developing sustainable conservation agriculture systems ... › bitstream › handle › 10919 ›...
TRANSCRIPT
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Developing Sustainable
Conservation
Agriculture Systems for
Smallholders in
Southern Africa:
Lesotho & Mozambique
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
It Takes a Team• University of Tennessee
– Neal Eash, Forbes Walker, Dayton Lambert, Michael Wilcox
• Tennessee State
• National Uni. of Lesotho– Mokoala Marake
– Mampiti Matete
• CIMMYT – Zimbabwe– Pat Wall
• Lesotho Min of Agri– Martin Ranthemane
• NGO’s – Growing Nations,
• Others: – University of Free State?
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
No-Till Research and Education
at the University of Tennessee• Started in the 1960s
• Major efforts in 1980’s and 1990’s
• Research Station at Milan, west Tennessee – all no-till since 1982
• Adopted by majority of farmers > 80 % all crop land
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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Perc
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Soybeans
Maize
Cotton
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Background• World Congress of
Conservation Agriculture –Nairobi, 2005
• “Development of No-Till in Tennessee”
• August Basson to TN, 7 / 06• UT team to Lesotho, 3 / 07• Signed MOU with National
University of Lesotho - Sept. 30, 2007
• Grants: – UT ~ $5k (2007) – USDA ~ $100k (2008-11) – SANREM (2010-14)
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
•“Kingdom in
the Sky”
•Over 80% of
the country lies
above 5,900 ft
•Population 2,3
million (81%
rural)
•11,720 square
miles
•Economy:
water &
electricity,
agriculture,
livestock, &
labor
Lesotho
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Study Site
• Maphutseng
Valley
• Lowlands
• Very Badly
affected by
gully erosion
Maphutseng
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Agriculture• Small farms: 5 acres
per family
• 86% of resident population involved
• Mostly women (35% men in SA)
• Produces 15 to 30 percent of food needs
• Corn, sorghum, wheat, beans, peas
• Cattle, sheep
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Issues• Gender: tractors, weeding and inputs
• HIV / AIDS: labor, access to inputs
• CA system that appears to work – no data!
• Lack of a functioning R & D program and recommendations
• Different soils, climate, high erosion rates
• Influence of South Africa
• Economics
– Tractors vs household labor
– Scaling up issues
– Gender
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Costs/benefits of Likoti
Benefits
• Better control over plant populations and fertilizer applications
• More efficient fertilizer use
• Soil improvement
• Better moisture penetration
Costs
• Higher than conventional when farmer uses own plough, planter, and own animals
• Cheaper with herbicide assistance and when planting is contracted
• Labor constraints and weeding
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Maphutseng:
2007 - 2008• Planted early• Increased plant
populations• Fertilizer use• Managed weeds• Yields similar to
Tennessee (from 7 to 95 bushels)
• Village exported food for 1st time in 30 years
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
No-till benefits for Small Scale
Farmers in Lesotho• More timely planting
– Increased yield potential (4 week delay = 50% lower yield?)
• Labor:– Prepare fields prior to rain
– Weeding
• Reduction in soil erosion losses
• Improvements in soil organic matter– Soil structure improved – more infiltration, better
soil moisture, soils nutrients etc.
– Depends on residue cover management
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Challenges for Small-Scale
Farmers• Community Meeting at Tebellong, Lesotho -
March 23, 2007
• 1 to 5 years experience with Conservation Agriculture
• Challenges
– Animals
– Weeding
– Residue cover
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Animals
• Grazing of animals on residue during dry season
• Should they be excluded??
• Local laws needed to protect the residue– Enforcement?
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Weeding
• Hand-weeding more labor intensive
– Scaling-up ?
• Gender issue – mostly done by women
• Use of herbicides to reduce labor?
– Much cheaper!
• Cover crops!
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Residue• First years can be a
challenge– Bring in residue from
outside?– More cover as residue
builds-up from previous crops
• Conversion from plowing to no-till may take 3 to 4 years
• Livestock interactions• Agroforestry• Cover crops
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Person days/hectare and cultivation activities
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Digging Holes Plough by animal
Land preparation Applying Fertilizer and PlantingHand weeding
Pe
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ays/h
ecta
re
Likoti
No till planter
Tractor + animal
Animal
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Preliminary numbers, 2009 – 2010
growing season
Break-even yield Person days/hectare
Conservation agriculture:
No-till 1.9 59
Likoti 2.6 117
Conventional:
Tractor and animals 2.6 80
Animal 2.2 92
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Lessons Learned• Need a System and Data
– CA is not a belief system!
• NGOs need close monitoring– CA is not a belief system!
• Pests happen (be prepared!)– Army worm– Stalkborer– Pollen beetles
• Variety selection• Weeding is important
– Even during Christmas!
• Involve the tractor guys
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Approach• Baseline and follow-up surveys• Communities / systems that have CA: Lesotho
(UT) & Mozambique (CIMMYT / UT)– What works?– What does not?
• Continue to develop CA system that works• Iterative research
– Replicated “on-station”– Farmer – yes / no
• Participatory methods• Field days / demonstrations• Training / curricula development• Environmental data
– Carbon
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Bowen’s Ratio Energy Balance
• Less sensitive but real data
• Measures:
– Evapotranspiration
– Net radiation
– Soil heat flux
– Infrared CO2 analyzer
– Dry and wet bulb T
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
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University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture