BorrowingDialectal

EN 207Contrastive Linguistics

1Introduction 2 Discussion

SEGMENT FLOW

PARA

What is DIALECTAL BORROWING?

What is DIALECTAL BORROWING?

(Also dialect mixing)The putative process by which speakers acquire non-native pronunciations for certain words from speakers of other

dialects with significantly different phonological histories, rejecting their own native pronunciations for these words in

the process.

What is borrowing?• borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting

words from a source language into their native language.

• It is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities.

For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.

Classification1. Importation

Foreign word non-integrated word from a foreign language, spelt as is

Example: E café (from French) It. mouse ‘computer device’ (from English)

Loan wordintegrated word from a foreign language, orthography adapted for the receiving language.

Example: E music (from French "musique")Sp. chófer (from French "chauffeur").

Classification2. Partial Substitution

Composite words, in which one part is borrowed, another one substituted.

Example:

OE Saturnes dæg ‘Saturday’ (Lat. Saturni dies)G Showgeschäft ‘literally: show-business’ (E show business)G Live-Sendung ‘literally: live-broadcast’ (E live broadcast).

Classification3. Substitution

1. Loan Coinage»Loan Formation

o Loan TranslationTranslation of the elements of the foreign

word.

Example: OE Monan dæg ‘Monday’ (Lat. Lunae dies)Fr. gratte-ciel ‘scrape-sky’ (E skyscraper)Sp. manzana de Adán (E Adam’s apple)

Classification3. Substitution

1. Loan Coinage»Loan Formation

o Loan RenderingTranslation of part of elements of the foreign

word.

Example: E brother·hood (Lat. frater·nitas)E television or F télévision (the first element

Gk. telos "far" and the second L. visio "sight“).

Classification3. Substitution

1. Loan Coinage»Loan Creation

o coinage independent of the foreign word, but created out of the desire to replace a foreign word.

Example:E brandy (Fr. cognac).E elevator (BE lift).

Classification3. Substitution

2. Loan Meaning• indigenous word to which the meaning of the foreign

word is transferred.Example:

OE cniht ‘servant + disciple’ (Lat. discipulus ‘student’)OE heofon ‘sky’ (Lat. Caelum ‘sky / heaven’)G maus and Fr souris ‘rodent + computer device’ (E mouse ‘rodent, computer device’).

Loan / Borrowed Words

WHAT are

?

What are loan words?

• words borrowed from one language and incorporated into another (Wikipedia).

• words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language or the source language (Suzane Kemmer).

Loan Words

English has many loanwords. In 1973, a computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd edition) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff.

Their estimates for the origin of English words were as follows:

• French and Norman: 28.3%• Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%• Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25%• Greek: 5.32%• No etymology given or unknown: 4.03%• Derived from proper names: 3.28%• All other languages contributed less than 1%

Loan Words

• The Italian government has recently expressed its displeasure over the use of English words and syntax in Italian.

• English words are often used where they are more convenient than a longer Italian expression.

Example:E Computer > Fr. elaboratore elettronico

Loan Words

• Week-end > finesettimana

• Also, there are equally convenient Italian words that exist.

fashion > modameeting > conferenza.

Loan Words

Words are occasionally imported with a different meaning than that in the source language.

Example:

The German word Handy, which is a adaptation of the English adjective "handy", means mobile phone.

Filipino Setting

• The Tagalog language, due to its history of connections with the rest of Asia, and having been colonized, had benefitted from its colonizers 'influential migrants' unique experiences accumulated from other cultures (viz. Sanskrit; Arabic; Spanish – Greek and Latin, Arabic, Mexican, English Spanish, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian languages)

Filipino Setting

• The Filipino language has developed a unique vocabulary, since its inception from its Austronesian roots.

• According to Jose Villa Panganiban, "of the 30,000 root words in the Tagalog language, there are close to 5,000 from Spanish, 3,200 from Malay, 1,500 from English, 1,500 from both Hokkien (Min Nan) and Yueh Chinese dialects, 300 from Sanskrit, 200 from Arabic, and a few hundred altogether from other languages"

Filipino Setting

• Spanish is the language that has bequeathed the most loan words to Tagalog.

• An example is the sentence below, wherein Spanish–derived words are italicized:

"Puwede ba akong umupo sa silya sa tabi ng bintana habang nasa biyahe tayo sa eroplano?"

Filipino Setting

• Most have retained at least their spelling, sounding, and original definition <'basura', 'delikadesa', 'demokrasya' >

• Others have morphed<'ku(ha)nin' (Sp.: 'coja' + Tag. '–nin')><'maamong kordero' (from Sp.'amo' & 'cordero')>

• The compound word <'batya't palo–palo‘> were taken from the Spanish 'batea' for 'washing tub' and 'palo' for 'stick' or 'beater‘.

Filipino Setting

Others have totally evolved into new meaning.

• 'sospechoso‘ ('suspicious person' and not the 'suspect' anymore as it originally means in Spanish)

• 'imbyerna' (invierna), meant 'winter' became a word for 'bummer‘

• 'sigue' a Spanish word for 'continue' or 'follow' now widely understood as the second or third to the last word when about to hang up the phone ('O sigue uhm, bye.').

Filipino SettingTagalog Spanish Meaning

Abante Avante Ahead, ForwardBodega Bodega WarehouseColegio/Kolehiyo Colegio CollegeDiyos Dios GodEdukasyon Educación EducationGuerra/Giyera Guerra WarHustisya Justicia JusticeIngles Inglés EnglishKalye Calle StreetLuho Lujo LuxuryMundo Mundo World

Filipino SettingTagalog English

Basketbol BasketballBiskwit Biscuit

Byu ViewDirek Director

Ekonomiks EconomicsIspiker SpeakerIsports Sports

Istampid StampedeCatsup/Kechap Ketchup

Keyk CakePerpyum PerfumeWebsayt Website

English words in a Tagalog sentence are written as they are. But, they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:

Filipino Setting

Tagalog Malay Meaning Ako Aku I (first person)Balik Balik Return

Bansa Bangsa CountryDaan Jalan Street, road

Hangin Angin WindItik Itik Duck

Kalapati Merpati Pigeon

This is a small sample of the thousands of cognates present between Tagalog and Malay.

Reborrowing• It is possible for a word to travel from one language to another

and then back to the original language in a different form, a process called reborrowing.

• Example: Fr. "le biftek", which is borrowed from the English "beefsteak", while the English "beef" is originally from the Fr. "le bœuf".

• E cinema which is based on the Greek word for movement, ”κίνημα” (transliteration: kinima), but has been re-borrowed by modern Greek as ”σινεμά” (transliteration: sinema).

MARAMING SALAMAT PO..