IALE 2011 2011 20 August Session Benchmarking biodiversity towards a sustainable city

Development of indicators in urban contexts: DPSIR and ecosystem services

Dr. Ryo Kohsaka Associate Prof.

Nagoya City Univ.

Visiting Researcher at United Nations University IAS

Table of Contents

1. DPSIR

2. Role of indicators

3. Case Studies: A Tale of Two Cities CBIs

What is "DPSIR“ ? Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response

[Original Model]

Pressure-State-Response

Land-use change → Species loss →Protected areas

OECD instantiated in the 1990s

EEA adopt the framework

Response

State

Pressure Pressure Impacts

State

Response Drivers

Example) Coral Reefs and DPSIR model

Response

Impact State

Pressure

Driver

○ Rules regulations

○ Restoration

○ Protection area

○Degradation resources

(tourism/education)

○Loss of resilience

○Loss of Habitat

○Breaching

○ Loss of species

○Overuse

○Development

○Rising Temperature

○Economic/Recreation

○Climate Change

（Source）http://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/jbo/20-1/mat2.pdf （Min. Environment

）

EEA The UN Convention on Biological Diversity - Follow-up in

EEA Member Countries 1996

State Pressure Response

出典:

Butchart

etal 2010

Example) MA Framework

Direct

Drivers

Indirect

Drivers

Ecosystem

Services

Human

Well-being

Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or removal Technology adaptation and use External inputs (e.g., irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers

(e.g., volcanoes)

Indirect Drivers of

Change (governance and

institutionaDemographic Economic (globalization, trade,

market and policy framework) Sociopolitical l framework) Science and Technology Cultural and Religious

Human Well-being and

Poverty Reduction Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and action

Strength of DPSIR paradigm

• Causal Chains

Logical structure from drivers to policies

• Linking assessment/science

with policy

Justifiable for policy-makers

Out put for scientists for their data

Table of Contents

DPSIR

Role of indicators

Case Studies

Role of indicators

• Indicator show changes in D, P, S, I (P) * A tool to interpret reality (but not reality itself)

• Communication Tool * Visualization for policy makers & public

* Biodiversity Dependent on Scale of Space and Time

Development of Indicators in Urban Contexts

Classic scheme

(1970 - 80s)

Modern scheme

(1990s - )

City as... Site of economic

activities

Conceptualized

system

Geographic scales

and time frames

Transposed from

national/regional level

Special considerations

for urban settings

Indicator Economic/Social/Envir

onment

Sustainability

Focus Development of

indicators

Policy institutions

Characters of

formation of

indicators

Point-to-point

Benchmarks

Causal-Chains

(Pressure, Driving

force, State, Impact,

Response) Extrapolated from OECD (1997)

Benchmark

“Is the city sustainable or not?”

Challenges for policy makers

• Bias in choice of Indicators - availability of data

- category of existing administrative units

• Resistance to changes

- Development of Indicators itself become goals

- Less focus on institutional changes

• Competing goals

- Recreational vs Conservation

Challenges for science

• Capturing Ecosystem services

• Identifying scales

city/urban contexts / up- down grading

• Communication with stakeholders

“Backward Looking” vs “Forward Looking”

• Complexity

“casual network” instead of casual chains

Table of Contents

DPSIR

Role of indicators

3. Case Studies:

A Tale of Two Cities CBIs

Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity

CBI

【Structure】

(i) Profile

(ii) Ecosystem Service Biodiversity （10 index）

Ecosystem Services （4 index）

Governance （9 index）

Singapore Index

(iii) Engagement

Case ： Kawasaki

• Kawasaki Index (Modified CBI) ・ Consists of (i) Biodiversity (ii) Ecosystem Service

(iii) Engagement of City

【Structure】

(i) Biodiversity

(ii) Ecosystem Service Provisional Service （２ index）

Regulating Service （２ index）

Cultural Service （6 index）

Kawasaki Index

(iii) Engagement

Kawasaki Index (cont.)

▼ Ecosystem Service

Category Item Criteria

Provisional (Food)

Food shops with locally produced shops

Yes/No (existence in area)

Open farms for citizens Yes/No (existence in area)

Regulation Water Permeable area / Terrestrial area

Climate Tree canopy cover/ Terrestrial area

Cultural Urban parks green Number

Preserved trees, hedges tree of the city

Number

Schools with biodiversity activities

Number

Learning Number

Activities by civil society Yes/No

Activities by private sector Yes/No

Case 2 Nagoya

• Exploring to capture Ecosystem Services

・Quantifying measures

・Model areas familiar to citizens

▼ Model areas

Area Nanyo Fujimae Hisaya Atsuta Hachiryu

Higashiyama

Land Use Paddy field Tide Park Shrine Secondary nature

Regulation Service

Flood ○

Water Regulating ○

Water Quality ○

Climate ○ ○ ○

Cultural Service

Recreation Landscape ○ ○ ○

Tradition・Religion ○

Education ○ ○ ○ ○

Supporting

Spatial Habitat/ Species ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Discussions (science)

• Scale / Communication

Not upgradable/ more “examples” “show case”

• Capturing Ecosystem Services [Kawasaki] Cultural services > Provisional/Regulating

[Nagoya] Regulating services > Provisional/Cultural

• Scale of Provisional Service

Timber production / Watershed Managemnet

Discussions (policy makers)

• Trade-offs Competing goals

Flowers → Sign of care?

• Usefulness in Communication Mitigating heat-island

Simplicity , clarity for citizens

Thank you!

RyoKohsaka:

kikori36@gmail.com

Table of Contents

DPSIR

Role of indicators

Case Studies

４．Further Development

Projections by scientists

73.9

62.5

45.6

66.6

66.2

32.1

62.6

51.0

53.9

46.4

55.8

13.7

23.0

34.4

12.9

14.3

54.7

3.2

31.7

38.6

30.2

25.5

4.6

3.3

3.6

8.6

9.2

2.1

29.1

6.4

1.6

19.2

9.1

7.8

11.2

16.4

11.9

10.3

11.0

5.2

11.0

5.9

4.2

9.7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

環境リスク評価／リスク管理／リスクコミュニケーション

環境経済政策／評価／指標／経営手法

ライフスタイルと環境（環境倫理を含む）

環境評価・環境予測・環境シミュレーション技術

環境モニタリング（地上観測を含む）

都市・農村環境（地域環境保全）

温暖化の評価と対策技術

生態系・ランドスケープ・生物種・ハビタット・遺伝子多様性保全、復元・

関連政策

都市廃棄物極少化技術／物質循環技術／省資源・省エネルギー製品

大気・水・土壌環境の汚染防止／循環型水資源利用技術

総計

世界・日本双方にとり重要 特に日本にとり重要

特に世界にとり重要 重要度・優先度は低い

Biodiversity/Habitat

Env. Risks

Policy

Life Style Ethics

Urban-Rural Envi.

Evaluation Simulation

Monitoring

Global warming

Waste Recycling

Atmosphere

Total

Global & Japan

Global

Japan

Low Priority Source: MEXT Science Technology 2040

5.7

5.0

5.7

5.7

6.0

6.8

6.6

6.6

7.7

7.0

6.3

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

環境リスク評価／リスク管理／リスクコミュニケーション

環境経済政策／環境経済評価／環境経済指標／環境経

営手法

ライフスタイルと環境（環境倫理を含む）

環境評価・環境予測・環境シミュレーション技術

環境モニタリング（地上観測を含む）

都市・農村環境（地域環境保全）

温暖化の評価と対策技術

生態系・ランドスケープ・生物種・ハビタット・遺伝子の多様

性保全、復元及び関連する政策

都市廃棄物極少化技術／環境保全型物質循環技術／省

資源・省エネルギー製品

大気・水・土壌環境の汚染防止／循環型水資源利用技術

総計

Time Lag: Technical achievement to social realization

Env. Risks

Policy

Life Style Ethics

Evaluation Simulation

Monitoring

Urban-Rural Envi.

Global warming

Biodiversity/Habitat

Waste Recycling

Atmosphere

Total

Examples in Urban-Rural Settings

Figure : Growth of Megacities, 1950-2015: Source ABD (2008) computation based on figures from World Urbanization Persepcts, 2003 Revision, United Nations Secrtariat, 2004.

2007 marks that more than half of

the world's population lives in cities

State of the World's Cities 2006/7 by UN-

HABITAT

What is science-policy interface ？

‘‘as social processes which encompass relations

between scientists and other actors in the policy process,

and which allow for exchanges, co-evolution, and joint

construction of knowledge with the aim of enriching

decision-making”

Koetz, T., Bridgewater, P., van den Hove, S., Siebenhüner, B.

(2008) The role of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical

and Technological Advice to the Convention on Biological

Diversity as science-policy interface. Environmental Science

and Policy 2: 505-516

Structure of the Convention

MOP

SBSTTA

Compl.

AHTEG

Conference of the Parties (COP)

ABS

Secretariat

L & R 8 (j) PAs Impl.

Financial

Mechanism

(GEF)