development trend in higher education t. basaruddin semiloka sau – komisi kipp 4 maret 2010
TRANSCRIPT
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Development Trend in Higher EducationT. BasaruddinSemiloka SAU Komisi KIPP4 Maret 2010
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Knowledge Economy IndicatorsEconomic Incentive and Institutional Regime (EIR)Education and TrainingInnovation and Technological AdoptionInformation and Communications Technologies (ICT) InfrastructureQuality of Human Capital is essential*
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Knowledge Economy Index 2009Indonesia was ranked 98 in 2008*Source: WB Report 2009
RankEconomyEIRInnovationEducationICT1Denmark9.619.499.789.212Sweden9.339.769.299.663Finland9.319.679.778.734Netherlands9.229.459.219.525Norway9.479.069.609.1048Malaysia6.116.824.217.1463Thailand5.125.765.585.6489 Philippines4.373.804.693.60103Indonesia3.663.193.592.72
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Changing education and training needsHigher skill levels
Flexibility to adapt to change
Need for continuing education
Learning to learn and unlearn continuously
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Workforce profile by education19601980200080%3%17%49%42%9%18%55%26%BasicSecondaryTertiarySouth KoreaBrazilSource: WB report 2007
Chart8
40-40
8.7-8.7
1.3-1.3
20.8-20.8
24.6-24.6
4.6-4.6
9.2-9.2
27.6-27.6
13.15-13.15
DATA_15
IndiaKoreaArgentina
Primary48.4-48.4Primary40-40Primary41-41
Secondary1.4-1.4Secondary8.7-8.7Secondary7.4-7.4
Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary1.3-1.3Tertiary1.6-1.6
Primary39.6-39.6Primary20.8-20.8Primary33.55-33.55
Secondary9.25-9.25Secondary24.6-24.6Secondary13.1-13.1
Tertiary1.2-1.2Tertiary4.6-4.6Tertiary3.35-3.35
Primary36.05-36.05Primary9.2-9.2Primary24.4-24.4
Secondary11.9-11.9Secondary27.6-27.6Secondary15.55-15.55
Tertiary2.05-2.05Tertiary13.15-13.15Tertiary10.05-10.05
PakistanMalaysiaBarbados
Primary48.35-48.35Primary44.15-44.15Primary41.6-41.6
Secondary1.55-1.55Secondary5.05-5.05Secondary8.1-8.1
Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary0.75-0.75Tertiary0.3-0.3
Primary42.3-42.3Primary36.4-36.4Primary31.75-31.75
Secondary6.85-6.85Secondary12.55-12.55Secondary16.15-16.15
Tertiary0.85-0.85Tertiary1-1Tertiary2.1-2.1
Primary36.4-36.4Primary29.3-29.3Primary22.15-22.15
Secondary12.45-12.45Secondary18.1-18.1Secondary21.65-21.65
Tertiary1.15-1.15Tertiary2.6-2.6Tertiary6.15-6.15
BangladeshPhilippinesBelize
Primary48.15-48.15Primary39.6-39.6Primary39.6-39.6
Secondary1.65-1.65Secondary7.25-7.25Secondary9.6-9.6
Tertiary0.2-0.2Tertiary3.15-3.15Tertiary0.8-0.8
Primary42.2-42.2Primary28.9-28.9Primary35.3-35.3
Secondary7.25-7.25Secondary13-13Secondary11-11
Tertiary0.55-0.55Tertiary8.1-8.1Tertiary3.2-3.2
Primary41.5-41.5Primary18.1-18.1Primary00
Secondary7-7Secondary20.3-20.3Secondary00
Tertiary1.5-1.5Tertiary11.6-11.6Tertiary00
IndonesiaSingaporeBolivia
Primary48.3-48.3Primary33.75-33.75Primary28.95-28.95
Secondary1.7-1.7Secondary16.25-16.25Secondary19.85-19.85
Tertiary0.05-0.05Tertiary00Tertiary1.2-1.2
Primary43.5-43.5Primary29.25-29.25Primary35.95-35.95
Secondary6.2-6.2Secondary18.85-18.85Secondary11.15-11.15
Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary1.95-1.95Tertiary2.9-2.9
Primary33.8-33.8Primary27.7-27.7Primary36.1-36.1
Secondary13.9-13.9Secondary17.3-17.3Secondary7.4-7.4
Tertiary2.25-2.25Tertiary5-5Tertiary6.5-6.5
Hong KongFinlandBrazil
Primary37.4-37.4Primary44.05-44.05Primary41.95-41.95
Secondary10.5-10.5Secondary3.8-3.8Secondary7.15-7.15
Tertiary2.15-2.15Tertiary2.1-2.1Tertiary0.9-0.9
Primary25.15-25.15Primary32.9-32.9Primary43.25-43.25
Secondary21.5-21.5Secondary11.75-11.75Secondary4.65-4.65
Tertiary3.3-3.3Tertiary5.4-5.4Tertiary2.15-2.15
Primary18.25-18.25Primary15.05-15.05Primary39.1-39.1
Secondary25.1-25.1Secondary23.8-23.8Secondary7.2-7.2
Tertiary6.65-6.65Tertiary11.15-11.15Tertiary3.75-3.75
FranceGermany, WestChile
Primary38.05-38.05Primary18.7-18.7Primary36.75-36.75
Secondary10.9-10.9Secondary30.5-30.5Secondary12.3-12.3
Tertiary1.05-1.05Tertiary0.75-0.75Tertiary0.95-0.95
Primary28.75-28.75Primary16.95-16.95Primary29.7-29.7
Secondary17.4-17.4Secondary30.2-30.2Secondary16.75-16.75
Tertiary3.85-3.85Tertiary2.85-2.85Tertiary3.55-3.55
Primary23.5-23.5Primary11.25-11.25Primary25.7-25.7
Secondary17.85-17.85Secondary30.7-30.7Secondary17.05-17.05
Tertiary8.65-8.65Tertiary8.05-8.05Tertiary7.25-7.25
ItalyJapanColombia
Primary40.8-40.8Primary24.8-24.8Primary42.1-42.1
Secondary8.3-8.3Secondary22.4-22.4Secondary7-7
Tertiary0.9-0.9Tertiary2.8-2.8Tertiary0.9-0.9
Primary28.5-28.5Primary19.45-19.45Primary36.45-36.45
Secondary19.85-19.85Secondary22.75-22.75Secondary11.35-11.35
Tertiary1.65-1.65Tertiary7.8-7.8Tertiary2.2-2.2
Primary23.6-23.6Primary13.85-13.85Primary31.55-31.55
Secondary19.35-19.35Secondary25.05-25.05Secondary13.6-13.6
Tertiary7.1-7.1Tertiary11.1-11.1Tertiary4.9-4.9
PolandNetherlandsCosta Rica
Primary37.8-37.8Primary43.6-43.6Primary43.75-43.75
Secondary10.65-10.65Secondary5.9-5.9Secondary5.05-5.05
Tertiary1.6-1.6Tertiary0.55-0.55Tertiary1.2-1.2
Primary28.05-28.05Primary18.05-18.05Primary36.75-36.75
Secondary19.7-19.7Secondary26.6-26.6Secondary9.05-9.05
Tertiary2.25-2.25Tertiary5.35-5.35Tertiary4.15-4.15
Primary18-18Primary14.6-14.6Primary33.2-33.2
Secondary26.85-26.85Secondary24.55-24.55Secondary7.85-7.85
Tertiary5.1-5.1Tertiary10.85-10.85Tertiary8.9-8.9
RomaniaSwedenDominica
Primary36.7-36.7Primary24.75-24.75Primary46.5-46.5
Secondary12.25-12.25Secondary22.05-22.05Secondary3.2-3.2
Tertiary1-1Tertiary3.2-3.2Tertiary0.25-0.25
Primary22.95-22.95Primary19-19Primary45.05-45.05
Secondary24.7-24.7Secondary23.3-23.3Secondary4.55-4.55
Tertiary2.3-2.3Tertiary7.7-7.7Tertiary0.4-0.4
Primary12.4-12.4Primary8.4-8.4Primary40.9-40.9
Secondary34-34Secondary30.7-30.7Secondary8.3-8.3
Tertiary3.65-3.65Tertiary10.85-10.85Tertiary0.75-0.75
NorwayUnited KingdomDominican Rep.
Primary37.85-37.85Primary33.65-33.65Primary48-48
Secondary11.35-11.35Secondary15.6-15.6Secondary1.6-1.6
Tertiary0.8-0.8Tertiary0.75-0.75Tertiary0.35-0.35
Primary21-21Primary24.9-24.9Primary38.5-38.5
Secondary23.55-23.55Secondary19.95-19.95Secondary9.05-9.05
Tertiary5.45-5.45Tertiary5.15-5.15Tertiary2.45-2.45
Primary5.05-5.05Primary19.35-19.35Primary34.85-34.85
Secondary33.1-33.1Secondary20.85-20.85Secondary8.05-8.05
Tertiary11.85-11.85Tertiary9.8-9.8Tertiary7.1-7.1
SpainUnited StatesEcuador
Primary47.45-47.45Primary19.4-19.4Primary44.8-44.8
Secondary1.05-1.05Secondary23.35-23.35Secondary4.6-4.6
Tertiary1.5-1.5Tertiary7.25-7.25Tertiary0.65-0.65
Primary33.1-33.1Primary3-3Primary33.9-33.9
Secondary12.9-12.9Secondary33.1-33.1Secondary12.5-12.5
Tertiary4-4Tertiary14.05-14.05Tertiary3.6-3.6
Primary24-24Primary4.5-4.5Primary30.55-30.55
Secondary18-18Secondary21.45-21.45Secondary11.9-11.9
Tertiary8-8Tertiary24.05-24.05Tertiary7.55-7.55
ZimbabweUruguayEl Salvador
Primary48.7-48.7Primary37.15-37.15Primary46.7-46.7
Secondary0.95-0.95Secondary10.5-10.5Secondary3.1-3.1
Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary2.35-2.35Tertiary0.2-0.2
Primary47.2-47.2Primary33.7-33.7Primary45.45-45.45
Secondary2.45-2.45Secondary12.5-12.5Secondary3.45-3.45
Tertiary0.4-0.4Tertiary3.75-3.75Tertiary1.15-1.15
Primary29.2-29.2Primary24.95-24.95Primary38.35-38.35
Secondary18.65-18.65Secondary17.75-17.75Secondary6.7-6.7
Tertiary2.15-2.15Tertiary7.3-7.3Tertiary4.9-4.9
ZambiaVenezuelaGuatemala
Primary46.75-46.75Primary45.6-45.6Primary47.75-47.75
Secondary2.95-2.95Secondary3.75-3.75Secondary2.05-2.05
Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary0.65-0.65Tertiary0.15-0.15
Primary41.85-41.85Primary31.5-31.5Primary43.6-43.6
Secondary8-8Secondary15.25-15.25Secondary5.35-5.35
Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary3.2-3.2Tertiary1-1
Primary36.45-36.45Primary26.9-26.9Primary40.8-40.8
Secondary12.7-12.7Secondary16.25-16.25Secondary6.7-6.7
Tertiary0.85-0.85Tertiary6.85-6.85Tertiary2.5-2.5
GhanaSt.Kitts& NevisGuyana
Primary48.85-48.85Primary10.9-10.9Primary44.5-44.5
Secondary0.8-0.8Secondary38.4-38.4Secondary5.25-5.25
Tertiary0.35-0.35Tertiary0.7-0.7Tertiary0.2-0.2
Primary36.7-36.7Primary00Primary36.25-36.25
Secondary13-13Secondary00Secondary13-13
Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary00Tertiary0.8-0.8
Primary36.7-36.7Primary00Primary27.8-27.8
Secondary12.85-12.85Secondary00Secondary20.05-20.05
Tertiary0.5-0.5Tertiary00Tertiary2.15-2.15
TaiwanSt.LuciaHaiti
Primary39.95-39.95Primary48.15-48.15Primary47.1-47.1
Secondary8.15-8.15Secondary1.7-1.7Secondary2.8-2.8
Tertiary1.9-1.9Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary0.1-0.1
Primary25.65-25.65Primary41.45-41.45Primary44.65-44.65
Secondary19.4-19.4Secondary8.15-8.15Secondary5.1-5.1
Tertiary4.95-4.95Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary0.3-0.3
Primary17.1-17.1Primary00Primary41.3-41.3
Secondary23.1-23.1Secondary00Secondary8.25-8.25
Tertiary9.8-9.8Tertiary00Tertiary0.45-0.45
CanadaSt.Vincent & G.Honduras
Primary16.65-16.65Primary46.9-46.9Primary47.5-47.5
Secondary24.35-24.35Secondary2.95-2.95Secondary2.2-2.2
Tertiary9-9Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary0.25-0.25
Primary10.35-10.35Primary40.8-40.8Primary45-45
Secondary21.8-21.8Secondary8.75-8.75Secondary4.05-4.05
Tertiary17.8-17.8Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary1-1
Primary7.95-7.95Primary00Primary37.75-37.75
Secondary14.9-14.9Secondary00Secondary9.4-9.4
Tertiary27.15-27.15Tertiary00Tertiary2.85-2.85
U.S.S.R.ChinaJamaica
Primary30-30Primary33.85-33.85Primary46.5-46.5
Secondary18-18Secondary15.7-15.7Secondary3.3-3.3
Tertiary2-2Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary0.2-0.2
Primary18.55-18.55Primary32.65-32.65Primary36.35-36.35
Secondary27.75-27.75Secondary16.85-16.85Secondary12.85-12.85
Tertiary4.15-4.15Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary0.8-0.8
Primary16.65-16.65Primary25.95-25.95Primary27.5-27.5
Secondary25.1-25.1Secondary22.65-22.65Secondary20.5-20.5
Tertiary8.3-8.3Tertiary1.4-1.4Tertiary2-2
South AfricaDenmarkMexico
Primary36.05-36.05Primary15.6-15.6Primary46.15-46.15
Secondary13.95-13.95Secondary27.05-27.05Secondary3.25-3.25
Tertiary00Tertiary7.35-7.35Tertiary0.65-0.65
Primary40.35-40.35Primary16.35-16.35Primary37-37
Secondary9.3-9.3Secondary25.7-25.7Secondary10.2-10.2
Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary7.95-7.95Tertiary2.8-2.8
Primary28.3-28.3Primary18.05-18.05Primary25.75-25.75
Secondary18.05-18.05Secondary22.65-22.65Secondary18.95-18.95
Tertiary3.65-3.65Tertiary9.3-9.3Tertiary5.3-5.3
KenyaPeruNicaragua
Primary48.7-48.7Primary42.8-42.8Primary45.95-45.95
Secondary1.15-1.15Secondary6-6Secondary2.6-2.6
Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary1.15-1.15Tertiary1.4-1.4
Primary42.5-42.5Primary29.85-29.85Primary42.5-42.5
Secondary7.25-7.25Secondary15.25-15.25Secondary4.1-4.1
Tertiary0.25-0.25Tertiary4.95-4.95Tertiary3.4-3.4
Primary41.25-41.25Primary21.65-21.65Primary36-36
Secondary8.2-8.2Secondary17.25-17.25Secondary9.9-9.9
Tertiary0.55-0.55Tertiary11.1-11.1Tertiary4.15-4.15
UgandaTrinidad & Tob.Panama
Primary48.1-48.1Primary42.05-42.05Primary39.7-39.7
Secondary1.9-1.9Secondary7.55-7.55Secondary9.25-9.25
Tertiary00Tertiary0.35-0.35Tertiary1.1-1.1
Primary45.9-45.9Primary31.5-31.5Primary29.95-29.95
Secondary4-4Secondary17.3-17.3Secondary16.2-16.2
Tertiary0.1-0.1Tertiary1.1-1.1Tertiary3.9-3.9
Primary43.65-43.65Primary24.2-24.2Primary22.65-22.65
Secondary5.9-5.9Secondary23.65-23.65Secondary17.9-17.9
Tertiary0.4-0.4Tertiary2.15-2.15Tertiary9.4-9.4
SenegalParaguay
Primary47.55-47.55Primary44.95-44.95
Secondary2.2-2.2Secondary4.5-4.5
Tertiary0.25-0.25Tertiary0.5-0.5
Primary46.7-46.7Primary37.85-37.85
Secondary2.75-2.75Secondary10.55-10.55
Tertiary0.6-0.6Tertiary1.55-1.55
Primary44.7-44.7Primary34.05-34.05
Secondary4.25-4.25Secondary12.05-12.05
Tertiary1.05-1.05Tertiary3.9-3.9
DATA_15
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Indonesia 2009SD 37,95SLTP 18,84Source: Syafrida MP-DPT
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Changes in job task-skill demands in the case: USA
Source: Autor, Levy, and Murnane (2003) The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration, Quarterly Journal of Economics.
Chart1
00000
21.40.80-1
42.71.7-0.2-2
6.64.11.1-1.8-3.2
9.25.80.2-3.3-4.5
11.87.3-1.4-5.9-5
13.48.3-2.7-7.7-5.5
Expert Thinking
ComplexCommunication
Routine Manual
Routine Cognitive
Non-Routine Manual
Expert Thinking
Complex Communication
Routine Manual
Routine Cognitive
Non-Routine Manual
Percentile Change
Sheet1
1969197419791984198919941998
Expert Thinking0246.69.211.813.4
Complex Communication01.42.74.15.87.38.3
Routine Manual00.81.71.10.2-1.4-2.7
Routine Cognitive00-0.2-1.8-3.3-5.9-7.7
Non-Routine Manual0-1-2-3.2-4.5-5-5.5
Sheet2
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Sheet6
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Workforce Profile by Types of WorkDEVELOPED COUNTRIESSource: Jamil Salmi 2007
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OECD AveragePISA results for selected countries
Chart7
12.48262629824.88503762226.8736539926.0279666813.5378560488.0999450405
36.79381405452.0200914250.00062603763.25039954743.9983574521.6998325525
67.69781940379.56703689175.23959665590.56583409178.33716723844.5624607245
88.5457667395.19228968491.75666499398.789980308295.37667787371.7980725805
96.226981218699.528136861998.0793625199.946177233399.517271448291.8841354775
99.999999999799.9999999998100.0000000006100.000000000299.9999999999100.0000000001
Turkey
Mexico
Brazil
Indonesia
Thailand
OECD total
PISA Proficiency Level
Cumulative % of Learners
old_graph
updated_graph
Table 6.1
Percentage of students at each level of proficiency on the reading scale
CountryProficiency levels
Below Level 1(below 335 score points)Level 1(from 335 to 407 score points)Level 2(from 408 to 480 score points)Level 3(from 481 to 552 score points)Level 4(from 553 to 625 score points)Level 5(above 625 score points)
%%%%%%
Mexico24.927.127.515.64.30.5
Turkey12.524.330.920.87.73.8
Brazil26.923.125.216.56.31.9
Indonesia26.037.227.38.21.20.1
Thailand13.530.534.317.04.10.5
OECD total8.113.622.927.220.18.1
CountryCumilative Proficiency Levels
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University of the future? postgraduate studiesfirst degreecontinuing education
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*Universities, Competitiveness and the National Innovation SystemModern theories on higher education generally describe roles or tasks of universities, that is: to maintain and develop an advanced knowledge base; to train people for their professional careers; to prepare them for a life as active citizens in a democratic society; to contribute to their personal growth. National goals are to accelerate growth, reduce poverty, achieve the MDGs, and improve the competitiveness of local industry, thereby creating higher wage, higher-skilled jobs that generate rising standards of living for allIn todays global economy, tertiary education and innovation are indispensable tools for achieving those goals
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*Growth and Poverty Reduction are the Objectives;Education, Innovation, and PSD Are Means to Achieve These ObjectivesSource: Watkins 2007
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*National Technological LearningS&T learning capacityS&T learning opportunitiesKnowledge generation capacityCapital importsInward FDIS&T co-operation+Knowledge absorption capacityEducationR&DLicensingDiaspora and ExpatsInternet Export CustomersSource: Watkins 2007
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New pedagogical approachesfocus on learning tailored to needs of individuals rather than teachingnew and varied modalities for learning: interactive & collaborative learningreliance on advanced education technology in appropriate waysrepresentation of knowledge and concept in multiple waysteacher as guide and facilitator
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Emerging challenges
world-class universities
quality and relevance
values and ethics
flexibility
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Characteristics of a World-Class UniversityAlignment of Key FactorsSource: Jamil Salmi 2007
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Quality and Relevance
Pressures from the society and governmentSensitivity to societal demandsProgramsThe right balance between professional skills, soft competenciesCreativity is one of the CSFMeasurement of student learning outcomesEffectiveness of learning (from conventional to u-learning)
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Ethical dimensions
humanistic values
admission requirements
false institutional affiliation
conflict of interest in research
rules for fund raising
environmental responsibility
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Flexibility
good feedback mechanisms
ability to react and adapt rapidly
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Closing remarks
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PISA rendah, maturity of PSD rendah so whatUI punya faculty of education Bagaimana inovasi di ajarkan? Cara evaluasi?Affirmative policy dari Pemerintah?Tujuan umum pendidikan, Trait lulusan, yg stay perlu role model Budaya organisasi menjadi penciri lulusan UI; internalized : how?
These graphs show evolution on educational attainment of population 15 years and older. The red bar represents the proportion that has achieved primary or lower; the blue bar indicated the proportion that has achieved some secondary education; and the green the proportion with higher education.Both countries were able to close the secondary education gap fast and in a balanced way.Effects of mass introduction of computers in the workplace on demand for skills ==) new division of labor within firmsFigure displays trend for each of five types of tasks.Expert thinking: solving problems for which there are no rule-based solutions, e.g. research, forming and testing hypotheses, medical diagnosis and diagnostic in general (resolving discrepancies).Complex communication: interacting with humans to acquire information, to explain it, or to persuade others of its implications for action, e.g. persuading, selling, legal writing, managing others.Routine cognitive tasks: mental tasks that are well described by logical rules, e.g. maintaining expense reports, record keeping, repetitive customer service, bank teller.Routine manual tasks: physical tasks that can be well described using rules, e.g. counting and packaging pills, repetitive assembly.Non-routine manual tasks: physical tasks that cannot be well described as following a set of If-Then-Do rules instead, they require optical recognition and fine muscle control, e.g. janitorial services, truck driving.Each trend reflects changes in the numbers of people employed in occupations emphasizing that task.Importance of each task in US economy is set to 0 in 1969, value in each subsequent year represents percentile change in importance of each type of task in economy.Rules-based tasks (routine tasks) where computers can substitute for humans, have decline.
In middle income countries few students perform on PISA at the OECD averageBut not all middle income countries are the sameMexico, Thailand, Brazil and Indonesia have large number of students at the lower end of the distributionTurkey does better, with about 20 % at the top.
*Need to add one more box for learning opportunities expatriates and diasporaScience and engineeringHiroshimaSocial engagement: University of MonterreyFinnish prime minister: responsiveness to changeNursing story in USDemographics in Korea