development: gender gender-related development index gender empowerment
TRANSCRIPT
Development: Gender
Gender-related development indexGender empowerment
Gender Inequalities
• According to the UN there is not a single country in the world where its women are treated as well as its men.
• Gender inequalities exists in every country of the world
• High HDI does not mean gender equality.
Comparing Gender Equality among countries
• Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) compares the level of development of women to men. (within a country)
• Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
Gender-Related Development Index
• Same indicators of developed used in HDI• Income• Literacy• Education• Life Expectancy• However, your rating goes down when there
are major differences in the well-being of men and women.
GDI cont…
• Ex. Iran and Mexico score the same on education but in Iran women less likely to attend school.
• Low GDI means women have a level of development less then men of the same country.
• Norway highest GDI of 0.941• Lowest GDIs in Sub-Sahara Africa
Economic Indicator differences
• In the US: – Average income ($) of women- $26,000– Av. $ of men- $43,000– Income gap of MDC is $15,000
LDC- less difference in $$$ but in % earned.
Social Indicators of Gender Differences
• Education and Literacy• Women are less likely to attend school in LDCs
than MDCs• Ratio of women to men in MDCs is 99:100 but
only 60:100 in LDCs
Demographic Indicators of Gender Differences
• Female baby born in MDC expected to live longer than male- 6 years in USA
• Female baby born in most LDCs only 2 more years
Gender Empowerment
• Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) measures the ability of women to participate in the process of achieving improvements.
• Calculated by combining two indicators of economic power: How much and type of job and Political Power : CEO, Manager, President.
GEM
• Perfect equality of power between women and men would have a score of 1.0
• MDCs in North America, Northern Europe and South Pacific have the highest scores
• Lowest scores are in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Economic Indicators of Empowerment
• Percentage of women in professional and technical jobs indicates economic power held by women in a state
• More than half of professional and technically positions are held by females in MDCs, Less than ¼ in LDCs
• Share of national income held by women another indicator of women’s power in a state
• Every country in the world, women have a lesser share of national income than men
Political Indicators of Empowerment
• Managerial jobs represent the ability to influence the process of decision making
• Greater representation representation of women in MDCs than LDCs at the managerial level
• Percentage of women compared to men elected to office another indicator
• 13% of US congress female• Typically MDCs government 10% female; LDCs
less than 5%