_ to OIOD was a4e with
little cd WOIDeD f bullbull1111g The fol1owifta l4tmlDla
oene illuae~c the relucuanu aceesloB to the will of
theiJ huabands tbac chuaCCerlzed 80 lUlIly women parelelshy
pacloft in ~e trip
It ta vivid in my memory of how my felle john Tuck_ Seot vlth much of the ploner p1r1t in his blood became 80 latex-bullbullCed about thls news of the wbullbullC and the pobullbullibillibullbull of acqulwlnl 181ld and a onanee for his ampEowlDa femily llhat he clec14ed Co 80 W My mother did 10 oppose h~ She va not phyeleal1y stroDl1 bad the ca~ of bull lU8- famll She tried to put clOWft be fears tor _he prilo~ under_aklns and h~ he vas to~n with the thouahC ef leavlq beblAd h fath_ and rao1dler maftY loved rla~loD and bame bullbullbulloclcloDS bull bull bull bull Her healCh a Iot very 800d and abe bad ebeads ampAd teus but hoped he woulet l1ve to see to CreSon 62
CHAPrEB IV
HE POLITICS or EVERYDAY LIFE
Patterns of decision mAkiDs aloftS en ~11 varled
amofts he wbullbullcWUfJ bound aUa~8Il In same wason IItba
~h a_pcin mebullbull moe of the ecisiona Whil otb~ were
more deraoe~tlc On t~ ext end of the speetzo1lD Wbullbull
aebecca IlteCohm 8 party led by the adholitUian William
Gray 1ft _hi cae it wa clbullbull~ that oc~ect bo~b mal
and tale ahua4 (pfthapa LD aD eYeD m exCrbullbull vloa)
aebeeea stlm_ when she Iecorded f bullbulllina herbullbulllf to be 1
It bull bull bull io the pow of cbe mos anltrlll aftd beitl mIlD ~ I
I eve bullbullwbullbull63 While 1bullbullbull ouu~aadiDs than lb attitude I
I
tewucla (Jray Ib az- ill diaribullbull asci --lalacue about
other ~lbullbullbullbullllUltions to the powe of the l d tWhea
1 think of the iaaoJuce aad abiilesIDe of our lead It
JleQal1a Matoy Elisabeth WUTea -I wonel_ hat we ever lot
thbullbullmiddot64 lA Apbullbull Stewart 8 party the Will of o1h
prevailed ovu ~h~ of the leade at oae point after which
he refused to lead
Ia most diaribullbull Cher are refreacea 10 amprOUP eleclloas
The axeet of wOlDen 8 prClelp~io1 in the declaloD makina
p~oce 1 difficult ~o ec~tiD One of the ampblf reaon
for tbi diffioulty is (be cofueina (and revbullbulllina) ue of
31
prollouns in wCItlen diuies When -weu 18 _ad iJa eoftshy
nection with aD e~iOD 1~ 18 Dot alwaye elbullbull~ who 1n fact
was tbe pe~8o O~ persofts responsible for the C~lOD
El1bbullbullh Qol~ tor example used wen CbJouahout hel
__ire 41bull exeapC ill oae lDtaac whea ahe c~ibed a
hOI bull PJ1IlIs they pabullbulle4 8Ild ~pOJ-ted II bull bull bull caaaoC hold my
bead lA Ibe wacer teD econCls 65
Ulleet4 officer toalght- r a dlarV etry of
Cecilia M~111eD Slnee ~oman did aoc p~tllpte in ateeshy
t~l activity any plaee else in ~h URi_ad Statbullbull it bullbullems
onable to 888 tmat the 81eetlOlll of eke wqon rain
leaderhlp would ala exclad womeD he fact tba~ Cecilia
when refeZiDI Co the above elections did not meDtloD who
wbullbull electec1 nor wha her own feel1Dampa about the election
bullbull ia further indicaloa that she dld DOC partlQlpa~bullbull
WhY 1a thla dld ahe Dot ay MUbey elected offlcers-
eMilia 8 0 save space may pU1Clal1y explaill hee
loa ot pl1Ofto Her deolaloll to 1e this partlculat
PEOftoun OUC howev do ladlec thaI ell did Rot GODeldashy
it 81snlflOaAt Sbe evlderampt17 had DO expectatlOD of vamen
paJlclat1na SA Ibe election of offic 8Il4 1hufo it
wa evldeat 10 hu 1haC -lactecl officKS meaD they
elected offlc~bullbullbull
For tbe above tbullbullbullOftS entllbullbull l1ke ttle fol1owlDg are
lDcoDclusive e held bull coUftcll aDd itt vas aSZeect to
leae YOWl Haf wiUh the can-laS8 aDd Mr HUlft8 8Dd I eo
32
80 OJ aDd eihe end for 1t or MI Haaaa to ccme himbullbulllf ill 67
the COUJS of the we bull bull bull bull It
One lDatance of women s a SZoup lD11ueaciaa bull decision
tmiddot reeoried by Geoqe Belshaw in labUla why hls puty
~ampy cw at a catDpsite Oil dy lb womea ruled ampIld
would 1al8
luI whll Ibe cluJl leave WI IUbullbullbulliDa abouc the
extnt of WOOlen partlolpaeSoD la dacul makiDa Cbe pershy
vbullbulllve pplbullbull~l ud araxiety whlch they expZ comshy
mUfti thU f bullbullliDa- of pow_l rJOJD Chi we ean
deduce Chat wha1evu wa __bull did partlclpa1e va insuffi shy
cient co re1l ~ payehololY of 1888bullbullbullbull
Ptdl off yOUZ coat roll up yo sleevs Por J_d is a haid x-oad eo ~vel 1 belleve
hi 80Bl excbullbullbullc jotad down lA the dlaJ7 of
Eaoeh Oemy a yoUlll IUD ~1vl11Da wltb hla relbullbulli
expr aD each_taam for 11 ohal1eas of the trip whleh
is ualfcnmly mlslDa fl_ womea 411ee lnatea4 ve flAd
ecnureDt amdeCY and preocclPaClora wlUh death70 Ie wbullbull
women who amplociad he 11= 810_ ttl way aad GonsiIently
lepol1 death 4Ilci lila OIl the tlataa Suah Conebull
bull plOD of 1851 COUlleeI every sinal Srave whlch she
P fUld teO~ed them every bullbully_ Wbea ahe doeDe
au es abe oplaiDa ia het diaJY tha Ihey would
plobabl ee m if the we_t camp-avel1laa on laquohe tlsshy
otCem It makbullbull it se very 8loamy ~o us to 0 maay
33
01 1he emlp8ftC8 burled OIl the plelnabullbullbull71 lamarked Cecill
Me MilleD Adens MIre Lodll Friael ell 10_ ~o Call
fO1l1a ill 182 rem_ded when halt-way co middothe destination
that the j01Aftey atire ~ soul She weat ~ to ay
Tlae this jOlllnley i tiome no Oft w111 doub~t ehat ie ta -ii_us the deaths of man will t bullbullbull tify aIld ttl heut has a ~oWlaDd mlalvtaaa ampIld _be mlad 18 toarC1Ited with AXlev- ampDd efeeD a 1 pbullbullbulled _be -fJt8Sbly 81amp 1 have 11ed at 1le alde bouda of the vasOA aot kIlwta1 how aOOD 1t mllbt serve bullbull the coffin for 80me one of U8 uc _aaka 101 the klAd bullbullri of PrevIA We -wen ravo co ~ _e- oUlus 72
A e-onS i_eat of the 84118 of appebensioD which
womenmiddot diaries esp_ea is the bullbullliDa of hiplbullbullbullnbullbullbullbull
WomeD bullbull11 Cbtmselvbullbull ~o be clependtmt Oft chance P~ovi4eJlct
ud the wladora of their lead A8 peJticipaDC8 in bull
veaCUIe d bullbull1SD and led by eft they bad 111118 0- DO conshy
trol oyer the mea) facton which mlahC cktlne whether
tbey lived 0 died VOIR crall dlalee 11118tbullbull8 in an
2 fOlm bull fact of female experleDCe bo1h clay and
oday 11 aAd UftcertaiDUy lata to bed
~eDD1l anxiety
Woran 41ao bad physical po1Jl to deal with Cban
the- were _ 18 bab1 bon on Che pia1ft 8114 lrl
~ 1IOtIJIltaiDa The voa 1rat would atop fo the UlOUlt of
time 1t took foe baby co be delivered and thea recommooe
tbe jOfl1mey oveJl the uaeve plcted read Amelia KIllIhC
who eport hlf cODtlDua11y slolt durlaa tbe f1ret six
lDoatJu of the joume) 4bullbullibed henelt sickmiddot 8BalD OIl
34
~ob~ 17 aA few day 1 8he w01e my ipCb child
wbullbull bcwa Aft this we picked up aad fenled aubullbullbull the
Columbia River utililaa kif caDoae and flbullbullboa~ Co set 13
e6amp takiDs cazbullbull days 10 complbull Bue even fOJ
WOIDeft Who did DO dellv OIl the hall the erlp vaa of
physically painful 1a mldalDeteenth cent~ AB~l~bullbull
1 nampben of wana suffen fZGm loua yelflec
femal middot11m fOJ yenhieb thel W ODe DO Mcnm cur OODllDOIl lllnbullbullbullbullbullbull bull parolpale ut_i ft bull fallen WGIIb DOW
thouabC to be ea by the eombiaatloll ef ueelve elllld
buCh aacI Uaalag physical labor Prolapalea vbullbull often very
alfttul and Haule ill IUD) V_ elal ooallAual1y uashy
bullbull114 Llf in che fontl~ communitlee of the Midwest
from whlch y ezeaOD bound weeD oame aapaybullbulled womell
phylol difficultibullbullbull
The troni grayuds ahow how hard the ely l1f va 011 women of the family The patllaampCb laid to e 1a hI family cract bbullbulllde lNO thl foUl wivbullbull vao bacI prreceedecl bim 1 mlCb more COftlDOD han the hardy WGIaaD who weshyllvecl bu husband 75
Alraoat all tbe _OIlea diaries ftJpftt their author
sick at least Oftbullbull and 1811111) morr durifta the ~J1p Sick
a usual 8 read Aanes Stawe diar bullbulltry of May 21
WeakeAed by l11a ebildbUtb eDd hud vork emaa
were mo 8WJcible Co the il1n of tbe plains Wb
moat pltwalellU of which wbullbull chotaa Mn leo_C whobullbull
dr ancI feu8 w~ 1Il8l11ODed li in _hie pap_ waa
35
thetaohel of l1fta chl14Jert whn she Cartee Oft the jOUlftey
boplDs to reach OreA0ft B~ daUlhCeZ Han-iet Scott Palmu
wiCe
Fate willed it oChetWi an4 betna f~ll aDd weary with tbe lOllS journey ahe fell victim to 1be choshy1 80 prevlent thae yea OD the pllas t 1viD8 ller 8onowlDa family to ariva for hu 76
rear of ebando__- aupaated vomea 8 anxl~ dwlDl
the Cc-ip TIl coneradictlons of family l11e 1n tbe ovulend
joana- are painfully Il1uatJampted by the 11gbC of widowa
Oft flads fJtequeaC s-eferenee is dlaribullbull Co womeD and chilshy
ft8D tnravel11q elone 08 tbe tratl Baocll Conyer di
Olrt pbullbullbull1q a OIlaft who had t he hubaDCS Oil the
plaiAbullbull
Sbe bad f or flve 111amp1 belp1e ab1lueD to cuu tor All the -of her a_pan had 80De oaleavlfts h~ aloae wlth her C~ bullbull seC over the mounla the best IIhe could She haeS tbnte yolk of a1tl to h~ walOft Wheae overtook her she va drlvlbullbull wood wedl betwnft Ihe tl1ows and CiJfe of the _SOD vbbullbulli Mr luras offhe laeS7 h1 lc The wheel f the wasoa bad ~ 80 muob that it requlbullbulld wooden weda thre qWlamptera of and inch thlck RiVeD arouad the whbullbulll eo keep tbe tire Oil aDd tbeD hu waa no bullbullaushy~anee of 11 1bullbullbulliDS UIIcil el1e 80 clowa the f irat hl11 Aft the wheel was rpaire4 14 lUCIle offered Co d-lve tb t and help he dOWll tb mOUltbullbulllA bUC be vU7 klDclly deliDed the off p1cked up her whip lave it a wilbtl and bull ft40k aDd Uuted down tbe mOUlltaln We did aot or heaE aD]J1d1lDI 1ft of her tte l viaS a 8111111t 71
It is DO~ clear Why the ~at of the pazty left this
wOIDan to travel with foC 01 flve chlldrera aaOft aftd
cattl OIl a journey which maa vere afid Co make alone on
horaback 78 remapa b huabead had secured pabullbullase with a
36
wason ~Ut ira exctulDle fo~ hi labol aD4 flu hi death his
wll and chllcben were reSect bullbullbull ~eD 10 the reat of
the company Conyers explaina ic with the fol1ow1aa wy
cOIIleats -But such U life OIl the plaine Sere 11 is
everyone to himbullbulllf cd devil take tbe hUldmbullbullt 79 A~ any
rate tt wa not an tmusual oecurreDce 011bullbull1 Qoldsmltb
~eoJded the followiDa aCeDe Oft Ihe tz-all la 1849
w saw a WCDan Oft her ka weeplDa aDd YiDs tbsee YO-8 children wu with h- each baYlna oni ok laquo paek a iuS- it could eGBfGStabl caJTY The pack wele made of ahlzt8 Che law paSt tled into bebullbullhap witb bullbullbullbulliDs CAe 1cuclna it 0 ~ little b~ bodyw saw IliaC ODe dlllcl v too small to travel vel) fast aad valt4Id for them co came laIo ehe aroad vb_ we ~ol he VOIIlaD we would keep with lle till w met a vaSOll OC aemeobullbull Who could bel hezt 80
tbe lJr-ooy of the pl1pC of w140W8 1e r1klns lD the
eODtexe of the ~iampld role dtetaction Wbich 8haped waoD
t ta life 1a one f 1be aulclbook whlch 018108 travell_
ad one fled ehe 101101118 admoAltioa
Howr much help your wlv aD4 daUShU haVe beeD to you at belle they can do buc lltcl fOJ you ben -- hftdlRB acook tuouah eltbu dew dust or ala bl8ampklna bweb avllllllDs lvep bullbulltacklDa s-lbullbull1y bear O~ bullbullvabullbull lDdlane 18 811 out of thelr lifte of tn1ft All tl187 Call do is bullbull cook foampshycamp 10 etccet noE n laquo1ey have any w~lft8 apparel oh~ than tbelr GCd1ney clothlft8 bullbull bome 81
Whtm worn_ ~r with en 011 the waso 1a8 t the
1b~ Was amp8ftl1y dlvided in aooor4ance with he ideabull
eel ill tbe Suldebooka J but aloa wcaM diet all 10bullbull
Chaaa which they veZe al1esedly iDepole of dolDS with
37
~pwebullbulllve reaouccefu11ne8
lb expbullbullletlce of womaa with depeftdenl chlldreIl Who
arrived in 1he paroai land a widow va often qul18
grim rol1owiaa is aD etcerpt fa-om cae dluy of Elizabeth
Dizon Saleh aec 0bullbull of ella few VOla_ wlllh ehlldrea to
nic a eliary
Today we b-led Y bullbull~tbly COIftpaaioa Now 1 kftow what none but wldows knowl that 18 bow claquonfoJ11es ia Cbat of bull wid 11f puli Wbea left 1ft a CraDle lud without m08 or f iends aAd the C~ of en ebl14rea Cloudy 82
Mara Smlt=h l1ved abullbull wtow 011 a fam with ber chlltk
one yar aad fowr mohe dUEiDa wb1eh time she deBes-lbbullbull
hereif in bull letter as havlDa beeome pOOl a bull snake She
thea maled Joseph G hav1D8 IhOUShC p-n 1 had
bter try mp fortune aaain-83
ODe of be aetcecerbullbull in the auldboOkmiddots list of
women chorebullbullIUI the cue of chl1cbea If laquohe jOUftley vaa
pelloua for adults who had some 881l8e of how avoid
daDSer it was much m 80 tor childrea Chlldren
t~aylas oue of the BlSh of clules oould be blutan by
rattlbullbullDake JrU over y waaoas 10 iD the wlft CwmiDa
i828 Tbe cODIItant atebfulne whlcb w eq~ of
metbeca intensified their anxiety an4 stralfted Ubelr
OU1Cebullbull
~ In Helter Davis- reminiscence sbe dbullbullcribed the
~o11~ iDcldent WbJch oecna-reel while t~aYl1lD8 a10as the
SDelta rive 111 Idaho under lb UArtmlttlDa SUD
38
be eblldZ arled ud bled fOX waC and be 80 famisheel and slek ~C ubebr -sues bURg from their lIloutha and the came dyiaS But we had to jOUlney Oil Ctur0l8b it all to rach wacu whleh w dld Bot until 0181 Thatw the most cenlbl put of ~ jOU1ZQeJ CUI ___ ey b 80 palaful that Chey hael to be baDdaseel and ther were scucely any of us who who could bullbullbull 10 do any1b1DI_ The ehll4xen who could be eared for recovered but sla_ Masy who ob11 10 cook aad ampJre fOJl child became bllad aDd z-alAed 80 for even ears 84
CHAPTER V
fBKALE CULTUIIs VALUES AD SOURCES or SUPPORT
Towa~d8 the beSlanlna of Cecilia Mo Klllensdiary one
find the fol1ow1ftg poem
WhaCmiddot 110 awee So bautiful OD Earch and Oh 80 tHe bullbull kllldZed love aDd feaily t8pobullbull
1be busy world W1Uk all the t~ of llf 1e8 WOft co 011 plbullbullbull_ bullbull same And sora em CCIIIIlUC oct ambition ileaC And 1t oa happinbullbullbullbull while each one lovbullbull ODe l1tle 8pO~ 111 wlliCh his btH-rt uafot~ W1Ch naUure 8 holleet feelinss em t spot And calls It IH If so~row 5 ilt thu 11 _ thar~lB8fty bo aad bull emile
Liab up In ey around laquo kiJlthted salle Aad if dl lnllruclea the suffueyen flltd OJl ~ breat beloved 85
While this po- may lack l1tbull merlC Ie ch
~b_ JeO~C in om II rlud dlari preoccupation
with bome 01 for _ lict1 home ~o call my OWD lamenca
Vellfta W111i_86
It we examlDe thla Cham 1D the context of lb
realit of vameats liv la the mldIl1AeC century It
bullbullbullumes bull deeper a i aniflCampQCe ~ban the maudlln DolSla
yenhieh 1t PP to e a1 firbullbull slanc Home wbullbull exteashy
alvaly alo~lfied 1ft nineteenth ceatury Amerlean oultuce bullbull
exemplified by the followlrla exeCp from Wtpa ampP -IElca
40
by Mc-- A J Gravebullbull
Home 1f we may 80 speak is the 41 of the llDU aoe it 1 hu_ the hlDaa cluubullbullC is bullbullbulllofted eitheJ foe 100el or for evll It ie the -urra of the poundI1amp man and of the lAdylAa plrl~ and woman i8 the Dutse aDd the educacOC OVa lDfaaoey l1Ile ha almobullbull ualimied away and lD ma1uawer years she rna powfu11y eouatftact the evll lafluenoes of the world by Ibe lallSllWl of ber atJons a-las love by hu clevoednbullbull to thobullbull iDted to ber chaq- and by tbobullbull l os of l2Cwt and of vladora whlch ale DOC of tile ld 87
Haa was the oilly place lD whlch WCXleIl tel JpeeCed
A11d 11 was he only place ia whleh Chey had aD pOWU
VGIIlen po thea utle eq188 iRto thei hombullbull aDd
famill OIIaClas beautiful thillS with which to decoraCe
their house tavlDg Dew wat 0 eook flDg oelellbullbull
u vblch to eStCUS8 ~b cue of ehlid~middotmiddot
When MaJru Belshaw 1 on psslng thrtouah
attaraaclve pan of Che countryeide It ctu1te plesanl shy
still slve me tbe home 1 left ta Ube sate of lnd1aAabullbull bullS8
1t 1e nol lJadlaDa ~ieh she s refettiDg t 80 mueh as hame
and oOlllBU81ty What ceuuauDlty m foJ women wee pliaarll
the bullbullbulloclbullbullloa wleh other ve thbullbulloctal l1f cenCered I
uound C1t=eh and vli~lDamp 1ft which weineD shared experience
and w1a4om WcaL-l anz4mpte4 to eareCe nls seas of
cOIDIIlUDlq OA _he =all uDultas the dby~ l ~eeclled
Hn Haaft
w wcaen folk visited frem waaoll CO VOD _ cODSeJllal f lend speae an 110 walklq ever wbullbullbullbull WH_ an4 te1klna over home life back lD be etabullbull bullbull11laS of ehe loved onbullbull 1ftbebUd
-
41
voielag out hopbullbull for the lre lD lb far wet ea4 e9eft Wbip~lng a ll~tl friendly IObullbulllp of loa life Hip w Dol populu but tattlna kaiwtlaa 0 roehetina excharlallls receipC fo~ eOOltlng beaaa ox- dEied apple ewapplDa food for the sake of arldy kept WI lD pactio of faalnlae occupations 84 diveraloaa 89
GA_ atahtmiddot Jr__bere4 Mary Wattert
the voraaD would ale aroUD4 the fire aIld vult whlle Cbe men would take the oxea to crbullbullbull aDd vater As 80011 a be fue was bil eaouah ~o fUftllah cl all the women would steam up their clay pip Everyone smoked Ibeaand ~he tobacco wa OUI ova homa arowa btltftd 90
But whlle womea remlnlctmcea recall Cbe 81iampCcful
pects of 80laquou1 life ~h diari more ofteA Iecord the
loae11ne of wena who left clo friends behlDd In aD
aS8 wlUbouU telephonebullbull htshways aDd airplanea c108
depended on seopaphlcal proxial~y Tbe ~ltlofthlp whlcb
women bad developed in the 811atl fumiDs eommUD1lea flam
which they came war tellDlDated by the 11p weet The
flaaliCy of lpar~lOft from friend became m~ of bull r bullbullllcy
each day on the ~rall III faequeat exprsolUJ of 111
ovu the friendhlps they lft behind WOIBeA communiaU a
pJ1ofound 8eD bullbull of 10 lOBelIAbullbullbull and dlaorleacatloa
lb fol1owiDS po_ fZagmut wbullbull the fint diU) entry
~lttea by Asnes Stewart
T HuUba
(Il f iead 1 am lODe forever 1 CaDIlot bullbullbull you DOW
the damp come to my brow thou wert my flrs~ aDd only friend the
beut bbullbullbull tr Chou
42
YeU 1ft the ahadbullbull of ~oultled 8~bullbullp my miDd Call bullbullbull you now
And many a elme 1 shut my eye and look iato Che past
Ail theft 1 think how different our faCes ta l1f were casl
1 tbiDk how of~ we saC and played Upoa some mobullbull) stOlle How we would aet and do wileD we were
blamp luls poweADd ve would alway 11ve 80 Rear That 1 could alway come Co you ADd you would come Co bullbull and Chla we
would alway do Wheft sicknebullbull cam_ ill feveed brow aad 91
burnlDs thcOl8b bullbullbull velD bull bull
At tbis poiAt Agn bullbull po atopa but her mud s-turA8
to Ma~ oontinually t~ouahout ~ trip
Ol Kaa-tba my heart ybullbullns for you my GIlly friend aDd would tbae 1 could bullbullbull you ftOW 1 euld DOC uk fo~ maD) a day -- and 1 heI built bullbullIf OD lb lete Chat 1 eheu14 ael aDd you would come to 0I810a Bu~ this I pbullbullbull eel lIluaC aubmlc c Providence but ob my fried Chou 1 4 Co me bullbullbull 1 bOW I Call IleVU ojoy thepi of CGIIIlUlliaa with you aala Yee lbowra fol tile 10bullbull 0 oae 1 ean evu bullbullbull asala OR eawth Yet Cop palDful 1amp-1bullbull fo~ 1 eUUlo1 help 11 92
BoUb AID aAd Maweh were aU ~l point unmarried aad
thetz n14tcm8hip wae a good deal ore lD1 tban the
frletldshlpfl of murled womert Rebecca KeUch_ Goth_
UDas-led VQ1laD a18 expamp-ebullbulled a 80od deal of lonelin
and need for frieda I wonder he says if 1 shall
bave 800d friends ill OresOft 1 don c 1098 maay ill tht
company v~ much ft93 Travel1lns in bull caapany beet by
conetaftt iDlerpU8bullbullbull1 loabullbull Ae1tecca often flt alO1le aad
uneued fOJr While she manaad co maintalA hezt sealty
43
reauukab1y well by ~iDiftl neuCral 1ft 1108 aamp-8l1Denta aDd
confl4lDs her fellAs 10 her joUftlal vbea she w sick bullbull
le ~h followlDs Cry ahe felt partlculbullbullly 10111 ROb
how 1 ~bOtampht of Cya1hla aad her d Koth If Chey bad
been with e 1 dora believe 1 would have at th all thac 94
tlme wlChou a w of care OJ aympaChft
But marJled WaD too exprbullbullbulla4 a Deed for friendbullbull
Dbullbullpibullbull 1nJUftotloaa sUCh a the fol1owlaa by William Alcott
bull bull bull bull if bull ~ld 1ady has a bbullbullaa friend aU all bull bull bull it
hould be her busbarad 95 wamenlS ralClonhips wlUh thelr
hWlballde v~ ofteft quite fOJlUampl While women leaer4ed
their ftuabanda a pJoteclon and previ aad sometimes 8
friend they ed to pea littl lafoanal tlme tosether
and alway Jefened to tbem bullbull ~~ Whil Ib are many
refereac lD the diu-l of woman expl~laa _he 8JOUIldiDa
countryside wiCh each oCher tben ue Gilly ODe or 1IWo
lacane Jecoried of womeD dolaa bullbull with thetr husbands
How ad and ear)tmiddot cGameated Mula aelshaw s she
bullbull oft c~obullbull the plaiDa When w behold for the 1bullbull
ella pehap on earth frtftde we have put 80 fDaDy happy
hotlls with96 Later ahe woebullbull
OUI company divlded thla momiaa el81- 88olUl iIa eaell company bull buc th war too IIampDY cap~in0 trhat dlvided the company It makbullbull me feel vesy lonely fOX 411 of my frieda but bull buaband 41 are la eIlaCh CCDpany or tho Iha~ 1 claim amps true aDd boa onbullbull Chat az-e D by the ti of D8he 97
44
b kiftda of cbouaJta would oft_ come to vomell Oil
the Sabbath a day Oft wbich thew 8om~lm mOire time
f OJ raflecion aael an whlob remiJlded them of the oommu-
aitibullbull Chey left lJehlacS OIle Sabbath walas Mrbullbull H4IUlA
the wife of bull r-ebylaquoerlamp1l miDiater Vlrote the fel1awlng
11ftbullbullbull
This ta a beautiful monlnl I th~ of hame and 11 do ODbullbull thee each day 1 am l_tiDs fuUi1U Iom thea 1 f bullbulll bull s das 8eal over IDe at 1m vb_ 1 tblDk tba1 I ahal1 th_ 80 moZ Oll bullbullJ1h laue it is all for Ibe b it 1 bet for me ~ha Ill) factio sbould bbullbullore twmed from earth at that 1 eou14 bullbullt tehem more OD thuS heavenly and divine 98
Since tbe wasoD trains were led by Men le is
difficult to MOW what WClDfIIl pliiClbullbull w on the eelp
tta dlut waniDiceDcee do irlcll ehaU they we~
dlffRe flOID thbullbullbull of mea Worna seemed to wanl to op
aad ree ore oft811--t0 clad bake bullbullh allow ahe 1ok to
rectpubullbulle and observe the SabbaUb A fast pace wa d
11~bullbullbullaamp7 because Ift 1be loda of laq westward misraleD
the apr bullbullbull eaea away by tJae herds of ca11e aDd ~a~
COlD miahC flad tbauelvbullbull without ~od fe thl~ mala
Anivlas at thetamp dutiDatloa befoe the 00141 wether et iD
wbullbull 8ft adl~lOAal impe~ua OJ lItoviraa a quil middotas possible
But wamen dld nol bave reapo8iblllty f lea41na Che vaaon
1uralas co Cleu dt1aatloa They 41d however fel
r bullbullpoaalble for kbullbullpinl tbet famlllbullbull at healthy ud
well fed and thbullbullbull 1018 of~ft conflicted wltb Ub goal of
45
movlDa quickly 8 lCath ir1 BaWl in a J8DlDlICeDoe of
the CallfomlOr88oA ~1ral1 lD 1849 aa4e tile fol1owlaa
obtleJVaClon about the effeeU of wamen and chlldrea on the
wason urains
OUr caravaa had a good many wom a1d chlluen aDd althoUSh W 818 probably lODSe Oil the Urall OWlDS 10 beiJr PIbullbullbullIIO they red a flood lDfluence the mea d14 ad tek uch llaka w~Ch the ladleD and ths-eby avoided vue more aletr abot _be care of the t and bullbullld_ bad acclceats m_attenloll was pald 10 cleanliness and anltaUlon aftd labullbullly but Dot of le8 impOJrtanoe Ibe meal bull more bullbullbullulu and better cookfld Chua px-evenCl1l1 muob sicknebullbull and th wbullbull 1uee of food 99
Nowbue Wbullbull Uh mOil t 810ft OVtd food eMil 10
Itebecca ICeche party GJay the l bullbulld_ed authority
over cooklnamp a8 well as hlna 1 and -Itebeoe bull bullbullched
with aas abo hi wl11iDlDbullbullbull to bullbullsiflea hea1th fU
eeollomy til eD1u- company wa b bullbullbullbull by dlubea OIl and off
teouPoU1 the CJtlPt
MJ Gray dobullbull the most of the eookiAs 4 1 1 mos~ atllualq co bullbullbull some of bie op~iou 1 bl1 he senully mak ou to waall hi hand before he commences but 1 must ay 1 11lDk there ia d~ in OllJl food He will ItOC leC WI wah our dried apples and peache ill more thu OD8 waC AOJ Gut 011 lb cot of any we would call lJad places 1ft lookiDI ltWei the beeDs he will not let us brow away auty of tbe blaok ODes and lce aDd CO he doea t ~ thl S VOIttL Whll 10 look ov at all Of eours 111 way ia eh wv VbeD he has anytblas to do wlth it 100 t
AlthoU8h numy of the women whoae 4la1rles I aeacJ shued
1h eondso_clina eCMocencrlc a~tlt1d towacdamp American
Indlarus typiAlal f 1ropeU-Amerlaaa ideology of me perlod
tew sympatbized wiCh the alltbullbullsive hostility with whicb
46
many wbullbullCw 1)oUlld mea tleated he ID4
-The Iadlaas were mew 01 1 owlbullbullame It recalled
Mn L A Bourthbullbull plODe of 1852 but to bull ooaalderabl
eaellt What coadltlOD va Uhe Jteau1t of wonadoia upon th_
0 he put of unplinclpled wi men bull bull ~ we wee tneked
by lftdiaD8 who V~ areatly pz-ovoked because seae boya had
kllled an lDdtan wam~~101
1ft the diul of H_lot Buck1oah- aad AP StewarU
we find critlcal awarene of Ube tftbumanity and injustice of
the talted St gOY pollci t aJdamiddotAmelcaA
lDdlaDa
bull bull bull lUse tlllb of IndlUl8 fa-om Che Micldle eta bullbull had been pU8hed off by OUt g09__ to thi flroat z-ealOJl to malt room fo~ wIllebullbullbullbullbulll and hue ptebed in luS8 aum b7 loa COD quen~ upoa ~_091 fl- filia JaUfttug 8~0UDd bull bull bull bull 102
The vast teJrltolY 11bullbull aCcbed beten me artd noChlzaa bll wiele fo oall be eeD bullbull far a the eye eara lIeeh aDd yet it 818amp11 o~ed 10 tbe pea cOAtiDen once all ~ 0Vft (the lIldlau) bull But lOW the lOY allow Cbam puc to thlv pa favor and tta1tea by tbea asuch bu Chat do Dot make lc ~~e 103
thea eDft1 ladle Chat tbbullbullbull WfDea 1 awue of the
part they tblvbullbull we playlDs ill 11 aoaflectlon of
AmerleaR lDdlaa land but as people whobullbull oplalou Oft such
subjaccs werbull -aHly eoasulted Ihey could ollly JflColCl tbitlJ
doUbt IA Uheir diul lIWbo can blame the Jed-man eked
Velifta William tor atrlvllls eveamp ~ seta1n tbbullbullbull
beautiful buat1nS I~OUftd8104
bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull
47
On ~ asoa _amp-aiJamp vomell uouad poup of meA
mo_ ofee t1um they bullbullbull iD thel hOld oommunilll A
number of wom diaries exp~bullbullbull dlI~bullbulla about mbullbull
bebavl wiUb each on rr and ala maD I)re4 WUD_ AsIlas Stewart-
bzootbiD-lawl quazreled about 8ttlkiDa sOlIe 100 caCle Fred etnek hta w1~ Ill band ampad en_ knocked him down wl~ his whip aeock A m low dirCy CSlck of his 1 reel 80 mOJ1llf1ed about ie bull bull bull 10
Tea 8Dd Fred are always quunl11aa about somtbiDa_ 1 40 wlah Utley haG 01 came wlb WI but Ie OfUlftot be helped aow 106 Apbullbull S~evz1I
ODe of the aosc eODtlnual ~obullbull of OY_08 co
women about menta behavior ill 8roUP8 vbullbull 8wearlDS
Alabullbull Stut aft_ tchiDa omea -SUSll1ns wiCb 1hbull
bullbullbullbull1 ComBenbullbull
SQlBa of t1_ war wlna 1 tblak they -iabt do wldlout Chat iMina their soul away fOJ DOUblaa How plalA ve ue lold ~ shal ao tak tlhe name of the 10Sd lD alD It AIId yet oa would 1biDk _e v 110 hft OJ DO God 10 enbullbull 107
The sWeaziDS was moat uoul)leome 0 women o Uhe Sbba~
It I have heu4 IBfte swlnamp toclay tilu 1 haYe eve he 10
one day before OZ ever wish te iD_10a complaiaG4
Illabeth ltIelt oae Suauy Marla Belshaw XecoJdecl that
ahe 8n speat bull Sabbath that reladed 8 mOire of my duty
than tnl 4ay Wha 1 he1 people pJofalllaamp tbe of GocI
and brMklJlamp _he ely ltlay of Jet 1 thea teel l1ke
atu1AkiAa fJODl tbe vaIlilea of the wOJld aile liviaa Dear the
bleedlDa Ilde of my ~ect__bullbull109
48
As BaJbua Welr ha olAted out 80 wl1 in ItDle
Cult of Tne WcaDhoocJ R piety lrl1Dl4ait~Ch e~1
AmeJica was aft bullbullbullefttal lasJedleat of ehe staRdud eoa
cptioa of the Utwue OIlum- Women were eoaaSdctnd the
lues-diu of moallty in a world of Ghana aad 1Datab111ty
ael1S1011 beloaaed to 9GBa by 4lJAe 1ah1lbullbull alft of God aa4 atwa This peculiar usetlbll1cymiddott to rellaloA vas live h~ fo~ amp ~Oftl the vl flame of pleey l1ah1 up b H lD e of wcaaan- would tlurow i b beo the aauahty VlW14 of lDeft She wou1cl be anotilu bbullbuller IVe woklDI ill eoopeJrtlOD lab the aa ltJlAslaa cae world back rom ia 01 of lamiddot laquofbe wmrld woul h sreeltmect fOJ God ~ouah ber sutfulaa fo~ God lDeaeued Che auea aAd 80101 WCIIlarl Chat ahe alsbt be sooner c0D8~a1ae4 Co aceep ~ I~ of slvaclOD 110
The U imbedded 1n tb- aoclallzatloa of WOIleD bullbull 1duay
az-ew co maulay vue taken with vU7l1ta apte of
lousD by different wanea In leal howu
womea dlairl cammunlatecI a 800d ea1 110 relisloa 1llCOC~D UbaD Cbobullbull of men OD jOurReY Inbullbull aD UDkDowD
laac1 Well we panlcularly COft8Cl0U8 of their rolebullbulla
c~l of Cbwlatlan o~lity
Ie ~equlns a 110amp- to live Chllbullbull1aa shOuld Oft tdlia jOUftley W b aoU had e8D1Ds pray_a 0 nealy bull week 8Ild tIlla is nOI time Dar opp-ualty for anyo~ 10 pltey exoept as they 11 aions 112 Rebecca KetChUM
Women oft8ft mlbullbulled lb laalitutou whim support
ObrlsClaft -orhlp -this m~ft1fts ~ is ellShtfulmiddot
commuted ampebeeca 1CbullbullohWl t$J)ut til 1 aothi11 but OD 5
113middotown he1 to rem1Dd the 01 1 heiDI he holy Sabbath u
--_--
49
I
I
w hear Rothlna but va1ft and U~lfl1D8 eoav-aaeloa a eomshy
plelDed Kula Belshawl Qh how thaaltful 1 will be wheD we 8 e~tled in bull quiet plaee ~er we caD eajoy ~li8i0U8 prlvi
lea agalD114
lraith in ultimate re4emptiOD 8USbullbulllaed women who bad
liClle cOD~ol over Uhelr liv A~ost every eatry of
Marla aelahaw dlalY lftclud di t p~ to God
raflatlas heX auleCie about the blp IIQl 004 keep us
trom alAs 88ftay II itCh Grot us Grace Co OVercome every
siD aad t ptaUSoD t~OUamph life 1t Oh God lay thy helplDs
handul1S lb manerous UIlcertaifttlea about the jomney
latenifl weftlelle need for faith in aD all lUlowiDS God
Bel1f ta the llclmace riPeGUSM of suff_ina both
susaiDed un C~OU8b hardships and ~aloftal1ed Uhl~ sub
mlbullbulll8 01 BIt 1e very UJ7lDs 08 the patlleJleM It woe
Hrs Ealhez- Hanaa 10 cook and bake oa a 11tu1 gJeenwoocl
fUre with the amoke blowial in yOW eye 80 a 10 bliDd you
and ahlverlDa with cold 80 aa 4pound0 malt yOUI teeth ella1cer
But Chis is 0_ of 0_ eampO we mua1 b 11 11y I
1 waa aDd 1 bullbull111 am coftvlDced v_ea ~iDs Cbe vlQ~ of all 8001al 1atl~10ft8t1 dulae4 e milleJ7 1f they lYkeeJae1 eoacealoft 0 ~~ feellaamp8 aDd if ill aD way whabullbullv_ ~ 10 nuol of ~aabullbulllvbullbullbull
--Mme de V-noD in Ilfamprete bull 1ovel by Mme de ebullbull
CHAPTD VI
COITAIRMJUft
be pr8valllDs atancSuda fol rl oolUluc1 1D the
mldninen1h ceatuJty were heavily -labad 10 the
lOD by wemea of f bullbullliDs- particularly thobullbull wbiCIh raa
cowc_ to thea of their h_b_da Self co01l01 aad ch
fulAe8 v prime t l vlJtuea 1a 11 XOI5 Wlfe by
Willi Alcott a populu book ill the pee Civil Wu era we
flDd bull ~epcbullbulleDtiY exprie of eft oultuwal ft8 for
-1 conduct tlB heamp UDloa with hw hushaad n bullbull
Alcott -by beccmlDa bOAe of hi bODe aad flbullbullh of bi flesh
aeoowdlDI 10 the 4lvlrte 1ftleDUloa abe praml to follow
hi destiny bull Uo rejoice WbeD he should ~jolc bull and 0 weep
vbbullbull ll 81014bullbulleep117 tbe yoJft8 wlf ltboulcl ~ambeJ
118~ the ba1aac of bullbullaebullbullbullloft devolvea UPOD the wif
If she f 1e abe mue 1rtflueace be husbaa4 Alcott aelv1bullbullbull
119ahaC ahe do ie ~y laduect if Dot by silent ffolC
The ideal m1 ampoaordlns to Aleotl 1 ODe in wbioh the
mall CaD say of hi wifet Ob thaI 1 had 8ucb COIlb-ol ovu my
f bullbullllaas a he baa 09_ hera bullbull120
51
WCIB8B OD 111 OrSOll crail aclalmed pl men fO
Ilalohlq Q bull bull bull alde by alde with faau SOD and bXoUhec
bullf~Us ble OO_ea- _sifts hl paleabullbull aU chetaa hi
hopbullbull bull bull 121 wrobullbull in 1heir dlul of 1dlelr ~1UU1bullbull
to catiemiddot Ibie f lias- and applOach aD closely the modl
de~lbd above bull
bull bull bull f l very UIly at tims co 011 bullbullfety bull bull bull try 10 be calm and ttuat lD all OV-ullQa ~ovidno bue my fool18h f~ often 122 ule b pite of 411 my _tempUs t quiet tilem
Mr1I Baa Hatlfta
Qh 1 1 80 101lbullbullGIIle today Soratimes 1 CaD SOVftD lllyeU but DOt alw bld 1 hold ill pleCtybullbull11 eOM14u_ 811 Chlql 123
Apbullbull Stewuc
1 ~ to tcu8- in God Chat He will do all ~las well tor me but 1 have wlcked bull -aim 1 ~tl1 urv to be pallent_ 124
- aebecoa Ketch_ ~
Caq i be 1 bave 1f my qui 11bullbull1 bome aDd taken ttll 817 lead of 8011hde ill echaDbullbull It la trul 8 bu 1 aut Itoe leC 1ft IllAd run lft Uhls cbaltael 10118 01 my happlnbullbullbull is 80ne 125
Muta Belabaw
A m subtle examp18 of th1a 8t1NS81e Is tile tollowiaS
reflection Oft an apple orGbaed ~lGb Marla Belabaw p~t1
pbullbullbullbulld OIl iUs joSftley While reco~las 181 f 1iDss Ihe
utboZ flblft flCla ~ flnt OD bullbull lb kApbullbulloul lb
enoa dlstaDclD8 blf fJrOm h_ bullbullliDa-
It look 11k art old ~JII olCllald but the l~very bullbullllow laquopple W~ DOtmiddotth~ and yenbeD I ChlDk of 088 thiq it mak fe1 100D801 126 (emphbullbullla miRe]- shy
When the Ramla pu~ met bull bull oup of people heactiDa back
bOIl becaus of a eholea epidemic E1hu Banna ftote in hw
52
diaJry I feel a litlle discouraged but will Cry to be calm
and subml bullbull1ve M127
Durirlamp the lase part of thejourDey in whac is new
Idaho and esten oresoD mey groups of wbullbulltward bound
Cztaval-1 an ahor of provSalollS aDd tbeir cattle oleea
save out from fatiaue eel lack of ptbullbullbull Co feed OD
Asa stewartmiddot pu~ lot 10 aIld sveal people facecl bullbullar
vcloa II Ie in this pure of the joUftle ~t a few
unqualified f liDamps of discouragement can be fouad ln
women 8 diarlea It oflen aan4wlched ill between narrative
dearlptloas of life OIl the trail I f bullbullt completely
dispirited 128 lebecea Ketchwn conflded 10 her diary Qh
we are 80 tued of this bUSiDbullbullS129 WJote Ellzabeth
Golera Hard t~bullbullbullbullbull 130 cammeaue4 Cecilia Me Mlllen
Adams AgRes Stewart was the most exp~981vbullbull
1 am wea-y of thls jOurney wey of myelf and tloae uouad me bull bull bull How dreasry w~lDa look to me 1 feel like saylcs that life 18 bull wa~dJ dream that aever walt W do DOt know vbal ie 10 be our lot 111 llfe DOl do we know what i bafOJ 18 in the voamp-ld 131
CHAptER VII
us lSTAttCE ABD REBELLION
The ilDae of VOIDeD OIl the ovclaad jotmley wh1eh
15 fCGm the tail material 18 no one of tDmltiSampted
quieCeDce Altbougb dte Uectloampy of eubmlbullbullloft pembullbull bullbull ~
tbe cul1ure lD which women lived l~ vas AOC successful ill
dbullbulltloylns 1a all WOlIl8D a spirlt which eaabled them to 8t8ll ~
up for Vbbullbull Ubey cODsidered thesr riabta ~
A AIIlbfW of lftbullbullanebullbull of vomen c~lft up Iamp 1h__
bullbulllve asalaat eft ~ menUioaed iD Rebecca Kecobua
jOUlDampl WbetbeJ thi 18 be08use CAptain GJay ln8pued
relCance by he othe mamb~ of hi coap or becauae
aebecca II jOflltDal includes mez-e detail boa intpaal
telclone tbaD tbe otbrl ia unctear
Tbe chief advocate of ~ GOclley family in lt8
cont1Dual loa with Hz Gray was Mr God1 aebecca
reoords Dumroue aURumt betweGn besr aDd MJ Gray the
aubjects of wbleb are not specified on of the moat exploshy
81ve epiod of tile 01amp paley jOlftley wae aD alctlOft
be1Weea Ga-ay aftC a cOUple who had job the put) in the
m1eidle of the lp Mr Gray hact klcked the couple out of
the cGllpany WbeD una couple 01 anel M Boland (aebeoea
dbullbullne IDeDtion ~bullbull Noland fUse Dame) fttwned fo~ thelr
54
share of the provisions they were met by Phil a youns MaD
Oft the wa80D tn1a who had ordus from Gray not 10 leU thea
have any provlsiOfta
the doc~or had but a few worda with Phil sald he emly actlAg aacorcllng to oa-4era and was not to blcrua blC ahe aaid ti provi81oa were he and DO maD bGuld ke them IrE her She ouly waaled to take 8ft pounds of bacoD aDd CeD POUl48 of flour 10 pay for what abe had eaten of oenbullbull -iDa while wl1h us Phil put hie bead Oft ~ ack of floUS when he did hu_ She struek him lA the fae with hu flee aad 8cIatdled the sklD off hi band lD two ~ tht plac 132
aebecca herself while abe made lDODl11eatal elfon$ to
be asrbullbullable dUlas the tlipbullbullco04 up fen beX rlahs asaiDet
Gray Wb4Nl ahe felt them belq 1DfJtirlSed Oft ODe ahe refWled
to 114 tbe hor and once aft~ dtlcaYewiDa tbat ahe bad
bean chua 1II0re for h pa8e tbaa a 70UD1 maD on the
waaoll alD decided to cu~ clown on the amount of work she
was clolas Slle orded heamp intio abOlle ehe matter in
the fol1ovlDs diuy eftc ftChaJJae rae Oft hundrad and flfey
doll and Ubera eapect lie 10 work my wayq13)
the eliaribullbull do 110C -corel iMtanbullbullbull of the auCho
dlsareeus with ~blr own huabalds althOllh 1hue an
refeeraobullbull eo -aUDeIlbullbull betw buebancls aft4 vives which the
autbon wlen Mal) Wan-ea corded tha- 0Il oouple
arsued 80 coatlnuoualy that the captain of Uhe eompaay (who
ahe calls -boss) threatened to kick til_ out 1f -they could
Dot keep b~ family differences more to tbemaelvebullbull bull134
An wsdflltC1lTellt of fanale reaistallce to Ibe wbullbulltwud
f~ I~
S5
JOURney is dlaoernable in ~e diaries and remiAlaceftc8s
Sometimes th laftoe was succesful and the trip to
OreSon was foresCalled s in the case of ManthaDo Brown
Tabitha Brown 8oa whose wife was UDWil11n8 to leave 11
pmenca13S
Samtime ~le tUIDed back OJ stopped 011 their
way t4fet tlecauea of -wamen 8 Jbullbull18tanoe Tbis a Ube cabullbull
~lCb the graadparenc of Nellle Beekhembullwho 8tU~ed ou for ~
Cal1fomla ill 1849 with ft ebl1eJl aDd one 011 the way Wtlen ehey 801 to Miesouri th children were tired anel the
mother reflSecl co go aD) furthe~ Tbe moUher deS cbl1dzoeft
took a squatters claim in Missouri an4 the lusband WCtDt OD
wl1h platt to 84 for his family Vbe he settled in
Callfolllia By the 1me he aot to Colorado howeveJ he wu
lonely and came home The westward jowney was coatlftued by
hla SOIl who out for OIeson with his family 1abU 136
YeaJ8 tatel
Womeaf anxiety weariness and flUStJa110D sometlmbullbull
exploded in rebellion OIl the tSall Enoeh Conyers l8Coried
the fol1owlas inclderamp1 Which he witDbullbullbulled with shock aDd
dlaapPEoval
About Booa we pa8 a trala ella had topped for lunch by Uhe sroa4elde Just bullbull we came ab~et of til we obbullbullZVet1 tA_ men Ied on the CSU8 of one of Cheu walODS whea bull lare sized woman wei8btDa aomblGa OV4tl 0 huadnfl ampAd flfty pOUDds wieh al rolled up above beJ elbows tapped 811t lD flODC of bullbull thHa 8ID4ckq h flats anel 8hak1fts 1hem in famp-eDt of ttl little man seaed 1a the centeS s thovab ahe latended to
56
1 DotbiDs but bull p 8pO ftel he 80 tbctouah wlUh bim theD abe coamenced a buampftampue of abualva lanaue thaC oupt ~o sbam_ the moat PJo8JM pOft OD Idle faoe of Ihe Dais man IIhe clOIllftaad wa he huabampr14 She vaed kim foampshyevhiDa ChaC was 1004 bad or iadlffenn charSlaa him wlth briDslrts bie wife an4 cbll1~eD out inC Ibis Goct aken eounCI7 10 scane ampftCI elle 137
Iut venal pJrobullbullat by Womell otto WeD- urdIlbullbullri and
samcla wom_ resor1ed Co dlzect actlOll bullbull make CheiZ
f bullbullliDs- nowe be VomeR 80t mad aD would DOt buds- DO let the
cbt14laD 80 1 told my h148band ttl elacnaataDces aIlc he uti Ad_ Polk aDd Mt Kimball WfNll aDd ova off aIlt1 lt her alttiDs Sbe ampOe uP 1Ook eb bbullbull cnck out of slab- auobullbull and rUook hez huabaad In Cbe meatita he sent hia boy baek I eamp tar bullhone be had left and Vb ahe came back hert busband bullbullys middotYbullbullmiddot va bee 111 -ead 1 leked up bullbullbulle and knocked Old ale bnllla Her huabaacs eft back 10 bullbullccaiA ell nth cd While be vaa SODe ebe sec oaa of hla OR fin Whlch bullbullbull loaded with Core aoed lb eover bumc off wl~ ome valuabl ~11 Se saw the fl aDd came JNDftiDI aacl puc 1~ out ead Chen IIWIt_ punk enOUlb co Ilv8 her a gOOd flo8llaa H~ Dame la Maceum 138
CHAPTER VIII
AFTEIMATH
M08U Wt bull d~le8 wheD e OYulaad jowrney
va ovaJ Prom otbeX dlui aad zoemlnlaaeao W8 CaD
oate Slimp of what 11f waa llka f WGIl ill OJeSora
1ft aay r bullbullpec~ it was -lla~ co life lD ~ Middle
BOampdez tronli_ eoaaunlcl frOll whiCh 1008 women oame a
lif chZ~l by uri won WIleD ked co ~cl1
iAal4_ of IlY r1y 11fe and des=1be 8ame we played
la my childhood wtobullbull one f l pioaeer of 1 OJreaOD
1 caft bUlhful1y _a hat theN W88 DO abila boOd in the 8 bullbullbull meant Tbbullbullbull we no a ~ All 1 can i8 vodl WOK wozk Work lQft8 before the 8Wl came up 10DS af lb sun bad bullbullt When 1 was -laht old 1 wall dolns 1 18b02 bull bull bull labor th would tWllW men wasbullbull today 19
A diatlDgulahlllS eharacwerutlc of 1) ~Oll was
tbe lars slbullbull of the claims sraced by the I)oftatloa Land
Claim Laws of 1850 ad 18S3 Manred couples urlvina bfo~
1855 w_ a_anted s1x huadred and wen 4C2bullbull of land
(twlee bullbull DltIOb bullbull tbaU gJaDl 0 sinal meA) The luS
albullbull of Che elallu meaDt that 1th wcrne bUS- dlataacea
beDleeft the aul hombullbullteads W lIav bullbullbullbull fJGll the dla11bullbull
of women Oft ~ trail Chat WGmeIl bullbull1~ the bullbullaoclalOft of
oCbeJr wemen to be extly imporct Lif in earl ~Ion
58
140 was of1_ V8IY 1-11 It bullbullbull dltak if I had the compaQ)
of __ lively female 8tqual1aDGe 1 would feel beec_ n
warot Amulea Rol1lDa Butl8s- lD ber dtal7
two deca4bullbullbullft~ th pellocl about wbleb CIlia papc is
walttGA the eat fo~ vanen rlallu basaD to cake 100e
1n the Pacifier Northwest_ be uptrieDcbullbull of WomeD of 1be
pJe9iOU8 leDUaloa of wtem wcaeD ccabued with 1bel
ova pl0~ expea-lnc t helped 10 abape W1l auff
S181 tho_ one prom1aeat auffl lead Ab18all
Sco~ Dualwa waa the laquoaUSh-bull f bull VCDU tloaed Arli
1ft thi paper whGdled of chle on _ plains the
fol1owlq exC8 flOlll her aUCobiolJaphy 111wa~n the
efface her moCberts SeDc_len of womea bad an her life
1 ZeIlflnbJ etandlDg a~ the beelslele when UlY litle slet came to OB czowded hane my mo1ber said ChZ0USh belt ~bullbullH Po baby Shell be a woman aome 4ayl A vamlUle lot 18 so baH 141
Later when Abtaa11 was bullbull~loUilly 111 her _rothe BUY
Seoe cold h of hi eliDa- of esrbullbull about Chelr
mother_ ~ life Duftlway w~lt8
DYe bro~1t 1 aid 1n ~pl eR4 bel mera0lrY a44ed to my own erleDces aDd 08 of ow ~lvlDg 8la~en led me lema 880 10 loate th me y of my l1f to the enfrart shycbienell of wane It 142
ROTHS
lIta BlolllJlatoft t Wbullbull~ud xpanlon (New York Macmillan 1967) p 520
2V_ ftbull Iltlah1 lItfhe Jo1kloH aad HtCozy of tbe tkesOft Fever- OI-gOft lIlaCorlcal 9tppoundl Lll (Dec 191)2S2 t
3S uli quote from Ray Illlla8toll fOJ example
4 UDpublished l8aJl1SCJlpt by Buban ValCec he Racla of ~b Soc1el Sclee of hedearick Jack800 T8Jl Incl1aA-Whlte albullbull10DS ill Dousla Couaty OIesona 141CJ0shyeoamic StUdymiddot papet dli a-c the l1oEtbW Soclal Seiene CoaeJreaee Kaa- 21 1969 foamp a dlscueslon of lftdlana a bullbullbull person- by TUCft~ and Ihose influenced by his 8cbolu8hip
alllinaCoat 14eaSpoundd sectge12 p vii
68 Docothy Jabaftaea m-~ if Ub camp~t (lew YoJr Ha- Row 1t6 abullbullorlptloD is rOllotleie imqe of the ploneer
7Aft example of the shallow CJbullbullcmenc of vomea diari la etent h18coz-lcal wilBa CaD be fouad iD Ihe lntrodUOtioft bullbull a 8al1 excerpt frOllt the dlury of Marla PU8on~ elahaw one of the tJral1 diaribullbull which is paz1icu- I 1r1y rteh in of wClluan f bullbullliIlS- about Che overlend jourrney The edleor alk The ell of Mn Marla I POD Belshaw i vluabl because it point out lA11d1Da1k I ~ecoun ~lence eDd describes the pbyleat conditions a10ftS ~e toute a -Diary of ~l Pacons aelshaw 1852shyby J08eph Billaon Ohloe HisCox-leal Quu1uly XXXIII (Deebullbull 1932) 318333
william W Fowler WCIIampIl Oft CAt ME~saa lEoratiS (Sartfot-4 SaranOD amp Cobullbull 187 p 5
9ltS p 18
10jybullbull p 47
l11bdbullbull p 49
12lkbullbull P 78
60
llblclbullbull p 471
141)ee BSwa lb 01 T I _en If th 9 Ulls middotWbullbull (Lincoln UIllral1y RiSJbullbullli middot~rbullbullbullbull t sa p I I
15Ib1d p 74 16
ampbidbullbull p 131
17~bullbull P 145 18Iowl_ p 1bull
19BrOWllbull p 168
20IiIlda QOIdOA at a1 itA aevl_ of Sexism 111 Amrlcul Huto~1bullbull1 wrltlq VOIaeD S1fudiJ 1 (1972) 134
21willla lftceU SpSque I-H aacl the Ii t ~~21 8 00 (Bonol Club _ fUt 8oue F40) p 6
22MUy obon DotJbit edbullbull SOUVeliJr 01 wem li99 (poZ1rlead AndSOA raquoutllw Cobullbull I9OSJ p
23al0 heba Smith eel WiRIE _ WWs (PoJtClaad I aeela amp co 1148) A
24rol exampl of mal orlenced fo1kl0 r cb klc BarCDJUt -Jronttezr HlIDOJ J r leu aDd 180 It 21-011ia1lStoal ~ LXI (Septbullbull 19(0) 261-41
aYlOX- t bull bullbull emty Ybullbulln of Folklowe Study lft the wbullbullt I
Wt~D f~ltlft (1966) 229-245
25Thbull moat well mown of th 1181 arel A B Qutbrl Ie III SIll aDd 1be IS Weabull (fftlll wbtah a movl wa mtlde) aad~ 8ampTY MOODbullbulla ~Iak
26NaDcty Robullbull t tlestwud the W5 (Mew York Alfred Knopf 1944) p S
2lldbullbull p 172 28llbicl 191
29~11e appeared in loeal npp wi1h auoh tltlbullbullbulla Seahiey of Willt womea and bull ed or Good Wiv In the 1860 Abullbull Kcr busla of iaporaquot1Damp __era frClll tile at 0048 Oi 1D amp0bullbull Welhy l) WE pp 113119
61
3ODav1t1 polter ffAaerican Wome ancI Am_leaD ChalraoCertI S1et bull n tJIlivuy lull-la LXII No 1 (181 1902)
31Declar4tlOll of Senelm adpeed at Seneca all ConvenC1Oft July 1819 1848 Oleed la E1Mor F1~ qeamof nHle (New York Ath bullbullIIl 1972) p 75
328 Cbri~opb~ ~Cb -Two Ktadred Sp~i S~oly amplei family in New EDal 1839 46 II pew _laDe Quar1Y XXXVI (Malrcb 196)
33S Pac Malaudlmiddot -Quills The Oampt M8Iicp ArtmiddotBd~F81Iesl VII No i (1913) pp 36-68
34S Alan Lomax roPE SOD8 0 aOJnb _viea(Oa14en Oley NY Doubl iIIS ~ - I bull
5Sebull Sarah Oftle Jewltt the CiDs of Sllt_ Wtby It irl eJaf a~g 414 by Gall Pukes (New Yodl DoQbleday ompampRy 2) pp 217-233
36LlAda Q-c10ft IITowU(la a Radical emlAbt H1Cozytit
V_em 6 i0Ulft81 1 Ll~f10Dt 11 No4 p 31
37s OeD Wie tler1 181 ~lonl (Homewood 111lDois t lbbullbullS is t )~Ii lor discus loa of tbis approaCh
38lItYbullbull p 41
3Mnll1 Manu Th (ktaat tth amptv r-d (Nebraska Stabullbull 818tOlo1 DocGey L~co1ii 19 riP 1S
40 lLYbullbull p 16
41Doro1rhy 1ohaDaent Ie of C1raquolwabla (New Yon Harp~ aDd low 1967) pp_ l~td
42Ray UlliDshft IMJE vSbullbull 11__ 1830-1870 (N_ Yode Huper Irot e p J
43 Edwad Leftox 9E1aad 50 ~ Ire 0ampLIlY tpc1 gWk (Oakland_i h uPe bull
44Bll1iDs~Oft Ie Fu Wbullbullt9 IctBEl pp 84-89 4S J8 Doua1 OJriln of the Popul81lell of Creson
1D 18JOet Its1fic BortbwS Hlaoriell guulZ XXXXI(1950) 08
62
46raquoorOWhY Johansen itA Worklna Hypetbeis for the Study of Mlsratlone Paciflc Blaeox-leal Review XXXVI (reb 1967) p 8
leC to
49Asabullbull Stewut oue of the w whobullbull diary is uaed in this paper waa lD a party wblc1l got lost on a poorlymutted ail
SOaaney scon Hll1to~ of the filt0n CouPa I pp 262 263 a cited lft Jeaa _Sster ~ MiEn 01 Pioneer H~4hlp on the OresOD Trailmiddot F~anc8 ted1burl Af71taa P~lze WlDniDamp I~sy (aeed College pc an bull p Z bull
SlOne hlsto~lD bullbullcimaee4 th1r~~four tbousand deaCbs on the creSon T~all Walter P~cot Webb the Grtle Plae as eiced in DODle Clark -1lemembe ~ ViAC 01 bull bull bull WeaCh and Pioneera a OJeaon 8180amp11 ~rlZ LlV (JUne 1953) p 147 fEe C1bullbull6cOUll ~ wa bull 5000 as cited In WalueJ Meachum Old oz-Ioe 11 (Manchester I Clark Pres 1948)
52 shysbullbull KftZ7ll TIoxe11 Food of the OVerled Blnishy
Irus 9poundMOD 2t8101Ioamp1 9Y~1r LVI (March 195)1726 shy
53 -See Donald Clark Rememb~ ube W1nCe~ of bullbullbull ft
S4El1zabetn Goltta Diary April 29 18S3 MSS1S08 Oregon Historical Socl~
SChUlbullbull Moores Address transactions 9 the Olreate poundamponefJ 6bullbulloS~poundlOftt 1904 p 277
56Peter p S
57Brlsbt p 245
S8Maria Pe~on8 elshav Dl~y October 1 1843
MSS1S08 eceSon Historical Soel
SAgnes S1evatt Diary May 21 18S3 MSSl08 01011 Hlstorical Socl~
63
60Mra bull Coraella Sh~t Diary 18521 IranbullbulloCioee of ~~ 9poundeacp1 fi~ A8aocttl9 1903 p 1714t
61Leo M Kt aad Priecll1a KnUUh eela l~om Ithaca to Clataop Plaills MI Katetl1 II JOUlul of Travel t PI M1stoli9aLg~-1z LXII (Sept 1961) 331~ tic ~fenid eo as 2lchlamp DUuy
2sarz-1C Scott Palmeamp- aCrobullbulliDs over the Great Platna hy OX WaSOft- p 1
63KetcbampD Diary p 280
6~ WarreD aecol1eetlo1lll MSS92 Orlon Historical Socibullbully p 1
65aoltra D1 AUSuat 10 18S3
eMili Emily Me Millan Adams Diary JUDe 1S t1852 MlS1508 ~OD Hlatorleal soetecy
67Eecb BeliL Beane Dluy S 13 1853MSS150a Oceaon Hlltorical Seeiety
680Wea Cbullbulltlebullbulld aelshaw Jomney Oregon TJral1 ~o9 RlatoEloa gytarlx XXXII (set 1931) 226
69~Oeh COD-~l Die fltfUlbullbullottoee 0 be 9pound-011PlonE Asoclatl~nt 1905 p 425
7degAn examlllatloD of fle diuibullbull Wamplt~ by lIleA t-l little OJ no exprebullbulled anxiey While two of lbbullbullbull dtulbullbull Choa of HeDamp7 Alya aad Dinwlddle menCioD ampJrbullbullbull Uhe elabt 40 Dot pJoyolte wrlttera exprebullbullloaa of apprebenshy1on
71A4amabull Dlary June 18 1852
72D~ of Mrs Lodiamp F~lzbullbulll en route Co Cali shyfo~l~t 1852 as cited in Sprasue pp 28-29
73Amella XDi8bt Dlarr 1853 Eampft~Siona of tbe 9pound8011 Elonpound M8SlaCle (1Y48) p
74Por fUCCher information on p~olapi uteri aad otll f l 11m of the mlel-nu cencury William Alcoce 14- YOm VOIDeD Book of Healb (New York Mill_ orUOft all Mull Sail 18 and ciiiG Beecher Letts to 15bull 1-11 09 HealCh DeS Haaeines (New Yowkaper a irs 85)
~
64
75 L PaxaOl1 Hlaton of 1 iOl11iU pp 114-117 aa clted ~ f SotM~riri aDdUIP (Cbioaso and LODdona Unlveni1y of toqo NlI)
76Palmer p 3
1700SlY Dial7 p 466
78AceOJrdlDs co Ch Jeporu of AID-- flaw_t 8011 the leacler of AlftU party Captain Miller who travelled alon fo day ~ a half because of a dle wl~ the r bullbull~ of the aaOA IraiD abeut wbich ro to take zae1uraed 10 hi p (WhiCh be believed ~o be on the WJoq ntad) because be waa aflrald of the lndlaas by hhuelf Cited la C B Me arlact -The 10fte Tralna MSS __ 108 OIreaOD Hiaollcal Soclbullbull
79COfty~ Dlary p 466
800Uv Goldaml1h OVal 1a IlIBirle~ p 138 ciled in Gl Willis Read ifQOIfteD anau CD the ~Ion-Callf~la Trail 1a ~bbull Gold Juah Yeara Mlbullbullo~l Hypoundor~I~ amp~ampII XXXIX (Oot t 1944) 11
~lo1hbullbull tlIIlhuJtabullbull iuDY II wrote alilinSOD especially the women The J1bullbullult wbullbull bu ampft4 b~ fee and fln tabrice nailu by tile dust aDd alkali of the cl~ Bl11lftg10D 9~1pound lHIalon p 528 Some wom saaoJed such aclvic
wo a coatUllle publlclze4 la 1851 by WClD8A in tbe Waaen Rl8bca and Abolltlontec moveMents Cl~ed tn JaDe Kal108 Maaolamp8 lmliDe Puller Ruraelve
82111zabetb Dixon Ge D1arv ~l9estlOft of Ih9poundUOft lamp1 Abullbullocltlon lw7 p 11 bull
83 7Geer L bullbullte~ p 1 9
8sbullbullltC Davia lem1alac8Iobullbull cted ill DoDalcl ~lark -Remember the Wiatt of bull bull bull Weather aDd PlOll oreloa ~lICampstl 9JE5Elr L1V (Junbullbull 1953) p 146
Adams Diary HSS15D8 Ores_ Historical Sociey(thls p08l1 i8 Dot includect lD the puhlbhctd Uloa)
BLra S~lvly Quide 1846 cited in Dale MatsUI tad 1846 1)1_1bullbull aAd Let_ of the Callfomla -
~V6 A p ItO fJIlJ7 mea ~ aUld 1raquo00lU MVsce S off-ad by lb Shively auld about cloChlaa made llf mere difficult tOI vClBen the wr0Dl type of
65
86vel1oa Willi Ptarv Aprll 18 1853 ~bullbulle tl0D8 ofleba CJIaeSOIl Ploft AbullbullociatlS 1619 p~ J
87 MIra It J Gv tlClDC IaAelir1f pc
reprinted in lOGe ofdiCSIlbullbullbullbull iaBt alley con (New Yaelu E P Dot_on eobullbull 02) pp 144-145lt
88Belab8W Dlary p 42 bull
89CaCher1ne BaUD Remialsceftces aieel by GaGs-sla Willi had WomeD aftcl Chl1deD Oft CbeOlegon Oalifornia T~al1 1a the Oold ampush Yeuap 9
9Owurenbull Recollectl p S
91 1Scac Dlacy p 92AW p 3
9KeUchU1l Diu7 p 374
94~blclbullbull p 338
9SwUl1am Aleon Tbe Y~ WUe Mt 10 1LU (Bos01U aQQ LtiC DJ4J)lhParea (Hew r I no he New York Tlraebullbull 197z) p 0 This book was
lrectODllended by N~cI8a Whitman 1A a le~ 10 ber atster
96Bl~ Dl~ MarGb 23 1853 97 ~bullbull July 18 1853
98 eHaDa Diary Hay 9 18~3 99
Read p 9
lOOgbullbullOhm D1ampamp7 p 275
101M1s L A Boarch aaminlbullbulldCbullbull MSS1S08 Ore801l Historical Society p 1
102HU~lot Bueklftabam Dlacy MSS1156 OreSon Hlato~lcal Soole 1851 p 1
103Sawar DlaJYt p 2
1degwill11DS Duzy May 11 1853 ODe of the diaribullbull written by a man that of U Alyn (who 1 also few_tlyopposed to alavery) z-8Corde tbe kind of citlcal aween The lIldlaDs Dave bbullbullD renoved flOll he~e ellht year8 081- Due 1 eallDOc joice ira he eilCRlUtaDcbullbull a 1
66
(Doua 104 cODtlDued)l could it justtce -aDd equity bad been exwcized towaria th s people by OUJ l0veamp13lDeD1 It Beary All~l Diuy pfDaOleee of Ube OJIon P1sem sectosl lV41 p 1 bull
lOS SStewat Diary p bull
l06I~id 107Ibid p 2
l080oirat Diary p 2 109Belabaw Dla~ May lS 1853
110SaJlbua W1 -The Cult of true WomaDhood 1820-186On Aperl2B QHtrCpoundlzbullbulluma~t 1966 p 152
llLra flv8 dluis written by 111en which 1 bave red communioaCed 1let1 rel1aloua CODc~n
112xatehWA Diary p 267
113~bullbull p 346
114a1ShAW lllary Sept 2S 1853
llSabull lebaw Diary 2a~
l1aanaa Dlu7 May 8 18S
117Al00C~ p 55
118 ~2lWmiddot p ~ bull 119Ibidbullbull p 24 120ltd p 90 121
Chale KooJtes Addrestl 9poundIB PlODbullbull 68 ock-ClOD trebullCjlor18 1904 p 277
122 HaDaa Dlary M~ lS 1852 123Scewt Diary p 3 124
Ketchum Dierry p 374
12Belhaw Diary Oct 1 1853 126
Ibldbullbull Ausut 21 18S3
67
127 Harms t D1amp1Y May 12 1853
128XetObum Dlary p 267
129001tJa Dlary AUSU81 10 1853 130Adams Dlary Sept 1852 131middot 9aewut Die p bull
132 3 4 Ketob_ D1aJy I p 8 133l bullbull p 263
134warren Beeol1ectlon8 p 3
135verae Bclgbt Grandtfta B-own tI 18 Selen ltreed Wi_ Ii- OWD WWa (Po-tlandt aeattie amp Comp~ 1948)P 42
136bullbull1118 Beckham lIfheala B MBS1508 orelon Hlto~lel Socle
137 IocrCony~ Dlarv p ~
138Geerbull Diary p 165
U90lresOD Writers Projecu ~Oll Od4iCfH Federal W~l~er and Hlaeorieal aecorda surv~o3cu of the Wozka-osr bullbullbull AdmlA18t~bullbulllon af ona N~ 16 p 2
140ROS8 t BJWari _ womJ p 16
141AbisaU ~cott 1NDlwa ~peakH POItlandl
James KUlls Be Abbobullbull Cempany lVl p 8 142 44 tDY p 7
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AndersOft Sylvia and EorS Jacob ads Wbullbulltwud to Oryoa BostOIl O C HuCh amp Co 1958
Bl11ingtOD Ray Allen thebullbull WbullbulltED rfonCl~ 1830 2 New York Harp Bro 951_
BllllDampton Ray Allen V_twalr lPampoq New Yolk J Macmillan 1967
Blnhelm Max ed Women of the Wbullbullt Los Anselbullbull Publishers Pres [928
Bl18s Beatrice Vowell aUlS Reluct_Cmiddot lonbullbullr Myrt1 Cre GloA all Pz-liiEer8 19 2
Brown Dee ee Gentle TameraJ Wcmen of the OldWl1d Vat Linco on NeSrbullbullka unlvlly 1 Reila1i Prbullbulls 198 shy
Clark thema hODtlerbullbullrlca New Yotk Charles Seribner Sone 1 bull
J)ouhl~ Mry Osborn ed Souvenir of WeluA WOOl_ Portland eteson Aiiaerson amp Diiiiiway Cobullbull 1905
Dunlwa) Ablsall Scott PaSh SIraltW -Portland Jame Itun amp Abbott Co lOll repriftted by Sovrce Book PZbullbullbullbull 1970
Elliot T e H DThe ComlAa of ~h White WaneD 1936 a told i1 LelC4W amp JOUJ-ftals of Heel i_etaWbiS9- POlilnC t oeampoft Alecorcat Soe~ety t 37
Powl Willi_ Woman on l11e clean Frontier Hartford Scranton amp Cobullbull 1818
Joban8en Dorothy o lire of the CoAebla New York Harper amp Row 7
69
Lenox lEdwad H oa1and t03HOA in the taa of Itis amp Clarke iiid t DOW bull H 1904
Ma118 MeITi11 be Gce ilasce IWBoed LlncolD Reblaskas R6G tcorlo1 soelety 1969
Meachum Wlt Old epnOD Trail Manchester New HampshyshUe cldiE bullbullbullbull tNB
Mlyakawa T Scot poundroctaJlclampaa~ Plee ChicaSo and London UDlverslly f leaao 1964
MoraaD
Or80D flrlCe PJoject i-tOIl OddiCll- PortlaDdI Fed_al Wrie an ttos-leaf cords Survey PlIOjeC1ul of the WoJk PftJlr AClmlalatltacloft of QreaOD 1938-41
aobullbull Nancy Wllaosa w the WPeD Rew Yodt Alfrecl l(ftepf bull
Smith Helen 1Ccebs 84 With Her 0Ya Was PortlandBeaeela amp Co 1~8 t
Sprque Willi POIIbullbullC Wca81l tp4 ee Wbullbull~ ue ShOe polal HlOU BoaODe cnr bullbullops It1i
oUlle to WiG
m Ie1
Ackerman Oercructe aFamily Pap a a amp the Wbullbulltwu4 Movemeat M~SOca BleUpoundrt XX (1939) 314-316
BlislU Vene the Polklo~e bull Hiscory of the torelOll revern OJrIOIl Slat_leal 9hrlz LII (1951)241 253
BrombeJl kilt roaler HDOJI plaia amp FancytJ 2190B Hi8CHlcal 9ualbullbull11Z LXI No3 281-342
70
Claxk Doaa14 fta_ber IDe Wlatepoundl f bull bull bull Wetheamp azul PtOIl~bullbull It OIOD H18C1liel Q5J~Z LIVt (jUDe 1953)
Doual J orialDa of the Populatloll of O1eloll lD 1850 Pacifle Bo_wsc HlaUuleal Qtzr1Z XLI (19JlJ)
Dye IVa Emery Woman Part ill ~ DftuBa of cbe No~wbullbulle 9FtfOD piOAp 6OC~bullbulllOA lEaDSeClobullbull 22ftd AIUlual Reua Oll tlO~
Gedney Elizabeth middot010bullbull Seotion of PloD~ Life at POUI1tb Plain tI 9poundaOD at-st-lel qyepH1Z XXXIII (Mch 1942)
Goidell Liftda 1 41 itA Review of Seala in lean Hi8ampoJlcal V_leua Waaen SfVdamp 1 (1972)13158
OOrctOD Linda Towards bull Radical Faniniec KlaCoamp7 Y9B 6 JouDalo Llblalga II No4 3132
Jobeen TJoroChy fA W01klq Hypotbuls fOJ the Study of Mlpa11oD faclla Hlrlce1 aevl XXXVI (1167) 1-12
Kroll Selan B The BOoks that IRllshC8Iled the lFmip-antsmiddot-Ie imiddot~9121 9Upoundler11 XX No2 (June 1944) Lemlsch lbullbullbulle LiscaaiDa to he t l1tampJtlcu1at bull Q Jlfa1
of Sssltl SlbullbulloEE 111 No 1 (fall 196gt 1 bull
Koe Cbade A44li TampgtIf(bullbullClCton8 of Ill Saamp9R _ PampOB~ aoclaetan t~
POCler DaVld Amftleu Wen aftd ttl Amerlep ChuacCepound l~rlOlYasrenbt Iyll Ul1 No 1 (Jobullbull 1961)
ampead 01amp Willl fiWClaen aDC abilda-Cl 011 the californlashyQlteampoD Trail in the Gold ab It ttlbullbulloSl RlbullbullOJtlea Myl XXXIX (Oclbullbull 1944) 1 23 I
-Taylor AJehU amp Jand 25 Ye8 of rolkl Study In theW Wucen Folkloamp-e xxv (1966gt 129245
TeDer Mn Wallie 1he Ploe1 Woaulft Wun leanshy1901a a~ler PlC-flbUl$ XV (1934) 16
71
t oxel lCatluyft rood of ~h OVerland aalal18D~bullbull Orloa gt0Eical Q9y1erll V (March 1955) 1a26
tyler Allce r The WbullbullcwKd Movement a ae101Ied in ramily Papus MmM0ta Hit0Fl XXIV (1943) 111-124
Webster Je ~b MyUh of PloDeamp Hurdahlpe oa lb Orqon middotbail Frana 1l~bull ulWlftnM gbullbullbull middot 1_ Co leseoli anar~ a)
Wlt~ B~ara -The Cult of True WamaDh0041 18201860 American Quarterly (SlJlDU 1966) 15 -174
piarie eed R-namplacbullbull
Adame Cecelia Emily Me Millen
Allyn Heuy Diuy 1853 HusS110llS G tdlt ()stelePlODbullbull~ Abullbulloclat1oft ~l pp 72 $
ADa8i Susan P RalRlscencbullbull 1852 Tltaecloaa 0 he 9poundaGRon~ bullbullSlation 192amp _6
Beckham Nel11e Theta Bean8 11 KSS343 9pound101shySistolealSulUr 1867
Belah_ Mula anona Diary 18 MSS1S08 Weaon H1Ivamp1sflRSoe~ eKot 111 Joa8 pound1 80ft eel t iiI) 0 aria arsonl aelahaw 18S3- oreaOD Hlat911cal gua~t[Zt ~Il1 31a~33
~)
8osartb Mrbullbull L A Narrative 1852 MSS1S08 oreaOft Hl-S9-leal Socteszmiddot
BucklDaham Harlot Diary 1851 KS$11S6 2EIIOft Rlat_leal S99i~r
Casle OW_ H Be18haw Jouraey ~OD TaraSl 1853 11
9FIISUHampSCopoundicl Qyuter1r XXXI Sept t 1931
Conyea Enoch Diary 1852 TJanaacSloD8 of Sh OrMlnfisa- 6bullbulloclatgn 1905 425512
72
c-aaatone Saah Dia MSS674 9pound-00 8amp505191 Sooiez 1851
O_iDa Suah J 6U1J$~Y e le9lAycf 1914 M1s K J A1Ia HeWt~
D1aw14d1 OVwlud from Indiana to Oreson the Dinwiddie Jowmal 185311 MSS1S08 onaGA BUtoJrio Socim
Dudley Buell Fnnc Diary 1852 MSS1S08 OJreloegl1-2S1s1 Soclef_
Ger IltabaCh Dlxol Salth DIaJ7t 1847 tftI of9- OUSt pi-em A82Slbullbull~9D 1907 bull
Oolera Bllaablb Ilary 18S3middot MSS1S08 SEe BCe9l aocleu
Hadla al1 A Diary 1851 MSS674 2aea ilbullbullOpoundlSl
socilU_
Hanabullbull ZII1hU lel1elll Diary 1852 KSSl508 21eoe ~~~uSlamp~~ soo~Z
hibullbullr Lea and Prisoilla Knuth 4148 r~~l1habullbull co ClaC80p Plabs I Mi IlttcbIBt Jo1ltllal of ~vl Put 1 2i 1UlcaL~ Septbullbull 1961 LXII Ro Put It Dii I LXII Bo 4
Kello8 JaDe Mo~ 1852 MlS1079 9EII9ftB1eoElclSnil
KDlahC Mft1 Amella StewBe 1-11011amp q~J)iuyl 1853 thl iE-BOATEl_IE AIIoclat l 19 1928 bull 4l
Palm Hanle Scott Clobullbulltraa ove the G PlaiA by OX-WaOIl It 1852 MRS 1508 ~ed froID noc byher 4aUlhUu 1931
pattbullbullbull UliM Diary 1849 MSS1508 Sale lItoElcal S291eSZ
Shu-PI Coamp-nella Dlacy 18S2 Tccloaa of tthe 2poundaOD flonbullbullwteoaibullbullloa 1903 171188
Stewazoe Apea DlalrY 1853 MSS1S08~ ~OA WlIcajSocltCIc~pt and bloarapnlcataca J3D1lq CO 01880- a Ploa Galt Duzy It OreaOft i1tIlca~ng)l8eJtlZ XXIX 1918 1798
9t6t ~tIAXX t1walml8 iwOl20-1iiiiM II -1191 middot0IQ 01 JJ 10 lvumor -1aeqv1S middotpool1
_~Rall ~t61 fUOl3VJOO8i9 lIIaIaiJllluolllllllfi~IIIfI36~middotIII~fIIiIl bullamp81 bullLnlCl 81Dt8Amiddot ft11t11tlM b IIIIIj~J~oIiI~~~a~o~~~4~
middot1001 lh110aslH uoliJO middotSZ6middotSSH middotZ91 olaoetl0Deli eAilww f1lNa14
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