development of gender differences basic terminology gender – refers to our biological sex, whether...
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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Basic Terminology
Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Basic Terminology
Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Basic Terminology
Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.
Gender Roles –
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Basic Terminology
Gender-Role Standard –
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Gender Stereotypes
Men are more Women are more
Aggressive Emotional
Independent Dependent
Self-confident Aware of others’ feelings
Dominant Interested own appear.
Interested Math Interested Art/Lit.
Active Tactful
Competitive Able to express emotion
Logical Talkative
Adventurous Interested in family
Actual Gender Differences (and similarities)
Actual Gender Differences (and similarities)
Actual Gender Differences
Males > Females Visual/spatial abilities Arithmetic reasoning Physical/verbal aggression Activity level Developmental vulnerability Risk taking
Females > Males Verbal abilities School Achievement Fear and timidity Emotional sensitivity/expressivity Compliance with adults Depression
Actual Gender Similarities
Males = Females
Compliance with demands and directives of agemates
Empathy Social interaction with peers Suggestibility Self-esteem Rote learning Higher level cognitive processing Analytic/logical reasoning Achievement motivation
A SELECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
OF MALES AND FEMALES
-Goldberg (1968)
-Dweck & Elliott (1983)
-Feldman-Summers & Kiesler (1974)
DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN GENDER TYPING
•Knowledge that one is a boy or a girl.
•Knowledge that one’s gender is permanent.
•Development of gender-role stereotypes.
•Development of gender-typed behaviors.
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory
• Biological factors
• Social factors
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory
• Biological factors
• Social factors
• Androgenized females and Testicular feminization syndrome
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory
• Androgenized females and Testicular feminization syndrome
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Social-Learning theory
• Direct Tuition
• Observational Learning
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory
• Cognitive development
• Children’s active self-socialization
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Gender Schema theory
• In-group/out-group schema
• Own-sex schema
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory
Social-Learning theory
Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory
Gender Schema theory
Integrative Perspective
• Physical gender
• Reinforcement
• Schemas
• Recalls gender- consistent info more readily
• Rely more on same-sex models
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
ANDROGYNY
Androgyny - a gender-role orientation in which the individual has incorporated a large number of both masculine and feminine attributes into his or her personality. (Overhead of attributes)
Femininity
HIGH LOW
HIGH Androgynous Masculine sex-typed
LOW Feminine gender-typed
Undiffer-entiated
Masculinity
ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?
• Flexibility
• Self-esteem
Could these results be due to masculine attributes of androgynous individuals and not to androgyny?
ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?
ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?
Avoiding rigid stereotypes for boys or girls