diagnostic exam

1. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is 12. The tens digit is two more than the ones digit. The ones digit is two less than three times the ones digit. What is the number?

a. 642 d. 660b. 453 e. None of the abovec. 831

2. If Drew were three times as old as he was five years ago, he will be sixty less than six times his current age. How old is Drew?


3. Danny has a total of ninety P20, P50, and P100-bills. She has three and a half times as many P50 as P20-bills, and one-half as many P100 as P20-bills. How much money does he have?

a. P600 d. P4350b. P1500 e. None of the abovec. P2250

4. The Daily Bugle offers advertisement space at P98 a page printed in colored. How many pages would P2,450 buy?


5. How much water should be added to one liter of pure alcohol to make a mixture of 50% alcohol?

a. 1 liters d. 0.5 litersb. 2 liter e. None of the abovec. 1.5 liters

6. What number comes next in the following series? 4, 16, 36, 64, …a. 94 d. 100

b. 81 e. None of the abovec. 64

7. What are two consecutive integers, such that seven times the larger minus three times the smaller is 95?

a. 21 and 22 d. 23 and 24b. 24 and 25 e. None of the abovec. 22 and 23

8. Sixty-three more than four-fifths of a number equals 111. What is the number?a. 60 d. 32b. 48 e. None of the abovec. 54

9. The larger of two numbers is six more than six times the smaller number. The larger number is also 122 more than two times the smaller number. What is the smaller number?

a. 180 d. 29b. 116 e. None of the above

Mathematics1. This is a simulation of the Law Aptitude Exam. Answer it like the real thing.2. Do not begin unless told to do so. 3. Only pencils and eraser are allowed on top of the table. Scratch paper shall be provided.4. For each question, choose the best answer according to the instructions. Shade the corresponding

circle on your answer sheet .If you want to change your answer, erase the shading completely, then shade your new answer.

30 items / 40 minutes

c. 36

10. The ratio of votes for Manny to votes for Karen in an election is 13:5. There were a total of 1,530 votes. How many people voted for Karen?


11. The sum of three positive consecutive integers is less than 346. What pair of numbers has the greatest sum?

a. 111, 112, 113 d. 115, 116, 117b. 103, 104, 105 e. None of the abovec. 114, 115, 116

12. The measures of two angles in a triangle are in the ratio of 2:4. The measure of the larger angle is twenty-four degrees less than three times the smaller angle. What is the measure of the larger angle?

a. 24 degrees d. 108 degreesb. 48 degrees e. None of the abovec. 72 degrees

13. Naomi is nine years older than Bert. Naomi is four times as old as Brian was three years ago. Brian is eighteen years younger than Fiona. How old is Bert?


14. BJ played a few games of bowling. In the third game he scored 80 more than in the second game. In the first game he scored 110 less than in the third game. His total score for the first two games was 208. If he wants an average score of 146, what must he score in the fourth game?


15. Two airline buses leave an airport at the same time in opposite directions. The first plane is traveling at 325 kph and the other at 275 kph. How long will it take for the planes to be 2,700 kilometers apart?

a. 4 hours d. 4.5 minutesb. 270 minutes e. None of the abovec. 5 hours

16. Evaluate: 1 + 16 ÷ 2 • 8 – 10a. –8 d. 0b. 8 e. None of the abovec. 53

17. Which of the following fractions has the greatest value?a. 3 / 7 d. 4 / 9b. 8 / 13 e. None of the abovec. 6 / 11

18. Ruth calculated the total revenue for the night to be P54,540. A total of 540 tickets and souvenirs were sold. If a ticket cost P112 each and a souvenir costs P68, how many tickets were sold?


19. There are three consecutive even integers. Half the sum of the second and third numbers is 35. What are the integers?

a. 69, 71, 73 d. 32, 34, 36

b. 38, 70, 72 e. None of the abovec. 33, 35, 37

20. If 27 is added to a two-digit number, the original number will be reversed. The number is three less than four times the sum of its digits. What is the number?


21. Daisy has a total of sixty P100, P200 and P500-bills. She has a total of P16,800. She has eight more P500 than P100-bills and eight fewer P500 than P200-bills. How many of P200-bill does she have?


22. Leia drove to Neil's house at 45 kph. Neil's house is 28 kilometers away. Leia arrived at Neil's house at 4:27 PM. What time did she leave?

a. 4:02 PM d. 3:52 PMb. 4:52 PM e. None of the abovec. 5:02 PM

23. A rectangle, whose perimeter is 144 feet, has a length that is 6 feet longer than its width. What is the area of the rectangle?

a. 4,752 ft2 d. 5,175 ft2

b. 5,616 ft2 e. None of the abovec. 5,184 ft2

24. One angle in triangle ABC is 31 degrees. The difference between the measures of the other two angles is 63 degrees. What is the measure of each angle in triangle ABC?

a. 31, 43, 106 d. 31, 74, 75b. 31, 54, 95 e. None of the abovec. 31, 63, 8

25. A rectangle and a square have the same area. The length of the rectangle is 48 inches more than two times its width. The length of a side of the square is 48 inches. The side of the square is 72 inches less than five times the width of the rectangle. What are the dimensions of the rectangle?

a. 24 in2 d. 2304 in2

b. 48 in2 e. None of the abovec. 576 in2

26. Evaluate: 22 + 90.5 + 21 + 2250


27. The ratio of adult tickets to student tickets for the play was 4:5. If the sum of the adult tickets and one half of the students tickets is 260, how many adult tickets were sold?


28. Carrie owns three houses and makes money by renting them out. She charges three times as much per month for the second house than for the first. The monthly rent for the third house is P2,610 less than the sum of the monthly rents for the first two houses. The first house was vacant for six months, but otherwise rents were received every month from the tenants of the three houses. Carrie had total rent receipts of P186,390 for the year. How much, per month, was the rent for the third house?

a. P2,071 d. P6,300b. P2,100 e. None of the abovec. P5,790

29. Evaluate: | 4 – 5 | – | 3 – 5 | – | 3 – 4 |a. –2 d. 0b. –1 e. None of the abovec. 1

30. Factor: a3 – 27a. (a – 3)3 d. (a – 3)(a2 + 3a + 9)b. (a + 3)(a – 3) e. None of the abovec. (a2 – 9)(a + 3)

5. A B C D

?6. A B C D

?

Abstract Reasoning1. This is a simulation of the Law Aptitude Exam. Answer it like the real thing.2. Do not begin unless told to do so. 3. Only pencils and eraser are allowed on top of the table. Scratch paper shall be provided.4. For each question, choose the best answer according to the instructions. Shade the corresponding



1. A B C D

?

4. A B C D

?

STOP!Do not go to the next page

until told to do so. Review your answers

before proceeding to the next test.

2. A B C D

?3. A B C D

?

11. A B C D

?

10. A B C D

?

9. A B C D

?

14. A B C D

?

13. A B C D

?

7. A B C D

?

12. A B C D

?

8. A B C D

?

15. A B C D

?

18. A B C D

?

21. A B C D

?

20. A B C D

?

19. A B C D

?

22. A B C D

?

J F M A M J S

S M T T F S W

M V E P N J M

O T F N E S T

ZY JI TS IG FE AI KL

16. A B C D

?17. A B C D

?

M IN E

L IN E

L AN E

N AM E

L IM E

L AT E

L IT E

I V X M L D C

26. A B C D

?

23. A B C D

?

25. A B C D

?

29. A B C D

?

28. A B C D

?

30. A B C D

?

4 9 16 32 64 72 25

11 13 17 21 19 18 23

45 54 63 32 64 72 25

24. A B C D

?1 4 16 32 64 72 25

27. A B C D

?65 54 43 32 64 72 25

31. A B C D

?

37. A B C D

?38. A B C D

?

36. A B C D

?

32. A B C D

?

34. A B C D

?

33. A B C D

?

35. A B C D

?

39. A B C D

?40. A B C D

?

42. A B C D

?

44. A B C D

?

41. A B C D

?

46. A B C D

?

43. A B C D

?

45. A B C D

?

GRAMMAR

47. A B C D

?

49. A B C D

?50. A B C D

?

M EA T

M AT E

T EA M

M IT E

T AM E

M EE T

T EE M

BCD FGH JKL MNP NOP TVW ABC

Grammatical Reasoning1. This is a simulation of the Law Aptitude Exam. Answer it like the real thing.2. Do not begin unless told to do so. 3. Only pencils and eraser are allowed on top of the table. Scratch paper shall be provided.4. For each question, choose the best answer according to the instructions. Shade the corresponding


.


48. A B C D

?




1. _____ winning in spite of the odds inspired us all.a. Heb. Youc. Yourd. Hime. None of the above

2. The Amtrak Company _____ its turnover over the past eleven months.a. has doubledb. had doubledc. has doublingd. had been doublinge. None of the above

3. If Shawn had locked his car properly, it _____ stolen.a. would not have beenb. will not be c. would not bed. was note. None of the above

4. Neither Rina nor the other secretaries filed _____ income tax returns.a. herb. theirc. theirsd. ourse. None of the above

5. Many middle-born children place great importance on _____ peer group.a. hisb. theirc. ourd. youe. None of the above

6. In my company, only executives are eligible _____ share option schemes.a. forb. ofc. withd. toe. None of the above

7. _____ get tired of answering the same questions everyday?a. Have you everb. Had you everc. Do you everd. Are you evere. None of the above

8. The question of _____ we should support must be decided soon.a. whob. whomc. whichd. thate. None of the above

9. The minority of office staff _____ high school graduates.a. isb. wasc. are

d. has beene. None of the above

10. I _____ to Paris and seen the the exhibits at Louvre.a. wentb. had been c. have beend. will goe. None of the above

IDENTIFYING ERRORS

11. The Bureau of Food and Drugs did not conclude that the negative side affects of the drug

a boffset the drug’s positive benefits. None of the above c d e

12. Debating the anti-corruption bill was the first order of business for the House; to set the a b ccalendar for the upcoming session was to follow. None of the above

d e13. As he held open the door for her, she could not ignore the look on his face, a look that

a aggravated her self-consciousness as they proceeded along the street. None of the

above b c d e

14. Over the last decade, the information industry had grown into a multi-billion dollar a bindustry that employs tens of thousands of workers. None of the above c d e

15. One cannot perform multiple tasks simultaneously if he is easily distracted by a b cone’s sorroundings. None of the above d e

16. Reading widely in her field, making her self available to students, and a bher sophisticated research paid off for Professor Almedal; she was awarded tenure c d last year. None of the above e

17. Youth, as the Greeks and other early civilizations knew, are best spent a b cas a time of learning and of recreation. None of the above d e

18. Despite enormous voter drive, there are still many city-dwellers who are not registered to a b c dvote. None of the above e

19. Most of his constituents agree that it is reasonable for the representative a bto not acquiesce to the demands of the transit authority. None of the above c d

20. He is not sure if he should buy the new computer now or wait until he receives his a b c dnext bonus. None of the above e

SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT

21. Trying to keep her balance on the icy surface, the last competitor's ski-tip caught the pole and somersaulted into the soft snow.

a. the last competitor's ski-tip caught the pole and somersaulted into the soft snow

b. the ski-tip of the last competitor caught the pole and somersaulted in the soft snow

c. the last competitor caught the pole with the tip of her ski, and somersaulted into the soft snow

d. the last competitor caught the pole with her ski-tip, which made her somersault into the soft snow

e. None of the above

22. The best way to encourage innovative thinking is not to promise financial rewards for ideas, but to ensure that the person making the suggestion receives recognition for his contribution.

a. but to ensure that the person making the suggestion receives recognition for his contribution

b. but to ensure that the person who makes the suggestion will be receiving recognition for his contribution

c. but rather by ensuring that the person making the suggestion receives recognition for his contribution

d. but rather ensure that suggestion-maker receives recognition for his contribution


23. Among the many reasons for his defeat in the election was his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions, and his unwarranted attack on his main rival.

a. was his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions

b. were his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions

c were his arrogant assumptions that his constituents were incapable of understanding economical conditions

d. were his arrogant assumption that his constituents would be incapable of understanding economics


24. Only one out of every 150,000 chemical compounds proves useful in the field of pharmaceuticals, thus many research scientists spend their entire careers to investigate drugs that will never receive FDA approval.

a. many research scientists spend their entire careers to investigate drugs

b. many a research scientist spends his or her entire career investigating drugs

c. many research scientists spend their entire career in the investigation of drugs

d. many research scientists investigate drugs in their entire careers


25. The government requires that these forms should be submitted before the end of the financial year.

a. that these forms should be submitted

b. that these forms be submitted

c. for these forms to be submitted

d. these forms submission


26. Rembrandt’s early work has often been described as being in sharp contrast with his later work, despite there is a fundamental continuity between the two.

a. with his later work, despite

b. with his later work, despite the fact that

c. with is later work, but

d. with is later work, notwithstanding


27. In the initial stages of learning a new language we learn more through listening and attempting to copy speech patterns and not through reading grammar books.

a. and attempting to copy speech patterns and not through reading grammar books

b. and attempting to copy speech patterns than through reading grammar books

c. and attempts to copy speech patterns than through reading grammar books

d. and attempts at copying speech patterns than through reading grammar books


28. If the gardener would sow the seeds in the greenhouse rather than the garden, he might get a better display of flowers.

a. If the gardener would sow the seeds in the greenhouse rather than the garden

b. If the gardener would sow the seeds in the greenhouse rather than the garden

c. If the gardener were to sow the seeds in the greenhouse rather than in the garden

d. If the gardener would sow the seeds in the greenhouse instead of the garden


29. It is highly desirable that you furnish evidence of your expenses before you submit your final accounts.

a. It is highly desirable that you furnish evidence of your expenses

b. It is highly desirable that you should furnish evidence of your expenses

c. It is highly to be desired that you furnish evidences of your expenses

d. You must furnish evidence of your expenses


30. In the fine print at the end of the document lies the clauses that make us liable for any expenses that result from civil unrest.

a. lies the clauses that make us liable for any expenses that

b. lies the clauses that make us liable for any expenses which

c. lies the clause that make us liable for any expenses that

d. lie the clauses that makes us liable for any expenses which





SYNONYMS

1. pith of his argumenta. benevolenceb. quintessencec. abyssd. bottome. None of the above

2. recommending a nostrum a. adjournmentb. explanationc. stalemated. remedye. None of the above

3. occlude the path a. presumeb. discoverc. obstructd. pursuee. None of the above

4. concept of gemeinschaft a. apportionmentb. communityc. individuald. pleasuree. None of the above

5. contretemps in the plana. hindranceb. antagonistsc. derisiond. enticemente. None of the above

6. scan the gestalt a. summaryb. modificationc. appearanced. pretensee. None of the above

Grammatical Reasoning1. This is a simulation of the Law Aptitude Exam. Answer it like the real thing.2. Do not begin unless told to do so. 3. Only pencils and eraser are allowed on top of the table. Scratch paper shall be provided.4. For each question, choose the best answer according to the instructions. Shade the corresponding



7. vitiate the reputationa. promoteb. suspectc. debased. foster


8. lack of compunction a. determinationb. trepidationc. poised. remorsee. None of the above

9. place a malediction on the evildoers a. warrantb. blightc. decreed. proclamatione. None of the above

10. vituperative comments a. profitableb. constructivec. slanderousd. criticisme. None of the above

ANTONYMS

11. prolix manuscript a. abundantb. scarcec. succinctd. occasionale. None of the above

12. avoid being profligate a. multiplyb. begetc. languidd. parsimoniouse. None of the above

13. inchoate actions a. undevelopedb. completec. countlessd. unacceptablee. None of the above

14. rescind the contract a. sanctionb. annulc. appraised. interpret


15. a saturnine expression on her face a. dejectedb. closedc. disconcerted

d. joviale. None of the above

16. specious accusationsa. validb. capaciousc. spuriousd. misleadinge. None of the above

17. opprobrious decision a. excoriatingb. recklessc. ignominousd. favorablee. None of the above

18. factious leadership a. fabricatedb. truthfulc. subjectived. unifiede. None of the above

19. obdurate criminals a. confusedb. hardenedc. acquiescentd. repentante. None of the above

20. inimitable qualitiesa. exclusiveb. estimablec. viled. conventionale. None of the above

ANALOGY (SINGLE)

21. quaff : sip :: stride : a. walkb. runc. minced. lege. None of the above

22. excerpt : novel :: swatch :a. paperb. samplec. watchd. clothe. None of the above

23. disease : pathologist :: tenet : a. theologianb. studentc. teacherd. universitye. None of the above

24. malinger : ail :: flatter :

a. maliceb. humanityc. resentmentd. appreciatee. None of the above

25. proselytize : convert : digress ::a. revealb. deviatec. disclosed. condonee. None of the above

26. sanctuary : refuge :: coffer : a. woodb. valuablesc. safetyd. protectione. None of the above

27. anesthetic : numbness :: sedative :a. drowsinessb. painc. migrained. anxietye. None of the above

28. period : stop :: caret :a. insertb. abbreviatec. emphasized. seperatee. None of the above

29. siren : lure :: sphinx :a. astoundb. angerc. annoyd. perplex


30. tyrant : just :: fraud :a. scrupulousb. deceptionc. hoaxerd. pretensee. None of the above

ANALOGY (PAIRED)

31. rust : corrosion ::a. vapor : flammabilityb. solution : precipitationc. mold : dissinfectiond. dew : condensatione. None of the above

32. cogent : convince :: a. repugnant : repelb. irrational : disturbc. dangerous : avoid

d. generous : appreciatee. None of the above

33. paltry : significance ::a. redundant : discussionb. opulent : wealthc. banal : originalityd. obique : familiaritye. None of the above

34. disguise : recognition ::a. infidelity : matrimonyb. padding : damagec. prevarication : statementd. espionage : diplomacye. None of the above

35. perspicacious : insight ::a. warm : temperatureb. churlish : enmityc. rapacious : magnanimityd. wealth : scarcitye. None of the above

36. color : spectrum ::a. sound : wavesb. tone : scalec. dimension : spaced. cell : organisme. None of the above

37. limerick : poem ::a. monologue : chorusb. aria : songc. book : noveld. waltz : tangoe. None of the above

38. misanthrope : people ::a. miscreant : dogmab. patriot : countryc. xenophobe : strangersd. rebel : governmente. None of the above

39. stygian : dark ::a. abysmal : lowb. furtuitous : accidentalc. reckless : threateningd. cataclysmic : doomed


40. prattle : speak ::a. lane : strollb. amble : scurryc. orate : listend. promenade : walke. None of the above

SENTENCE COMPLETION

41. The actual _____ of Gretchen's position was always _____ by his refusal to compromise after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement.a. uncertainty … alleviatedb. outcome … foreshadowedc. logic … enhancedd. rigidity … betrayede. None of the above

42. Pyridine is a colorless _____ liquid with a sharp choking odor, and therefore requires to be _____ stored in tightly-stoppered glass bottles to prevent the fumes from escaping.a. volatile … prudentlyb. viscous … occasionallyc. corrosive … instantlyd. viscid … unwittinglye. None of the above

43. That many of the important laws of science were discovered during experiments designed to _____ other phenomena suggests that experimental results are the _____ of inevitable natural forces rather than of planning.a. alter… adjunctsb. analyze … foundationsc. illuminate.. consequencesd. disprove… predecessorse. None of the above

44. Business forecasts usually prove reasonably accurate when the assumption that the future will be much like the past is _____; in times of major _____ in the business environment, however, forecasts can be dangerously wrong.a. satisfied… shiftsb. specified… discontinuitiesc. questioned… surgesd. contradicted… improvementse. None of the above

45. Politeness is not a _____ attribute of human behavior, but rather a central virtue, one whose very existence is increasingly being _____ by the faddish requirement to “speak one’s mind”.a. pervasive … undercutb. superficial … threatenedc. precious… repudiatedd. trivial… affectede. None of the above

46. While it is assumed that the mechanization of work has had a _____ effect on the lives of workers, there is evidence available to suggest that, on the contrary, mechanization has served to _____ some of the traditional roles of women.a. dramatic… undermineb. revolutionary… reinforcec. debilitating… weakend. benign… revisee. None of the above

47. Early _____ of hearing loss is _____ by the fact that the other senses are able to compensate for moderate amounts of loss, so that people frequently do not know that their hearing is imperfect.a. discovery … indicatedb. development … preventedc. detection … complicated

d. treatment … facilitated.e. None of the above

48. The functions of the hands, eyes, and brain are so _____ that using the hands during early childhood helps the child’s entire _____ development.a. unalterable… intellectualb. intertwined… perceptualc. enigmatic… psychologicald. regulated… adolescente. None of the above

49. Although he was very strict with the students in the classroom, his envious colleagues were under the impression that the students _____ him because of his _____.a. derided… indolenceb. deplored … ingenuityc. extolled… insolenced. revered… leniencye. None of the above

50. Non-violent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly refused to _____ its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be _____.a. decrease … verifiedb. acknowledge … ignoredc. address … eliminatedd. explain … discussede. None of the above

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

In an ___(51)___, two hundred mice of a strain that is ___(52)___ free of leukemia were given equal doses of radiation. Half of the mice were then allowed to eat their usual foods without ___(53)___, while the other half were given adequate but limited amounts of the same foods. Of the first group, fifty-five ___(54)___ leukemia; of the second, only three.

51. a. account b. analysis c. attemptd. experimente. None of the above

52. a. normallyb. veryc. conceptually d. usually e. None of the above

53. a. conditionb. trepidationc. restraintd. hydration e. None of the above

54. a. acknowledgedb. developed c. infected d. establishede. None of the above

A ___(55)___ critic has to ___(56)___ the particular content, unique structure, and special meaning of a work of art. And here she faces a ___(57)___. The critic must recognize the artistic element of uniqueness that requires subjective reaction; yet she must not be unduly ___(58)___ by such reactions. Her likes and dislikes are less ___(59)___ than what the work itself communicates, and her preferences may ___(60)___ her of certain qualities of the work and thereby prevent an adequate understanding of it.

55. a. criticalb. novicec. seriousd. laconice. None of the above

56. a. questionb. comprehendc. esteemd. admiree. None of the above

57. a. retributionb. gratefulnessc. realizationd. dilemma e. None of the above

58. a. strainedb. prejudicedc. objectified d. admirede. None of the above

59. a. biasedb. importantc. attuned d. dictated e. None of the above

60. a. prevent b. aidc. relieved. blinde. None of the above

PREMISES/ASSUMPTIONS

1. Given:Last year, Hank enjoyed a high income from exactly two sources: his

manufacturing business and his stock market investments. Although Rupert earns far more from his business than from his stocks, the money he earns from the stock market is an important part of his income. Because of series of drops in the stock marked, Rupert will not earn as much from his investments this year. It follows then that Rupert will make less money this year than he did last year.

Logical Reasoning1. This is a simulation of the Law Aptitude Exam. Answer it like the real thing.2. Do not begin unless told to do so. 3. Only pencils and eraser are allowed on top of the table. Scratch paper shall be provided.4. For each question, choose the best answer according to the instructions. Shade the corresponding






Statement:Increased profits at Rupert’s business will not offset any loss in stock market

income.

a. The statement is an assumption.b. The statement is not an assumption.

2. Given:The best teachers never tell their students what to write. They try instead to

establish an environment that is conducive to thorough and creative scholarship, because training a student through indoctrination is never as effective as encouraging a student to develop his faculties independently. Truly impressive scholarly work can be produced only by a student who feels that he is breaking new ground, or at least treating familiar ground in a fresh and original manner.

Statement:A student cannot create impressive scholarly work if he has been encouraged to

formulate his own ideas.


3. Given:The governor has admitted to having an illicit affair and lying to his wife about it.

Although the affair ended several years ago, and the governor and his wife are now reconciled, this episode disqualifies him from seeking higher office. How could world leaders be expected to negotiate with a president who has admitted lying to his spouse?

Statement:A person who could be dishonest in a personal situation is likely to tell a lie in

public.


4. Given:I think some of our schools should be less rigid than they are and teachers should

not oppress their pupils in an authoritarian spirit as some of them do. Yet, it is essential for teachers to make clear what they expect of children. This is like giving a vine a pole on which to grow.

Statement:All teachers are authoritative in class.


5. Given:I will graduate in March.

Statement:I will still be alive in March


6. Given:What is the most wicked – envy, hatred or malice?

Statement:It is wrong to hate anybody.

a. The statement is an assumption.

b. The statement is not an assumption.

7. Given:“I’m all for women having equal rights,” said Bullfight Association president Paco

Camino. “But I repeat, women shouldn’t fight bulls because a bull-fighter is and should be a man.”

Statement:Men are born to be bullfighters.


8. Given:The local government’s new ordinance limiting the types of materials that can be

disposed of in trash fires violates our right as citizens. The fact that local environmental damage results from the burning of certain inorganic materials is not the primary issue. The real concern is the government’s flagrant disregard for the right of the individual to establish what is acceptable on his or her own property.

Statement:An individual’s personal rights on his own property supersede any right or

responsibility the government may have to protect a community from harm.


9. Given:Suppose that Bert tells me that he has had a tooth extracted without an

anesthetic, and I express my sympathy, and suppose that I am then asked, “How do you know that it hurt me?” I might reasonably reply, “Well, I know that it would have hurt me. I have been to the dentist and know how painful it is to have a toothy filled let alone taken out, without an anesthetic.”

Statement:The speaker and Bert have the same sort of nervous system and that under these

conditions, the speaker would have felt considerable pain, just as Bert had.


10. Given:1 out of 10 children catches colds everyday. I am going to teach a class of 40 children today.

Statement: I have four children sick with colds today.


DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

11. The keys to economic growth are low interest rates and a high number of investments. There cannot be a high number of investments without low interest rates. Therefore,a. If there are low interest rates, then there are investments.b. A high number of investments is adequate to guarantee low interest rates.c. Stagnant economies with low interest rates have few investments.d. Stagnant economies with high interest rates have few investments.e. None of the above

12. If Alex comes to the party, Butch leaves the party. If Butch leaves the party, either Ralph or Tim asks Rory to dance. If Rory is asked to dance by either Ralph or Tim and Butch leaves the party, Rory accepts. If Rory is asked to dance by either Ralph or Tim and Butch does not leave the party, Rory does not accept. If Butch does not leave the party,a. Tim asks Rory to dance.b. Ralph asks Rory to dance.c. Alex does not come to the party.d. Rory refuses to dance with either Robert or Steve.e. None of the above

13. Compassionate acts make this world a better place. Condoling with the bereaved is a compassionate act.a. Therefore, giving sympathy makes people happier.b. Therefore, in times of sorrow, there is happiness.c. Therefore, condoling with the bereaved makes this world a better place.d. Therefore, we should be happy and make this world a better place.e. None of the above

14. Antifreeze lowers the melting point of any liquid to which it is added so that the liquid will not freeze in cold weather. It is commonly used to maintain the cooling system in automobile radiators. Of course, the weather may become so cold that even antifreeze is not effective, but such a severe climatic condition rarely occurs in well-traveled places.a. Severe climatic conditions rarely occur.b. Antifreeze raises the melting point of some liquids.c. Antifreeze does not lower the melting point of certain liquids in extreme

conditions.d. It is not often that many travelers who use antifreeze have their cooling systems

freeze.e. None of the above

15. If taxes are reduced then inflation will rise, but if the budget is balanced then unemployment will increase. If the president keeps his campaign promises, then either taxes are reduced or budget is balanced. Therefore,a. If inflation rises, then the president should balance the budget.b. If unemployment increases and inflation rises, then the president will not keep his

campaign promises.c. If the president keeps his campaign promises, then either inflation will rise or

unemployment will increase.d. The president should not keep his campaign promises.e. None of the above

16. So far this year, researchers have reported the following:- Heavy coffee consumption can increase the risk of hear attack.- Drinking a cup of coffee in the morning increases feelings of well being and

alertness.- Boiled coffee increases blood cholesterol levels.- Coffee may protect against cancer of the colon.If all these statements are true, which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from this information?a. Reducing coffee consumption will make people healthier.b. Reducing coffee consumption will make people feel better.c. People at risk of heart attack should limit their coffee drinking.d. People at risk of cancer should reduce their coffee consumption.e. None of the above

17. If God were willing to prevent evil, but unable to do so, He would be impotent. If He were able to prevent evil, but unwilling to do so, He would be malevolent. Evil can exist only if God is either unwilling or unable to prevent it. There is evil. If God exists, He is neither impotent nor malevolent. Therefore,

a. God is omnipotent.b. God does not exist.c. God is unwilling to prevent evil.d. God is all-powerful.e. None of the above

19. Cows make milk out of grass. Farmers take care of the cows that produce milk. Cheese is made of milk and milk is made of grass.a. Therefore, cheese is made by farmers.b. Therefore, cows are made of grass.c. Therefore, cheese and milk are made of grass.d. Conclusion cannot be drawn.e. None of the above

20. If it will either rain tomorrow or not, then weather predicting is an exact science. It will rain tomorrow. Therefore,a. It will not rain tomorrow.b. Weather predicting is an exact science.c. Weather cannot be predicted exactly.d. If it rains today, it will not rain tomorrow.e. None of the above

21. A recent study of cigarette smokers has shown that 40 percent of cancer patients who are heavy smokers of unfiltered cigarettes will die of the disease. For cancer patients who are light smokers of filter cigarettes, the percentage is 25 percent. Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the information above?a. There are more heavy smokers of unfiltered cigarettes than light smokers of filter

cigarettes.b. More heavy smokers of unfiltered cigarettes die of cancer than light smokers of

filter cigarettes.c. A heavy smoker of unfiltered cigarettes who has cancer is more likely to die than

a light smoker of unfiltered cigarettes.d. A heavy smoker of unfiltered cigarettes who has cancer is more likely to die of the

disease than a light smoker of filtered cigarettes who has cancer.e. None of the above

INTERPRETATION

A theater company is presenting a series of five plays featuring five actors, F, G, H, I, and J.- Only G and H will perform in the first play.- J and three others will perform in the second play.- Only F will perform in the third play.- More people will perform in the fourth play than in the fifth play.

22. Which of the following must surely be true? a. F, I, and J will perform in the fifth play.b. F and I will perform in the second play.c. All five actors will perform in the fourth play.d. Four actors will appear in the fifth play.e. None of the above

23. For which of the following pairs of performers is it true that if one appears in a play, the other must also appear?a. J and Gb. J and Hc. J and Id. G and He. None of the above

Ten bells are to be hung side by side on a rope which will then be stretched parallel to the ground between two poles. The positions are numbered consecutively 1 through 10, starting from the left.- There are two green, two blue, three red, and three yellow bells.- The two green bells are next to each other.- The two blue bells are not next to each other.- The three red bells are next to each other.- A blue bell is at one end of the rope and a red bell is at the other end.

24. If a blue bell is in position 7 and a yellow bell in position 8, which of the following positions is surely occupied by a green bell?a. 4b. 5c. 6d. 9e, None of the above

25. If one green bell is next to a blue bell and the other green bell is next to a red bell, which of the following must be true?a. The three yellow bells are next to each other.b. A blue bell is flanked by two yellow bells.c. A yellow bell is flanked by two blue bells.d. A blue bell is between a red bell and a green bell.e, None of the above

26. If a yellow bell is in position 5 and the yellow bells are next to each other, which of the following cannot be possible?a. A blue bell is in position 4.b. A blue bell is in position 7.c. A blue bell is in position 8.d. A blue bell is in position 1.e, None of the above

27. If Lorraine is the tallest among the group; Myra is shorter and younger than Sylvia; Corrine is older than Lorraine; Sylvia is prettier and older than Lorraine; Corrine is as tall as Sylvia and prettier than Myra; Myra is as pretty as Sylvia; Corrine is younger than Myra, who is the prettiest? Shortest? Oldest?a. Corrine – Lorraine – Sylviab. Corrine – Myra – Sylviac. Sylvia – Myra – Corrined. Sylvia – Corrine – Lorrainee. None of the above

A diner serves a different main entrée each night, from Sunday to Saturday. The choices are beef, lamb, venison, pork, spaghetti, marlin, and veal, each of which will be used on a different night. However, the following conditions must be satisfied when deciding upon the menu:- The lamb must be served either the night before or the night after the spaghetti is

served.- The beef must be served either the night before or the night after either the pork or

the marlin is served.- The venison cannot be served the night before or the night after the veal is served.- The veal must be served on Monday.

28. If the marlin is served on Thursday, the pork must be served ona. Sundayb. Tuesdayc. Friday

d. Saturdaye, None of the above

29. If lamb is served on Saturday, which one of the following must be true?a. The spaghetti is served on Thursday.b. The beef is served on Tuesday.c. The venison is served on Thursday.d. The pork is served on Wednesday.e, None of the above

30. Which one of the following is a night on which the venison could be served?a. Sundayb. Tuesdayc. Fridayd. Saturdaye, None of the above

INFERENCES31. Premises:

An attorney is always free to consult law books. A physician often looks up cases in medical texts. Everyone should be allowed a similar freedom or reference.

Statement:Therefore, students should be permitted to use their textbooks during

examinations.

a. The statement follows the given premises.b. The statement does not follow the given premises.

32. Premises:Samantha prefers Feature Writing to Editorial Writing. She likes Feature Writing,

however, less than she likes Photography. She actually finds Photography preferable to any other college course, and she dislikes Physical Education more than she dislikes Differential Calculus.

Statement:Samantha likes Feature Writing better than she likes Differential Calculus.


33. Premises:There are at least three spies at a diplomatic reception. At least one spy knows

the true identity of every other spy at the reception. At most, two spies know each other’s true identities.

Statement:If a spy knows the true identity of another spy, that second spy in turn knows the

true identity of the first.


34. Premises:Nothing is perfect. Everything is imperfect.

Statement:If nothing is not something, then given any individual thing whatever, it is not

perfect.


35. Premises:

All women who have friends are happy. All women either have friends or are happy.

Statement:Some women who have friends are not happy.


36. Premises:If the Board approves the new proposal, the office will move to a new location

immediately. If the office moves, five new supervisors will be appointed immediately. The Board approved the new proposal.

Statement:No new supervisors were appointed.


37. Premises:If the victim had money in his pockets, then robbery wasn’t the motive for the

crime. But either robber or vengeance was the motive for the crime. The victim has money in his pockets.

Statement:Therefore, vengeance must have been the motive for the crime.


38. Premises:In John and Ces’ class, everyone likes Math or Science or both. But Ces does not

like Science.

Statement:Anyone in class who does not like Science likes Math.


39. Premises:A few clowns are sad. All clowns are always funny. Children cannot be sad and

funny at the same time.

Statement:No sad clowns are children.


40. Premises:Jenny is dining at a Japanese restaurant. She will order either combination platter

#1 or combination platter #6, but not both. If she orders combination platter #1, she will eat tekka maki. If she orders combination platter #6, she will eat ebi sushi.

Statement:Jenny will eat either tekka maki or ebi sushi, but not both.


ARGUMENTS41. Self-confidence is a big factor in success. The person who thinks he can, will master

most of the things he attempts. The person who thinks he can’t, may not try.

The author of these statements would agree that:a. No task is too large.b. Success relies on effort.c. Trying is half the battle.d. Self-confidence is of most importance.e. None of the above

42. No one cheats on all the exams he takes. Some people cheat on most of the exams they take. Most cheat on some of the exams they take. Everyone has cheated on at least one exam he has taken. Cheating is wrong.

Which one of the following is inconsistent with the preceding facts?a. There are more people who cheat on all their exams than those who never cheat

at all.b. There are more people who cheat on some of their exams than those who cheat

on most of their exams.c. The punishment of expulsion does not discourage people from cheating.d. Marie has never been caught cheating.e. None of the above

43. A study of former athletes revealed that, as a group, they are five times less likely to die before the age of fifty than are members of the population at large. The advice to derive from this is clear: educational institutions should vastly expand their athletic departments so as to allow a greater portion of all students to participate in athletics, thereby increasing the overall life expectancy of their student population.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?a. The students who voluntarily compete in athletics are more predisposed to good

health than those who do not.b. People who become active after leading sedentary lives can remarkably decrease

their chances of contracting heart disease.c. Since participation in athletics requires tremendous academic discipline, athletes

are better suited to succeed in society than are students who do not participate in athletics.

d. Few schools have the resources to increase spending on athletics, a non-essential program.


44. Yomi said, “All children I have met are friendly. Therefore, all children are friendly.”

Which one of the following most closely parallels the logic of the above statement?a. I have eaten spinach three times and I got sick each time. Therefore, if I eat

spinach again, I will get sick.b. Every professor I had in college was mean. Therefore, all professors are mean.c. All mansions are big. This house is small. Therefore, it is not a mansion.d. My height has increased each year for the past two years. Therefore, I will grow

taller this year.e. None of the above

45. There is something irrational about our system of laws. Criminal law punishes a person more severely for having successfully committed a crime than it does a person who fails in an attempt to commit the same crime – even though the same evil intention is presented in both cases. But under civil law a person who attempts to defraud a potential victim but is unsuccessful is not required to pay damages.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s argument?a. There are more criminal laws on the books than there are civil laws on the books.b. The goal of criminal law is to punish the criminal, but the goal of civil law is to

compensate the victim.

c. Most persons who are imprisoned for crimes will commit another crime if they are ever released from prison.

d. A person is morally culpable for evil thoughts as well as for evil deed.e. None of the above

46. Choose the most sound argument from each of the following sets of statements below.

a. Knowledge is power and the use of power in a community should always be controlled and regulated. Therefore, knowledge belongs to that special ethical category of things which require special treatment and should be controlled with special rigor, and various sorts of knowledge should simply be just “off limits” altogether.

b. It is never appropriate to restrict or regulate knowledge or information. For this is something sacred and sacrosanct. Like life or liberty, it is the subject of a fundamental and indefeasible right.

c. Knowledge is not a special case of some sort. It is simply one good among others---which is subject to the same general sorts of socially motivated constrains to which we subject other goods and goals.

d. Certain sorts of inquiries result in products whose use for evil purposes is so readily possible and so likely that it is best not to embark in this direction at all. Whatever benefit for knowledge might result in the way of abstract understanding is overshadowed by the predictable prospect of reprehensible applications.


Mr. Dimple: Ms. Wilson’s qualifications are ideal for the position. She is intelligent, forceful, determined and trustworthy. I suggest we hire her immediately.

47. Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken Mr. Dimple’s statement?a. Ms. Wilson is not interested in being hired.b. There are two other applicants whose qualifications are identical to Ms. Wilson’s.c. Ms. Wilson is currently working for a rival company.d. Mr. Dimple is not speaking directly to the hiring committee.e. None of the above

48. Which of the following, if true, offers the strongest support of Mr. Dimple’s statement?a. All the members of the hiring committee have agreed that intelligence,

trustworthiness, determination, and forcefulness are important qualifications for the job.

b. Mr. Dimple holds exclusive responsibility for hiring new employees.c. Mr. Dimple has known Ms. Wilson longer than he has known any of the other

applicants.d. Ms. Wilson is a member of Mr. Dimple’s family.e. None of the above

49. You can use a bottle opener to open the new beer bottles. You do not need to use a bottle opener to open the new beer bottles.

Which of the following most closely parallels the logic of these statements?a. I can move the sofa with my sister’s help. If my sister is not available, I’ll get a

friend to help me.b. If you do not study you will fail the test. If you do study, you may fail the test.c. You must turn on the switch to light the lamp. If you turn on the switch, the lamp

may not light.d. Every candidate I voted for in the election lost his race. I must learn to vote

better.e. None of the above

50. An airline representative announced the introduction of a new pricing system that uses sophisticated computer technology. Based on up-to-the-minute information on sales, the system identifies and continually updates peak times of high demand and off-peak times of low demand, keeping prices high when demand is high and lowering prices to attract customers when demand is low. As a result, the airline anticipates that a large number of customers will choose to travel off-peak in order to experience savings, while those who wish to travel at peak times will enjoy greater availability due to higher prices. The airline therefore anticipates that the majority of customers will experience significant benefits as a result of the new system.

Which one of the following indicates an error in the reasoning on the part of the airline?a. The airline displays naïve trust in the possibilities of technology.b. The airline’s conclusion rests on a result that would necessarily cancel out the

anticipated benefit.c. The airline fails to factor in the cost of implementing the new system.d. The airline fails to establish the percentage of customers who would benefit from

the change.e. None of the above

Jay, a research scientist rides the train to work every day. On this day, he brought with him a package of several unstable chemicals contained in separate vials, which he double-checked to ensure they were tightly sealed to prevent contamination.

The security guard checking the contents of passenger belongings allowed Jay into the train platform with his package without thoroughly asking him as to the nature of the package’s contents. The management of this local metro rail transit, meanwhile, had conspicuously posted warnings at strategic places of the terminal, prohibiting any passenger from bringing explosives or any other inflammable materials into the station. Should they have any, they should submit these to the train’s personnel so they could be kept in a safe place aboard the train and be given back at the passenger’s exit point.

As everyone else went of to work, the platform was packed with passengers waiting for the train. When it finally arrived, people began pushing noisily at each other to get inside the oncoming train. Jay, with the package in his hands, got jostled about. When the train stopped and its doors opened, a Nick pushed Jay forcefully from behind to get in, causing Jay to drop the package.

There was a loud explosion as the chemicals mixed with each other and pandemonium broke loose. An Edna who was carrying an antique vase, surprised by the loud bang, dropped her age-old possession. Shards of the glass vial, which scattered upon the explosion, entered the eyes of a man who stood near Jay so that the man needed medical attention.

51. Not knowing the results of his action, the Nick should not be made to answer for any liability.a. The proposition is legally sound and may have basis in law.b. The proposition has no basis in law.

52. The management of the train station has a valid case against Jay for damages resulting from the explosion of the package he brought with him which he failed to surrender to train personnel as required given the unstable, unpredictable nature of the chemicals.a. The proposition is legally sound and may have basis in law.b. The proposition has no basis in law.

53. The Edna cannot petition for relief in the value of the antique vase she lost against Roger.a. The proposition is legally sound and may have basis in law.b. The proposition has no basis in law.

54. If all complaints were filed against the management, they can refuse to pay for damages and counsel all claimants to seek relief from the security guard.

a. The proposition is legally sound and may have basis in law.b. The proposition has no basis in law.

55. Jay should have no liability at all.a. The proposition is legally sound and may have basis in law.b. The proposition has no basis in law.

Selection A

The passage is taken from a biography of Florence Nightingale who is mainly remembered for her heroic work as a nurse during the Crimean War.

The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would

5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the

10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's

15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very

20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter

25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron

30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad - possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As


Reading Comprehension1. This is a simulation of the Law Aptitude Exam. Answer it like the real thing.2. Do not begin unless told to do so. 3. Only pencils and eraser are allowed on top of the table. Scratch paper shall be provided.4. For each question, choose the best answer according to the instructions. Shade the corresponding





35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For months at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest. At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there

40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ... when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous

45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the Army Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could she rest while these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity

50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After

55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back - an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before

60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army.

1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following except _____.

a. less dramaticb. less demandingc. less well-known to the publicd. more importante. more rewarding to Miss Nightingale herself.

2. The author's attitude to his material is _____.a. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsb. over-inflation of a reputationc. debunking a mythd. uncritical presentation of factse. interpretation as well as narration

3. The 'fulcrum' (line 17) refers to her _____.a. reputationb. mental energyc. physical energyd. overseas contactse. commitment to a cause

4. Paragraph2 paints a picture of a woman who is _____.a. an incapacitated invalidb. mentally shatteredc. stubborn and querulousd. physically weak but mentally indomitablee. purposeful yet tiresome

5. The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is to…a. account for conditions in the army.b. show the need for hospital reform.

c. explain Miss Nightingale's main concerns.d. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions.e. delineate Miss Nightingale's plan for reform.

6. The series of questions in paragraphs 2 and 3 are…a. the author's attempt to show the thoughts running through Miss Nightingale's

mind.b. Miss Nightingale questioning her own conscience.c. Miss Nightingale's response to an actual questioner.d. Responses to the doctors who advised rest.e. The author's device to highlight the reactions to Miss Nightingale's plans.

7. In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended to…a. criticize the conditions in hospitals.b. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were living.c. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospital.d. ridicule the dangers of army life.e. quote important statistics.

Selection B

Passage 1 was written by D.H. Lawrence, an English novelist. Passage 2 was written by the American novelist, Henry James.

Passage 1

It begins the moment you set foot ashore, the moment you step off the boat's gangway. The heart suddenly, yet vaguely, sinks. It is no lurch of fear. Quite the contrary. It is as if the life-urge failed, and the heart dimly sank. You trail past the

5 benevolent policeman and the inoffensive passport officials, through the fussy and somehow foolish customs - we don't really think it matters if somebody smuggles in two pairs of false-silk stockings - and we get into the poky but inoffensive train, with poky but utterly inoffensive people, and we have a cup of

10 inoffensive tea from a nice inoffensive boy, and we run through small, poky but nice and inoffensive country, till we are landed in the big but unexciting station of Victoria, when an inoffensive porter puts us into an inoffensive taxi and we are driven through the crowded yet strangely dull streets of London to the cosy yet

15 strangely poky and dull place where we are going to stay. And the first half-hour in London, after some years abroad, is really a plunge of misery. The strange, the grey and uncanny, almost deathly sense of dullness is overwhelming. Of course, you get over it after a while, and admit that you exaggerated. You get

20 into the rhythm of London again, and you tell yourself that it is not dull. And yet you are haunted, all the time, sleeping or waking, with the uncanny feeling: It is dull! It is all dull! This life here is one vast complex of dullness! I am dull! I am being dulled! My spirit is being dulled! My life is dulling down to

25 London dullness. This is the nightmare that haunts you the first few weeks of London. No doubt if you stay longer you get over it, and find London as thrilling as Paris or Rome or New York. But the climate is against me. I cannot stay long enough. With pinched

30 and wondering gaze, the morning of departure, I look out of the taxi upon the strange dullness of London's arousing; a sort of death; and hope and life only return when I get my seat in the boat-train, and hear all the Good-byes! Good-bye! Good-bye! Thank God to say Good-bye!

Passage 2

35 On the banks of the Thames it is a tremendous chapter of accidents - the London-lover has to confess to the existence of miles upon miles of the dreariest, stodgiest commonness. Thousands of acres are covered by low black houses, of the cheapest construction, without ornament, without grace, without

40 character or even identity. In fact there are many, even in the best quarters, in all the region of Mayfair and Belgravia, of so paltry and inconvenient and above all of so diminutive a type, that you wonder what peculiarly limited domestic need they were constructed to meet. The great misfortune of London, to the eye

45 (it is true that this remark applies much less to the City), is the want of elevation. There is no architectural impression without a certain degree of height, and the London street-vista has none of that sort of pride.All the same, if there be not the intention, there is at least the

50 accident, of style, which, if one looks at it in a friendly way, appears to proceed from three sources. One of these is simply the general greatness, and the manner in which that makes a difference for the better in any particular spot, so that though you may often perceive yourself to be in a shabby corner it never

55 occurs to you that this is the end of it. Another is the atmosphere, with its magnificent mystifications, which flatters and superfuses, makes everything brown, rich, dim, vague, magnifies distances and minimises details, confirms the inference of vastness by suggesting that, as the great city makes everything, it

60 makes its own system of weather and its own optical laws. The last is the congregation of the parks, which constitute an ornament not elsewhere to be matched and give the place a superiority that none of its uglinesses overcome. They spread themselves with such a luxury of space in the centre of the town

65 that they form a part of the impression of any walk, of almost any view, and, with an audacity altogether their own, make a pastoral landscape under the smoky sky. There is no mood of the rich London climate that is not becoming to them - I have seen them look delightfully romantic, like parks in novels, in the wettest

70 winter - and there is scarcely a mood of the appreciative resident to which they have not something to say. The high things of London, which here and there peep over them, only make the spaces vaster by reminding you that you are after all not in Kent or Yorkshire; and these things, whatever they be, rows of

75 'eligible' dwellings, towers of churches, domes of institutions, take such an effective gray-blue tint that a clever watercolorist would seem to have put them in for pictorial reasons.The view from the bridge over the Serpentine has an extraordinary nobleness, and it has often seemed to me that the

80 Londoner twitted with his low standard may point to it with every confidence. In all the town-scenery of Europe there can be few things so fine; the only reproach it is open to is that it begs the question by seeming - in spite of its being the pride of five millions of people - not to belong to a town at all. The towers of

85 Notre Dame, as they rise, in Paris, from the island that divides the Seine, present themselves no more impressively than those of Westminster as you see them looking doubly far beyond the shining stretch of Hyde Park water. Equally admirable is the large, river-like manner in which the Serpentine opens away

90 between its wooded shores. Just after you have crossed the bridge you enjoy on your left, through the gate of Kensington Gardens, an altogether enchanting vista - a footpath over the

grass, which loses itself beneath the scattered oaks and elms exactly as if the place were a 'chase.' There could be nothing less

95 like London in general than this particular morsel, and yet it takes London, of all cities, to give you such an impression of the country.

8. ‘It’ in line 1 refers to a feeling of _____. a. foreboding b. fear c. depression d. malaise e. relief

9. The author of passage one makes his point mainly by the use of _____.a. metaphor and simile b. repetition and exclamation c. accumulation of details d. irony and satire e. objective observation

10. The extensive use of the pronoun ‘you’ in passage 1 indicates that the author… a. is speaking to one particular person. b. is describing the experience of someone else. c. believes that his feelings will be shared by many others. d. wishes to add variety to his style. e. is distancing himself from the experience he describes.

11. Lawrence apparently believes that the ‘nightmare’ (line 26) is… a. uniquely caused by city life. b. only over when he leaves the country. c. made worse by the weather. d. dispelled by a longer stay in London. e. something that is never entirely conquered.

12. The word that James uses in Passage 2 that best conveys Lawrence’s ‘poky’ is _____.a. diminutive b. cheapest c. dreariest d. stodgiest e. low

13. The word ‘atmosphere’ (line 55) refers to…a. the mood of the place. b. the London air. c. the artistic impression. d. the author’s mood. e. the surroundings.

14. By the use of the word ‘congregation’ (line 61) the author suggests that the parks are… a. numerous b. religious c. too crowded d. unlimited in extent e. superior attractions

15. The second paragraph of Passage 2 in relation to the first does which of the following? a. Analyses a problem raised in paragraph one b. Continues the delineation of limitations c. Counters a negative impression d. Enlarges the viewpoint with the aid of wider examples e. Describes more specific locations

16. James mentions Notre Dame (line 85) in order to… a. provide an example of a monument finer than anything that London has to offer. b. highlight the impressive nature of a certain London building and its setting. c. give an example of a sight more suited to a town or city. d. make the image more realistic to the reader. e. prove that London and Paris are both attractive cities.

Selection C

A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going

5 to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere.

10 Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the

15 liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your

20 liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never

25 cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do

30 not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or

35 wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to

40 Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we

45 step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets

50 the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much

55 more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and

60 declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.

17. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ as,a. do not walk in the middle of the road. b. follow the orders of policemen. c. do not behave inconsiderately in public. d. do what you like in private. e. liberty is more important than anarchy.

18. The sentence ‘It means....curtailed’ (lines 13-15) is an example of a _____.a. hyperbole b. cliché c. simile d. paradox e. consonance

19. ‘Qualified’ (line 46) most nearly means… a. accredited b. improved c. limited d. stymied e. educated

20. In the sentence ‘We are all liable....’ (lines 54-56) the author is… a. pointing out a general weakness b. emphasizing his main point c. countering a general misconception d. suggesting a remedy e. modifying his point of view

21. The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes in… a. all matters of dress and food. b. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of others. c. anything that is not against the law. d. his own home. e. public places as long as no one sees him.

22. A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would be… a. a teacher correcting grammar errors b. an editor shortening the text of an article c. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accounts d. an army office giving orders to a soldier e. a gaoler locking up a prisoner

23. The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one is _____. a. condescending b. intolerant c. objective

d. sardonic e. supportive

Selection DPassage 1 is taken from the introduction to Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, one

of the most famous biographies in the English language, and first published in 1791. Passage 2, written a hundred years later, is from an essay by L. Stephen on the subject of autobiography.

Passage 1

Had Dr. Johnson written his own Life, in conformity with the opinion which he has given, that every man's life may be best written by himself; had he employed in the preservation of his own history,

5 that clearness of narration and elegance of language in which he has embalmed so many eminent persons, the world would probably have had the most perfect example of biography that was ever exhibited. But although he at different times, in a desultory manner,

10 committed to writing many particulars of the progress of his mind and fortunes, he never had persevering diligence enough to form them into a regular composition. Of these memorials a few have been preserved; but the greater part was consigned by him

15 to the flames, a few days before his death.As I had the honour and happiness of enjoying his friendship for upwards of twenty years; as I had the scheme of writing his life constantly in view; as he was well apprised of this circumstance, and from

20 time to time obligingly satisfied my enquiries, by communicating to me the incidents of his early years; as I acquired a facility in recollecting, and was very assiduous in recording, his conversation, of which the extraordinary vigour and vivacity constituted one of

25 the first features of his character; and as I have spared no pains in obtaining materials concerning him, from every quarter where I could discover that they were to be found, and have been favoured with the most liberal communications by his friends; I flatter myself

30 that few biographers have entered upon such a work as this, with more advantages; independent of literary abilities, in which I am not vain enough to compare myself with some great names who have gone before me in this kind of writing.

35 Wherever narrative is necessary to explain, connect, and supply, I furnish it to the best of my abilities; but in the chronological series of Johnson's life, which I trace as distinctly as I can, year by year, I produce, wherever it is in my power, his own minutes,

40 letters, or conversation, being convinced that this mode is more lively, and will make my readers better acquainted with him, than even most of those were who actually knew him, but could know him only partially; whereas there is here an accumulation of

45 intelligence from various points, by which his character is more fully understood and illustrated.Indeed I cannot conceive a more perfect mode of writing any man's life, than not only relating all the

most important events of it in their order, but 50 interweaving what he privately wrote, and said, and

thought; by which mankind are enabled as it were to see him alive, and to 'live over each scene' with him, as he actually advanced through the several stages of his life. Had his other friends been as diligent and

55 ardent as I was, he might have been almost entirely preserved. As it is, I will venture to say that he will be seen in this work more completely than any man who has ever yet lived.And he will be seen as he really was, for I

60 profess to write, not his panegyric, which must be all praise, but his Life; which, great and good as he was, must not be supposed to be entirely perfect. To be as he was, is indeed subject of panegyric enough to any man in this state of being; but in every picture there

65 should be shade as well as light, and when I delineate him without reserve, I do what he himself recommended, both by his precept and his example:'If the biographer writes from personal knowledge, and makes haste to gratify the public

70 curiosity, there is danger lest his interest, his fear, his gratitude, or his tenderness, overpower his fidelity, and tempt him to conceal, if not to invent. There are many who think it an act of piety to hide the faults or failings of their friends, even when they can no longer

75 suffer by their detection; we therefore see whole ranks of characters adorned with uniform panegyric, and not to be known from one another but by extrinsic and casual circumstances. If we owe regard to the memory of the dead, there is yet more respect to be paid to

80 knowledge, to virtue, and to truth.'

Passage 2

Nobody ever wrote a dull autobiography. If one may make such a bull, the very dullness would be interesting. The autobiographer has two qualifications of supreme importance in all literary work. He is

85 writing about a topic in which he is keenly interested, and about a topic upon which he is the highest living authority. It may he reckoned, too, as a special felicity that an autobiography, alone of all books, may be more valuable in proportion to the amount of

90 misrepresentation which it contains. We do not wonder when a man gives a false character to his neighbour, but it is always curious to see how a man contrives to present a false testimonial to himself. It is pleasant to he admitted behind the scenes and trace

95 the growth of that singular phantom which is the man's own shadow cast upon the coloured and distorting mists of memory. Autobiography for these reasons is so generally interesting, that I have frequently thought with the admirable Benvenuto

100 Cellini that it should be considered as a duty by all eminent men; and, indeed, by men not eminent. As every sensible man is exhorted to make his will, he should also be bound to leave to his descendants some account of his experience of life. The dullest of us

105 would in spite of themselves say something profoundly interesting, if only by explaining how they came to be so dull--a circumstance which is sometimes in great need of explanation. On reflection, however, we must admit that autobiography done

110 under compulsion would be in danger of losing the essential charm of spontaneity. The true autobiography is written by one who feels an irresistible longing for confidential expansion; who is forced by his innate constitution to unbosom himself

115 to the public of the kind of matter generally reserved for our closest intimacy.

24. In passage 1, the author, Boswell, seems most proud of his _____. a. literary abilities b. friendship with an eminent man c. thoroughness in obtaining biographical materials d. good memory e. personal knowledge of the life of Johnson

25. The writer of passage 1 apparently believes all of the following except a. it is difficult for any individual to know any man completely. b. letters and conversations are especially interesting. c. other friends should also have recorded Johnson’s conversation. d. Johnson was a great man despite his faults. e. it is not necessary to follow a chronological approach to biography.

26. ‘Panegyric’ (line 60) most nearly means _____. a. eulogy b. myth c. fame d. portrait e. caricature

27. The word ‘bull’ in Passage 2 (line 82) would most likely mean _____.a. generalization b. paradoxical statement c. general rule d. confession e. ridiculous assertion

28. The ‘phantom’ in Passage 2 (line 95) is a person’s _____. a. uniquely clear perception of himself b. distortion of his memories to suit the impression he wishes to create c. tendency to denigrate others d. enhancement of autobiography by authentic memories e. growing awareness of his own importance

29. It can be inferred that Dr. Johnson… a. wrote many biographies. b. wrote his own autobiography. c. was opposed to autobiography. d. did not want Boswell to write about him. e. encouraged Boswell to destroy his papers.

30. In the quotation in the last paragraph of passage 1, Dr. Johnson is concerned that biographers sometimes tend to do all of the following except:a. Fabricate details of a man’s life b. Put pleasing the public too high in their priorities c. Conceal facts out of a false sense of respect d. Tend to over-praise their subjects

e. Speak ill of the dead

Congratulations! You have finished the

exam.