Development Policy and Management

PIA 2501

Week Seven

Reminder: Development Themes

• Development Theory

• Development Planning and Management

• Governance, Local Government and Civil Society

• Human Resource Development

• Donors and Development

Three Post-September 11 Issues:

1.Governance

2.NGOs and Civil Society

3.Human Resource Development

The Shift in Development Priorities

Theme Three

Governance,

Local Government and Civil Society

Governance

Governance:Local Administration and

Development

Myths of the Grass Roots

Development Themes-Authors

I. Planning vs. Implementation- The Limits of Governance

• Jeffery Pressman

• Naomi Caiden

• Aaron Wildavsky

Development Themes

II. Gender and Development- A Democracy issue

• Isabel Allende

• Sue Ellen Charlton

• Kathleen Staudt

Governance Themes

III. Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories

• V.S. Naipaul

• Samuel Huntington

• Monte Palmer

• Jorge Luis Borges

JORGE LUIS BORGES

Governance and Sovereignty

"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“

- Anonymous

Reinventing Government?

Governance: an Overview of Issues

• Focus of International Development: Post-2001:

“Democracy and Governance”

Human Rights (First but not second and third)

• Basic Terms: The Environment of Development

Terms

Governance

Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown

Governance and theState

• Sovereignty– Authority to Govern (Ostrom)

• Presumption of Independence– A National Government status given by International

Community and by use of International Law

"States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management."

- Milton Esman

Governance Issues

Local Government

• Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

Governance Issues

Civil Society

• Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

Civil Society• Definition:

–Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests

"Beyond the family but short of the state”- Hegal

"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”

- First vs. Second generation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Democracy

Two Views

Democracy: What is it?

"It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

Vincent Ostrom, Tej Kumari Mahat and Elinor Ostrom

Democracy: What is it?

“The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.”

Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

Peter L. Berger

Central to Peter Berger's work is the relationship between society and the individual

Types of Democracy: Terms• Direct Democracy

– Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations

• Town hall or village model

• Indirect Democracy– Some form of representative democracy

• Pluralism– Existence of various diverse interest

associations, individuals and groups within society (Focus on Tolerance)

New England Town Hall

Types of Democracy, cont.

• Polyarchy– Diverse interest associations of society

compete with each other over policy issues (Structured Pluralism)

• Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)– Diverse interest associations cooperate

with each other and with organs of the state to make policy

Robert Dahland Polyarchy

James Madison and Democracy: The Warning

• The problem with majorities

• Tyranny

• Factions

Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy

• Problem with Populism– Mob Justice

• Minority rights

• Shifting majorities

• Problem with Plebiscites

• Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

Governance and Sovereignty

• Rules of the Game politics:– Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics

• "Splintering”– Break up of states--centrifugal forces

• Interest Group Liberalism: The goal?

• Civil Society as organizational– Not the individual or the mass

The Nature of Conflict

Governance and Sovereignty

• The need for apathy?

• Constitutional vs. Social stability

• Institutional structures:– Checks and balances

– The Institutional State• What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it

important?

Decentralized Governance

• Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units

The Principle

What Local Government Does

• Services: local roads, sanitation, water, basic health, primary education

• Depend Upon: Skilled Personnel

– Fiscal/budget allocation• Taxes and transfers

– Planning• Strategic priorities

– Managing• Implementing

Local Government and theLocal State

• Local State vs. Local Government

• Functional vs. Territorial Control

• Devolution

– Urban vs. Rural

– Urban linked with Rural

State Societal Linkages

Central State - Macro

Civil Society - Micro

Weak Strong

State-mezzo Weak Strong

Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State

SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE

Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Weak Strong

Local Government and Development: The Goal

Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics: myths of participation

The Goal

Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie

• Bottom up and interactive

• Village development committees vs. local planning officers

• Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks

• Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

Target Group

Grassroots Organizations

Civic Education

Land Rural Industries

Governance / Democracy

Communica-tion and Support

NGOs Women’s Focused Groups

Decentralization

The Primary Unit of Government

• Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats

• English/American– Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)

• Continental European– Commune (no distinction between rural

and urban)

Decentralization and Local Government: Models

• Devolution

• Deconcentration

• Delegation

• Privatization

Deconcentration

• Functional vs. Prefectoral

• Prefectoral integrated

• Prefectoral unintegrated

Control Systems

Home Affairs Local Govt.

Council

Labor

DistrictLaborOffice

Education

District Ed.Office

Agriculture

District Ag.Office

Public Works

Public WorksOffice

Functional

Control Systems

Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor

Council/Chief

Prefectoral - Integrated

DistrictOffice

DistrictLaborOffice

District Ed.Office

District Ag.Office

Public WorksOffice

Control Systems

Local Govt.

Council/Chief

Prefectoral - Unintegrated

Police

Police

Interior Labor

DistrictLaborOffice

Education

District Ed.Office

Agriculture

District Ag.Office

Public Works

Public WorksOffice

DistrictOffice

Books of the Week

• Janine Wedel, Collision and Collusion

• Deborah Scroggins, Emma’s War

Our AuthorsJanine Wedel and Deborah Scroggins

Picard, “Socialism and the Field Administrator”

“Case Studies”

• Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”

• Isabel Allende, “Clarrisa”

• Jorge Luis Borges, “The Book of Sand”

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and Isabel Allende

Discussion

What Does the Reading (Thus Far) Tell Us About Development Policy and Management?

John Seitz

Michael Edwards

John Rapley

John Seitz, Michael Edwards and John Rapley

• Ten Minute Break

• Discussion