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European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 153 No 1 May, 2019, pp. 91-104 http://www. europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Development of Rectangular Multilayer

Antennas for Several Bands

Ibrahime Hassan Nejdi

Electrical Engineering Department

Faculty of Sciences and Technology, B.P: 523

Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

E-mail: [email protected]

Youssef Rhazi





Mustapha Ait Lafkih





Seddik Bri

MIN, Electrical Engineering Department, High School of Technology

ESTM Moulay Ismail University, B. P 3103, Meknes, Morocco


Abstract

This research work presents a systematic study that transforms a simple rectangular

antenna, to a new multiband multilayer antenna. The newly designed antenna demonstrates better results concerned the reflection coefficient, VSWR, and gain compared to previous studies regarding the performance of the multiband design. The two structures displayed at the end of this article are multilayer antennas, consisting of three layers between the patch and the ground plane, with an antenna where a substrate protector is added to the upper side of the patch. The proposed multi-band antennas are simulated by a commercial full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulator ANSYS HFSS. This antenna is advantageous for an important number of applications because it has a very small size, a wide bandwidth, a reduced reflection coefficient and a high gain, which makes them very suitable to establish a reliable communication. The antennas can function better on UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical), communication satellite, HiperLAN and C-band with increased bandwidth. One of the main aims of this study is to develop useful design-oriented charts, provide a better understanding of the effects of the size’s variation, and use of multilayer technology.

Keywords: Multiband, Microstrip line, Surface current, Mmultilayer, Six band

Development of Rectangular MultilayerAntennas for Several Bands 92

1. Introduction The telecommunication sector has witnessed technological progress in recent years thanks to increasing demand from the public and the industry. Over the past decade, portable electronics have needed a great number of applications. Therefore, antennas, which are one of the essential components of modern wireless devices, should be specifically designed to function in multiple ways. The rectangular patch is by far the most widely used configuration, and the recent advances in the field of portable technology. It has fostered an increasing need for the development of efficient and robust portable antennas [1]. Specific antennas are exclusively designed for given applications. These antennas’ effects are examined by simulation or measurement for fixed bending conditions. In [2] a new Switchable Beam Textile Antenna (SBTA) manufactured for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications is proposed, in addition to diverse applications including spacesuits [3] as well as telemedicine [4]. The Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is intelligent, miniaturized, and is in the form of a low-power sensor node that can be in, on or around a human body for the contactless monitoring of the respiration rate [5], and the surrounding environment [6]. In [7] the authors discuss how the dependency of antenna parameters was designed for 10 GHz inset fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA), on varying inset width and inset gap for proper impedance matching to have minimum return loss and achieve efficient operation. In [8] maintains a consistent radiation pattern with stable gain. In [9] a multiband multilayered microstrip antenna was designed for operating at three frequency regions of 41.98 GHz to 55.24 GHz, 64.36 GHz to 72.05 GHz and 75.16 GHz to 76.50 GHz. A low-profile textile-modified meander line Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) with variable width and spacing meanders, for Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) 2.4-GHz Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is presented in [10]. To have a multiband antenna there are several techniques, the authors in [11] proposes a novel proximity coupled multiband microstrip patch antenna, simultaneously resonates for the frequency range of 2.4–2.485 GHz, 3.3–3.7 GHz 5.15–5.35 GHz and 5.725–5.85 GHz, which maintains a consistent radiation pattern with stable gain. Also, by inserting inverted L and T shaped parasitic elements the multiband operation can be achieved; In order to make the multiband antenna operates in Wi-Fi and WIMAX frequency range operation required by modern laptops, a lofty number of inverted-F antennas (IFAs) have been newly proposed [12]-[13]. In most of the designs, the multiband operation can be achieved by the cutting technique under several forms, slots in the ground plane [14], U-shaped slots [15], inverted F-shape antenna [16]-[17] and defected ground plane [18]-[19]. Another technique uses three layers of stacked rectangular patches to achieve multiband operation and compactness for many Navigation Satellite Systems including GPS, GLONASS, BDS-1, and BDS-2 [20]. In [21] a novel probe-fed stacked annular patch antenna is proposed for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications, to operate at the satellite navigation frequency bands including GPS, GLONASS, BDS-1, and BDS-2. Design of a circularly polarized antenna for multiband GPS receivers is presented in [22], the design employs three patches, being stacked together with a slit and a symmetry I-slot, which are used to achieve triple operating frequency bands for GPS.

As we have seen, there are several techniques to have a multiband antenna, which are in more cases, complex and difficult to manufacture. In this article, a systematic and comprehensive study will be discussed to achieve a multiband antenna. Section II presents the theory of design and analysis of microstrip antennas, where the size of the starting antenna is determined. In order to make an analytical study of the effects of the size adjustment, a study is carried out to widen the Bandwidth, by analyzing the effects of the length and width the antenna. Section III proposes a new idea to develop the multiband antenna and protect it at the same time. Additionally, it analyzes their effect on the multiband antenna. Finally, Section IV presents a summary of the results shown in the form of a table.

One of the main objectives of this work is to generate useful design curves to help antenna engineers to incorporate the effects of the size adjustment and use a multilayer substrate to get a multiband antenna for various applications.

The theory design procedures are given in detail, analyzed and discussed. The proposed multi-band antennas are simulated by a commercial full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulator ANSYS

93 HFSS. These antennas have nearly unidirectional radiation chaThe goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the between 1 and 2

2. Analytical Approach for Patch Antenna Adjusting Size Effect2.1. Theory Design of Patch Antennas

To design an antenna the transmissionleast accurate results and it lacks the versatility.leads to practical designs of rectangular microstrip antennas. The procedure assumes that the specified

information includes the dielectric constant of the substrate

height of the substrate hThe objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch

antenna for enough use of bandwidth. For the design, let's first consider that the cent

2.425 GHz, height h = 1.6mm and

is taken as

2.2. The Or

Fig 2.1.a) illustrates the simulated reflection coefficient. of the buried microstrip feed line corresponds to 10dB return loss. Figure 2.1:

Note that, the operating point

resonance frequency 2,425GHz3,3618dB, which is not validthis, the simulation displays obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzoptimization of the patch dimensions first step the variation of the patch size

These antennas have nearly unidirectional radiation chaThe goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the between 1 and 2, a very good gain and good directivity.

Analytical Approach for Patch Antenna Adjusting Size EffectTheory Design of Patch Antennas

To design an antenna the transmissionleast accurate results and it lacks the versatility.

ds to practical designs of rectangular microstrip antennas. The procedure assumes that the specified


height of the substrate hThe objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch



is taken as 0 0 00.003 0.05hλ λ≤ ≤

The Original Antenna Designs

shows the rectangular patch antenna fillustrates the simulated reflection coefficient. of the buried microstrip feed line corresponds to 10dB return loss.

1: The Original Antenna

reflection coefficient of the proposed patch by the transmission

Note that, the operating pointresonance frequency 2,425GHz3,3618dB, which is not valid

the simulation displays obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzoptimization of the patch dimensions first step the variation of the patch size

Ibrahime Hassan Nejdi, Youssef Rhazi, Mustapha Ait Lafkih and Seddik Bri

These antennas have nearly unidirectional radiation chaThe goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the

a very good gain and good directivity.


To design an antenna the transmissionleast accurate results and it lacks the versatility.



height of the substrate h. the procedure is detailed inThe objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch



0 0 00.003 0.05hλ λ≤ ≤ [2

iginal Antenna Designs

shows the rectangular patch antenna fillustrates the simulated reflection coefficient. of the buried microstrip feed line corresponds to

The Original Antenna a) Geometry and structure of the patch anten


a)

Note that, the operating pointresonance frequency 2,425GHz, 3,3618dB, which is not valid. That is, i

the simulation displays two bands that resonate at the frequency 3.96 and 7.26 GHz.obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzoptimization of the patch dimensions first step the variation of the patch size





To design an antenna the transmission-line model is the most used, it's the easiest of all but it yieldsleast accurate results and it lacks the versatility.



the procedure is detailed inThe objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch


2.425 GHz, height h = 1.6mm and 2.55r

∈ = the dielectric permittivity

[29], where

iginal Antenna Designs

shows the rectangular patch antenna fillustrates the simulated reflection coefficient. of the buried microstrip feed line corresponds to

a) Geometry and structure of the patch anten


Note that, the operating point found to cover the ISM band

. That is, it corresponds to a great reflection of the signaltwo bands that resonate at the frequency 3.96 and 7.26 GHz.

obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzoptimization of the patch dimensions for the desired resonance frfirst step the variation of the patch size.




Analytical Approach for Patch Antenna Adjusting Size Effect

line model is the most used, it's the easiest of all but it yieldsleast accurate results and it lacks the versatility. In this model, a design procedure is described which



the procedure is detailed in [23]-[24]The objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch


2.55 the dielectric permittivity

0λ is the dielectric constant of air

shows the rectangular patch antenna found by the transmissionillustrates the simulated reflection coefficient. The simulation starts with the microstrip feed. The width of the buried microstrip feed line corresponds to 50Ω. It is noted that the resonant is excited with



found at the beginning to cover the ISM band

t corresponds to a great reflection of the signaltwo bands that resonate at the frequency 3.96 and 7.26 GHz.

obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzthe desired resonance fr

2

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0

dB

(S(1

,1))


These antennas have nearly unidirectional radiation characteristics in all the operating bands. The goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the


line model is the most used, it's the easiest of all but it yieldsn this model, a design procedure is described which


information includes the dielectric constant of the substrate ( r∈ ), the resonant frequency

[24]. The objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch


the dielectric permittivity

is the dielectric constant of air

nd by the transmissionThe simulation starts with the microstrip feed. The width

It is noted that the resonant is excited with


reflection coefficient of the proposed patch by the transmission-

b)

at the beginning usingto cover the ISM band. This frequency shows a


obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzthe desired resonance frequencies

4

Freq [GHz]


racteristics in all the operating bands. The goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the




, the resonant frequency

The objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch antenna for enough use of bandwidth. For the design, let's first consider that the cent

the dielectric permittivity. The thickness of the mass plan

is the dielectric constant of air.

nd by the transmission-line model andThe simulation starts with the microstrip feed. The width


a) Geometry and structure of the patch antenna, top view, b)

-line model

using calculus. This frequency shows a


obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHzequencies, this study

6 8

Freq [GHz]


racteristics in all the operating bands. The goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the



, the resonant frequency ( rf

The objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch antenna for enough use of bandwidth. For the design, let's first consider that the central frequency is at

The thickness of the mass plan

line model and FigThe simulation starts with the microstrip feed. The width


na, top view, b)

calculus corresponds to the . This frequency shows a return loss

t corresponds to a great reflection of the signal. In addition to two bands that resonate at the frequency 3.96 and 7.26 GHz. In order to

obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHz, this study propose


racteristics in all the operating bands. The goal of this new antenna is achieved and proved by the simulation which reflects the VSWR

line model is the most used, it's the easiest of all but it yields the n this model, a design procedure is described which


rf ), and the

The objective of this article is to design an efficient and reliable multiband microstrip patch equency is at

The thickness of the mass plan

Fig 2.1.b) The simulation starts with the microstrip feed. The width

It is noted that the resonant is excited with -

na, top view, b) Simulated

corresponds to the return loss of -. In addition to

In order to obtain other resonance frequencies and adapt the antenna to ISM band at frequency 2.425GHz, an

proposes as the


2.3. Optimization of the Patch Dimensions

As it was quoted before, the transmission-line model is the most used because it is the easiest one; however, it yields the least accurate results. To increase the accuracy of the results, the size of the patch antenna is adjusted. 2.3.1. Adjusting the Antenna Width

The patch length Lp = 37mm remains steady and patch width Wp varies from 46 to 74mm. Fig 2.2.a) shows the variation of the reflection coefficient.

After studying the variation of the coefficient of reflection Fig 2.2 a) (by varying the value of Lp), we chose the curve which corresponds to the values Wp = 74mm and Lp = 37mm. The comparison with the initial antenna is shown in Fig 2.2 b). It can be seen in Fig. 2.2 b) that a very low reflection coefficient can be achieved at six bands which resound from 1 GHz to 9 GHz. It can reach the reflection coefficient of -19.19 dB, -13.19 dB, -24.57 dB, -17.19 dB, -18.19 dB and -24.12dB at 2.44 GHz, 4.82 GHz, 5.53 GHz, 7.18 GHz, 7.73 GHz. Figure 2.2: Simulated reflection coefficient for antenna a) Simulated reflection coefficient of Lp=37mm and

Wp b) comparison of Simulated reflection coefficient for Lp = 37mm and Wp = 74mm and antenna initial

a) b)

With this optimization, the patch can cover the ISM and the U-NII band (Unlicensed-National Information Infrastructure). Also, the width has a minor effect on the resonant frequency, but it plays an important role in the input impedance and on the bandwidth that is proved by [25]. 2.3.2. Adjusting the Antenna Length

Now, let's take the fixed width Lp = 74 mm and change the length of the patch Lp. Fig2.3 illustrates the simulated reflection coefficient of change of length.

Figure 2.3: Simulated reflection coefficient for antenna

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Wp=66mm

Wp=54mm

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Lp=36mm

Lp=37mm

Lp=38mm

Lp=39mm

95 Ibrahime Hassan Nejdi, Youssef Rhazi, Mustapha Ait Lafkih and Seddik Bri

It is always noted that Lp = 37 mm and Wp = 74mm reflects good results. We can say that the size of the rectangular patch that corresponds to Lp = 37mm and Wp = 74mm gives good results for the desired resonance frequencies. The length of the patch influences the resonant frequency, which is consistent with [25]. 2.3.3. Improvement of Reflection Coefficient

The problem of feeding with the microstrip line is that obtaining a good adaptation can be difficult and requires an adaptation circuit.

In this article, to improve the reflection coefficient we changed the position of the contact between the microstrip line and the patch, which enables to obtain a good adaptation. To do this, we considered a variable x that reflects the position of the line. The simulations of the different values of x are shown in Fig 2.4 a). Fig2.4 b) represents the comparison between the initial antenna and the adapted antenna. Figure 2.4: Simulated reflection coefficient for antenna. a) Simulated reflection coefficient of Lp = 37mm, Wp

=74mm and x. b) Comparison of Simulated reflection coefficient for Lp = 37mm and Wp = 74mm and antenna initial Lp = 37mm, Wp = 74mm and x = 30.6875mm

a) b)

Consequently, the position that corresponds to the best result is x = 30.6875mm. The best results are obtained with good adaptation, as in eight band that resonates at 2.43, 3.74, 4.53, 6.15, 7.41, 7.69, 7.97, and 8.14GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding successively to -45.28, -11.98, -20.42, -36.15, -14.2, -21.07, -15.08 and -19.20dB. with this optimization, the patch covers the ISM band, the WiMAX band, the C and X band.

3. Analytical Approach for Patch Antenna Multilayer Effect 3.1. Modeling of Patch Antenna Multilayer

In general, the bandwidth is proportional to the volume, as a result, the bandwidth increases as the height of the substrate increases. To verify the theory, Fig 3.1 shows the geometry of the proposed multilayered microstrip antenna. The antenna is designed using three layers of substrate, between the patch and ground

plane are, respectively, Taconic Rf-(tm) ( 6.15r

∈ = , ( )tan 0.0028δ = ) of thickness noted Bt, Teflon based

( 2.08r

∈ = , ( )tan 0.001δ = ) of thickness P and an air gap of thickness Ar. The simulation starts with the

microstrip feed. The width of the buried microstrip feed line corresponds to 50Ω. For the study the effect of multilayer and substrate thickness, on the resonance frequency, the

width of the bandwidth and the gain. Fig 3.2.a). show the results of the simulated reflection coefficient.

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(1,1

)) []

Freq[GHz]

x=2,25mm

x=18,5mm

x=30,6875mm

x=34,75mm

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(dB

(S(1

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)

Freq [GHz]

antenne initial

Lp=37, Wp=74, x=30,68

Development of Rectangular MultilayerAntenna

close to the desired frequency is that which corresponds to the values of the substrate heights Bt = 7.12mm Ar = 7mm and P = 4mm

resonated at 2.1, 2.52, 2.89, 5.23, successively to 1.258GHz at the resonance frequency 7.33GHzcovbands with Figure 3.2:

illustrate


Figure

According to the simulation results, the curve which gives an impressive result, and which is close to the desired frequency is that which corresponds to the values of the substrate heights Bt = 7.12mm Ar = 7mm and P = 4mm

From the above Fig 3.2.a),resonated at 2.1, 2.52, 2.89, 5.23, successively to 1.258GHz at the resonance frequency 7.33GHzcover UMTS, ISM, GSM, communication satellite, HiperLAN, WiMAX, C and the X band frequency bands with a constraint of VSWR

Figure 3.2: a) Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of Bt, Ar and P. b) ThVSWR of studied antenna

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the antenna

illustrated in Fig 3.3,

dB(S

(1,1

))


ure 3.1: Geometry and structure of the patch antenna multila

According to the simulation results, the curve which gives an impressive result, and which is close to the desired frequency is that which corresponds to the values of the substrate heights Bt = 7.12mm Ar = 7mm and P = 4mm

From the above Fig 3.2.a),resonated at 2.1, 2.52, 2.89, 5.23, successively to -48.68, -1.258GHz at the resonance frequency 7.33GHz

er UMTS, ISM, GSM, communication satellite, HiperLAN, WiMAX, C and the X band frequency constraint of VSWR

a) Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of Bt, Ar and P. b) ThVSWR of studied antenna

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the antennaFig 3.3, at six resonant frequencies

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(1,1

))


Geometry and structure of the patch antenna multila

According to the simulation results, the curve which gives an impressive result, and which is close to the desired frequency is that which corresponds to the values of the substrate heights Bt = 7.12mm Ar = 7mm and P = 4mm.

From the above Fig 3.2.a), resonated at 2.1, 2.52, 2.89, 5.23,

-14.46, -15.51.258GHz at the resonance frequency 7.33GHz

er UMTS, ISM, GSM, communication satellite, HiperLAN, WiMAX, C and the X band frequency constraint of VSWR ≤ 2 as shown in

a) Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of Bt, Ar and P. b) ThVSWR of studied antenna

a) b)

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the antennaat six resonant frequencies

4

Freq[GHz]

Ar=7mm Bt=7,12mm P=4mm




Development of Rectangular MultilayerAntennas for Several Bands


a) b)

According to the simulation results, the curve which gives an impressive result, and which is close to the desired frequency is that which corresponds to the values of the substrate heights Bt =

good results with good adaptationresonated at 2.1, 2.52, 2.89, 5.23, 7.33 and 8.59GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding

15.54, -19.84, -1.258GHz at the resonance frequency 7.33GHz

er UMTS, ISM, GSM, communication satellite, HiperLAN, WiMAX, C and the X band frequency ≤ 2 as shown in

a) Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of Bt, Ar and P. b) Th

a) b)

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the antennaat six resonant frequencies.

6 8





s for Several Bands


a) b)


good results with good adaptation7.33 and 8.59GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding

- 27.31 and1.258GHz at the resonance frequency 7.33GHz. With this optimization, the proposed antenna can

er UMTS, ISM, GSM, communication satellite, HiperLAN, WiMAX, C and the X band frequency 2 as shown in Fig 3.2.b).


a) b)

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the antenna

2

0

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6

8

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12

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VS

WR

(1) []

s for Several Bands

Geometry and structure of the patch antenna multilayer (a) top view, (b) side view

a) b)


good results with good adaptation7.33 and 8.59GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding

and -14.4dB, with Bandwidth reaches up toWith this optimization, the proposed antenna can

er UMTS, ISM, GSM, communication satellite, HiperLAN, WiMAX, C and the X band frequency


a) b)

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the antenna, its current distribution is studied and

2 4

Freq[GHz]

yer (a) top view, (b) side view


good results with good adaptations are noticed:7.33 and 8.59GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding

with Bandwidth reaches up toWith this optimization, the proposed antenna can



a) b)

its current distribution is studied and

6

Freq[GHz]

yer (a) top view, (b) side view


s are noticed: six band7.33 and 8.59GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding

with Bandwidth reaches up toWith this optimization, the proposed antenna can




8

VSWR

96


six bands that 7.33 and 8.59GHz with a reflection coefficient corresponding

with Bandwidth reaches up to With this optimization, the proposed antenna can


a) Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of Bt, Ar and P. b) The


97 Ibrahime Hassan Nejdi, Youssef Rhazi, Mustapha Ait Lafkih and Seddik Bri Figure 3.3: Simulated surface current distribution of the six-band antenna at a) 2.1GHz, b) 2.52 GHz, c) 2.89

GHz, d) 5.23GHz, e) 7.33GHz and f) 8.59GHz

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

Surface current distribution on the top patch and feedline at six resonant frequencies confirms that the feedline conducts as a quarter wavelength monopole having a maximum current density at the feed end. Furthermore, surface current distributions show different resonant modes on the top patch. Strong surface current density on the middle strip patch show its role in obtaining the resonance. As well, the presence of strong surface currents on the microstrip feedline suggests that it should be considered as a part of the resonator. At 2.52 GHz, the maximum current density is observed. Accordingly, it is observed that the effect of returning current on the input matching levels is minimal. The term radiation pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties (include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or polarization) of the antenna as a function of space coordinates. Fig 3.4 presents the radiation pattern for the proposed patch antenna in the E- and H-planes. It is noticed from the Fig 3.4 that when the frequency increases, the radiation diagram undergoes a deformation whether in the plane E or H, but in the latter, the deformation is less important than that of the first. The results elicit in this Fig exhibit that the first three resonant frequencies are an approximately omnidirectional pattern, and rests of the resonant frequencies are a directional pattern for both plans. Figure 3.4: Simulated radiation patterns in the E-plane and H-plane at a) 2.1GHz, b) 2.52 GHz, c) 2.89 GHz, d)

5.23GHz e) 7.33GHz and f) 8.59GHz

a. b) c)

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d) e) f)

3.2. Design of the Proposed Improved Antenna

With the purpose to protect the antenna from the outside environment and improve these performances, a layer of dielectric is added over the patch. To do this, we use Teflon based

( 2.08r

∈ = , ( )tan 0.001δ = ) and Su the height. The geometry of the proposed multilayer microstrip

antenna is shown in Fig 3.5. The proposed remodified antenna is designed by using four layers of substrate, one above the radiating element to protect it from the external environment, and for further improvements of these performances, in addition to three layers below the patch. The first layer of

dielectric above the patch is teflon_based ( 2.08r

∈ = , ( )tan 0.001δ = ) and Su the height. The other three

layers between the patch and the ground plane are, respectively, Taconic Rf-(tm) ( 6.15r

∈ = ,

( )tan 0.0028δ = ) of thickness noted Bt equal to 7.12mm, teflon_based ( 2.08r

∈ = , ( )tan 0.001δ = ) of

thickness P equal to 4mm, and an air gap of thickness Ar equal to 7mm. Figure 3.5: Geometry and structure of the proposed patch antenna multilayer multiband: (a) top view, (b) side

view

a b

In the first step, we are looking to find the perfect height Su. Fig 3.6.a) illustrates the simulated reflection coefficient of change of height Su for the proposed redesigned antenna, obtained from the simulation using the HFSS software.

It can be observed from Fig 3.6.a), that the value of Su=1 mm gives us a better adaptation of reflection coefficient by maintaining almost the same bandwidth, and an additional resonance appears at 5.91 GHz. The performance of VSWR is shown in Fig 3.6.b).

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Plan E

99 Ibrahime Hassan Nejdi, Youssef Rhazi, Mustapha Ait Lafkih and Seddik Bri Figure 3.6: Simulated result a) Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of

Su..b) Simulated results of the proposed patch antenna: VSWR

a) b)

For this improvement, it can be seen that a very low reflection coefficient can be achieved at seven bands which resound between 1 GHz and 9 GHz. It reaches of -67.97 dB, -13.05 dB, -12.33 dB, -24.66 dB, -16.69 dB, -30.88 dB and -43.87 dB at 2.1, 2.48, 2.9, 5.25, 5.91, 7.05 and 8.56 GHz, respectively. The Bandwidth in this amelioration reaches up to 1.3702GHz at the resonance frequency 7.05GHz. The VSWR lies between 1 and 2 for all resonant frequencies. With this improvement, the obtained bandwidth is quite optimal to meet the requirement of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical), GSM, communication satellite, Hipper LAN, WiMAX, C and the X band.

To analyze the resonance phenomenon of the improvement antenna, the distribution of current density Js on the surface at the seven resonance frequencies found is shown in Fig 3.7. Figure 3.7: Simulated surface current distribution of the seven-band antenna at a) 2.1GHz, b) 2.48 GHz, c) 2.9

GHz, d) 5.25 GHz

a) b) c) d)

2 4 6 8

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

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-10

0

dB

(S(1

,1))

Freq[GHz]

Su=0,5mm

Su=1mm

Su=1,5mm

Su=2mm

2 4 6 8

1

3

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7

9

11

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15

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VS

WR

(1)

Freq[GHz]


Figure 3.8: e) 5.91 GHz, f) 7.02 GHz and g) 8.56 GHz

e) f) g)

Comparing Fig 3.3 and Fig 3.7, It is observed that, the surface current density in Fig 3.7 is improved in all the resonance frequencies; The surface current density on the middle strip patch is more uniformly distributed in the antenna with protection than without protection. The maximum current density is increased in all resonance frequencies. As well, it is observed that the effect of returning current on the input matching levels is more adapted.

Fig 3.8 shows the simulated radiation patterns in the E and H planes. It is observed from this Fig, that when the frequency increases, the radiation undergoes a deformation whether in the plane E or H, but in the plane H the deformation is less important. The results obtained exhibit that the first three resonant frequencies for plane E are an approximately omnidirectional pattern, and rests of the resonant frequencies are a directional pattern. In the other hand, for the plane H, the first six resonant frequencies are an approximately omnidirectional pattern and the last is directional. Figure 3.9: Simulated radiation patterns in the E-plane and H-plane at a) 2.1GHz, b) 2.48 GHz, c) 2.9 GHz, d)

5.25GHz, e) 5.91GHz, f) 7.02GHz and g) 8.56GHz

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

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g)

4. Results and Comparisons Table I represents the dimensions of the two proposed patches without and with protection. Tables II and III summarize the results of the simulation of the two proposed patch antennas (the reflection coefficient, the bandwidth and the gain). Table I: Dimensions of proposed microstrip patch antenna with and without protection.

Settings Antenna without protection (mm) Antenna with protection (mm)

Patch width Wp 74 74 Patch length Lp 37 37 Thickness of the first substrate Bt 7.12 7.12 Thickness of the second substrate P 4 4 Thickness of the third substrate Ar 7 7 Feed length (Wf) 4.5 4.5 Feed width (Lf) 24 24 Thickness of the protection substrate Su - 1

Table II: Bandwidth, reflection coefficient and gain for various resonant frequencies of proposed microstrip

patch antenna without protection

Resonance frequency (GHz) Bandwidth (GHz) Reflection coefficient (dB) Gain (dB)

2.1 0.204 -48.69 2.57 2.52 0.213 -14.46 3.67 2.89 0.255 -15.54 4.77 5.23 1.18 -19.84 7.48 7.33 1.258 -27.31 7.45 8.59 1 -14.4 7.19

Table III: Bandwidth, reflection coefficient and gain for various resonant frequencies of proposed microstrip

patch antenna with protection

Resonance frequency (GHz) Bandwidth (GHz) Reflection coefficient (dB) Gain (dB)

2.1 0.213 -67.97 2.28 2.48 0.162 -13.05 3.62 2.9 0.162 -12.33 4.96

5.25 0.723 -24.66 7.58 5.91 0.332 -16.69 7.21 7.05 1.37 -30.88 6.40 8.56 0.596 -43.87 7.15

For the antenna without protection, six separate resonant modes at about 2.1 GHz, 5.23 GHz,

7.33 GHz and 8.59GHz are excited with good impedance matching. The bandwidth is various from 0.204GHz to 1.258GHz. and for the second antenna, we have obtained seven separate resonant modes at 2.1GHz, 2.48 GHz, 2.9GHz, 5.25GHz, 5.91GHz, 7.02GHz and 8.56GHz excited with good

0

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impedance matching. The bandwidth is varied from 0.162GHz to 1.37GHz, which is adequate for the standard of UMTS, the ISM band, the U-NII band, the C band, the X band, communication satellite and the HiperLAN band. The methods of adaptation in this work give good results for the improvement of the coefficient of reflection. Also, increase bandwidth and antenna protection.

Table 4 provides a comparison between the two proposed antennas and the other antennas available in the literature. The comparison is done in terms of size, number of operating bands and gain. Table IV: Comparative analysis

Ref. Size antenna

(mm2)

Number of

operating bands

Resonance frequencies

(GHz)

The gain for each

frequencies (dB)

[26] 120×60 3 1.5/2.4/5.8 -0.16/2.62/2.04 [27] 27×16 2 2.4/5.2 3.02/3.25 [28] 25×22 3 2.5/3.5/5.8 1.98/3.15/2.68 [29] 58×40.03 3 2.2/ 2.4/3.8 4.2/3.7/4.7 [30] 100×65 3 0.9/1.8/2.6 0.25/0.6/3.28 Antenna without

protection

85 x 85 6 2.1/2.52/2.89/5.23/7.33/8.59 2.57/3.67/4.77/7.48/ 7.45/7.19

Antenna with

protection

85x 85 7 2.1/2.48/2.9/5.25/5.91/7.02/8.56

2.28/3.62/4.96/7.58/7.21/6.41/7.15

Based on the number of operating bands, both proposed antennas offer the best performance.

However, based on the gain, at resonance frequency 2.4GHz, for [26], [27], [28] et [29] the gain equal to 2.62, 3.02, 1.98 and 3.7dB successively, for the proposed antenna without protection, we have 3.67dB and the proposed antenna with protection 3.62dB. For frequency 5.2GHz the gain of [27] equal to 3.25dB and for the antenna with the protection we have 7.58dB. Also, for the frequency 5.8GHz the gain of [26] and [28] equal to 2.04 and 2.98dB successively, for the antenna with the protection, we have 7.21dB. Thus, we can deduct from Table IV that the two proposed antennas outperform the five first ones in terms number of operating bands and gain.

We proposed two antennas with six and seven bandwidths, which ensures a Bandwidths that is suitable for the standard of UMTS, the ISM band, the U-NII band, the C band, the X band, communication satellite and the Hipper LAN band with a good reflection coefficient, gain, and surface current.

Conclusion In this research work, it is proposed to analyze and design two new multiband multilayer microstrip antennas. The two microstrip antennas designed are optimized to cover UMTS, the ISM band, the U-NII band, the C band, the X band, communication satellite and the Hipper LAN band. Both proposed antennas are very compact, very easy to manufacture and are powered by a 50Ω microstrip line. These antennas make it easier to integrate with wireless devices. What is more, they are very attractive for current and future cellular phone applications.

In this new design, several techniques are used. Firstly, we control the impedance of the microstrip patch antenna feed point by changing the antenna size and the location of the feed point. Secondly, we use a multilayer substrate with new ideas, which are the integrating of an area gap (between the patch and the mass plane) and using a layer to protect the antenna. These new ideas have made it possible to give a good result for the development of the reflection coefficient, to increase of the bandwidth, the gain, the number of operating bands and the resonator protection.


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