Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

The name “diabetes mellitus The name “diabetes mellitus means sweet urine. It stems means sweet urine. It stems

from ancient times when from ancient times when physicians would taste a physicians would taste a

patients urine as a part of a patients urine as a part of a diagnosis.diagnosis.

Current Population TrendCurrent Population Trend

Diabetes is the growing heath problem Diabetes is the growing heath problem in the United States and has risen in the United States and has risen about six fold since 1950. Its now about six fold since 1950. Its now affecting about 17 million Americans affecting about 17 million Americans and one third of those Americans (5.9 and one third of those Americans (5.9 million) don’t even now they have the million) don’t even now they have the disease. Today, not only are adults disease. Today, not only are adults being diagnosed with this disease, being diagnosed with this disease, but its also affecting today’s youth.but its also affecting today’s youth.

What’s Occuring in the What’s Occuring in the body?body?

Our body uses a hormone called insulin to handle glucose, which is a simple sugar that’s a main source of energy. In diabetes, something goes wrong in the body so that you can not produce insulin or are not sensitive to it. That means that your body produces high levels of blood glucose, which acts on organs to produce the symptoms of the disease.

Development of Type 2Development of Type 2

• Glucose is a simple sugar that provides Glucose is a simple sugar that provides energy to all cells in the bodyenergy to all cells in the body

• The cells take in glucose from the blood and The cells take in glucose from the blood and break it down for energy, most of this is used break it down for energy, most of this is used for fuel.for fuel.

• Glucose come from the food you eatGlucose come from the food you eat

Development of Type 2Development of Type 2

• Glucose gets absorbed from the intestines Glucose gets absorbed from the intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all and distributed by the bloodstream to all cells.cells.

• The body tries to maintain a constant glucose The body tries to maintain a constant glucose concentration in the blood.concentration in the blood.

• So, when you over supply on glucose, your So, when you over supply on glucose, your body stores the excess in the liver and body stores the excess in the liver and muscles by making glycogenmuscles by making glycogen

• When glucose is in short supply, the body When glucose is in short supply, the body makes glucose from stored glycogen or from makes glucose from stored glycogen or from the food that’s been eaten. the food that’s been eaten.

To maintain a constant To maintain a constant blood glucose level, the blood glucose level, the

body relies on two body relies on two hormones produced in hormones produced in the pancreas that have the pancreas that have

opposite actions: insulin opposite actions: insulin and glucagon.and glucagon.

Facts on Type 2Facts on Type 2

•Type 2 diabetes is a disease that Type 2 diabetes is a disease that generally develops over a period of generally develops over a period of years. years. • People who will eventually develop People who will eventually develop this disease are insulin resistant this disease are insulin resistant several years before their blood several years before their blood sugars become abnormal. sugars become abnormal. •Their bodies try to make up for the Their bodies try to make up for the higher insulin needs created by higher insulin needs created by insulin resistance by producing more insulin resistance by producing more insulin. insulin.

Facts on Type 2Facts on Type 2

• But in Type 2 diabetes, the body ends But in Type 2 diabetes, the body ends up producing abnormally high levels up producing abnormally high levels of insulin over the years eventually of insulin over the years eventually begins to have a negative effect. begins to have a negative effect.

• The pancreas gradually begins to lose The pancreas gradually begins to lose its ability to produce the extra insulin its ability to produce the extra insulin needed to overcome insulin needed to overcome insulin resistance. As body insulin levels fall, resistance. As body insulin levels fall, blood sugars begin to rise. blood sugars begin to rise.

Type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance that causes it have a strong genetic basis and that causes it have a strong genetic basis and are made worse by environmental factors, are made worse by environmental factors, including inactivity, weight gain, and stress. including inactivity, weight gain, and stress.

Most people are overweight at the time their Most people are overweight at the time their Type 2 diabetes is discovered. Being more Type 2 diabetes is discovered. Being more active or losing weight may help prevent or active or losing weight may help prevent or delay the development of diabetesdelay the development of diabetes..

Type 2 diabetes was once called "Adult-onset Type 2 diabetes was once called "Adult-onset Diabetes" but this term is no longer used Diabetes" but this term is no longer used because it is inaccurate. Type 2 diabetes is on because it is inaccurate. Type 2 diabetes is on the increase in all age groups, even among the increase in all age groups, even among children of high school and grade school age.children of high school and grade school age.

Who gets Type 2 Who gets Type 2 Diabetes?Diabetes?

Most people are lead to believe that Most people are lead to believe that they’re to blame for the disease. they’re to blame for the disease. However, this disease can also be However, this disease can also be inherited by genes as well. Not inherited by genes as well. Not everyone that eats a lot of sugar and everyone that eats a lot of sugar and is overweight have the disease. But is overweight have the disease. But there are higher risks for people there are higher risks for people developing type 2 diabetes. Here are developing type 2 diabetes. Here are some facts on how it is people obtain some facts on how it is people obtain this disease:this disease:

•People who are overweightPeople who are overweight•Have a parent or sibling with Have a parent or sibling with

diabetesdiabetes•Are 40 years of ageAre 40 years of age

•Have high blood pressureHave high blood pressure•Are African America, Latino, or Are African America, Latino, or

Native AmericanNative American•Had diabetes during pregnancyHad diabetes during pregnancy•Have the stress of an illness or Have the stress of an illness or

injuryinjury•Had a baby that weighed more Had a baby that weighed more

than 9 pounds at birth.than 9 pounds at birth.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is often without symptoms in its early stages. That’s the reason there

are 40% of people with Type 2 diabetes are unaware of their disease. When there are symptoms, they may occur gradually.

If present, they usually are:

feeling tired and weak passing large volumes of urine,

especially during the night having frequent infections having blurred eyesight Weight-loss Excessive hunger and thirst

RISK FACTORS!RISK FACTORS!

If left untreated this, Diabetes can cause If left untreated this, Diabetes can cause many life threatening complications:many life threatening complications:

BlindnessBlindness Chronic Renal Failure= kidney failureChronic Renal Failure= kidney failure Atherosclerosis= heart attacks and strokeAtherosclerosis= heart attacks and stroke Diabetic Neuropathy= numbness and pain to hands Diabetic Neuropathy= numbness and pain to hands

and feetand feet Foot UlcersFoot Ulcers Autonomic Neuropathy= diarrhea, rapid heart beat, Autonomic Neuropathy= diarrhea, rapid heart beat,

and low blood pressureand low blood pressure

Risk Factors!Risk Factors!

Coma or death may occur as a result Coma or death may occur as a result in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (caused by in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (caused by infection)infection)

People who smoke are a much higher People who smoke are a much higher risk at heart attacks, stroke, risk at heart attacks, stroke, infections, and problems with poor infections, and problems with poor circulationcirculation

Treatment for Type 2Because there are several defects in the body's chemistry that develop as Type 2 diabetes changes over time, there are many tools used to treat it. In its earliest stages, Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled effectively by becoming more active and by managing food to reduce the body's need for insulin. This may involve promoting a modest amount of weight loss, controlling and distributing carbohydrate intake through the day, or both.

Treatment for Type 2

When the disease has progressed to the point where blood sugars are not controlled by activity and food management alone, several types of oral medications (pills) and/or insulin may be used singly or in combination to regain blood glucose control. Their effectiveness is judged by testing the blood sugar periodically throughout the day.

How to take care of yourself

Once you’ve been diagnosed with Type 2, there are many changes and things you have to do in order to keep your blood sugar level steady and healthy. Those ways are meal planning, weight loss, and exercise.

Meal PlanningMeal Planning

With type 2 Diabetes you have to eat healthy in order to keep your sugar levels well maintained. That means:

o Fruits and vegetables (apples, bananas, broccoli, spinach, etc.)

o Whole grain, cereals ,and bread. (Wheat, barley, rice and bran.)

o Dairy products (yogurt, skim milk, cream)o Meat: fish, poultry, eggs, dried beans

Weight-lossWeight-loss

Obesity increases insulin resistance and can lead to many other cardiovascular health problems.

However the diabetic that carries the disease and loses weight, will see a decrease in blood glucose levels and a decrease in taking oral medication

Exercise

Exercise can take glucose out of the blood and for energy during or after exercise, which lowers the glucose level.

Helps delay large blood vessel clots, which lead to Cardiovascular heart Disease

All people with diabetes should exercise to control their blood sugar level, to maintain

Prevention???Prevention???

Researchers attribute obesity to Type 2 Diabetes

Maintain a healthy body weightEat a healthy diet

(fruits, vegetables, bread, milk)Exercise at least 30 minutes for 4-5 days a

week.

(swimming, walking, basketball, running)