wwwchrcornelledu

Cornell Hospitality ReportVol 11 No 13 July 2011

Developing a Sustainability Measurement Framework for Hotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

by Eric Ricaurte

Advisory Board

The Robert A and Jan M Beck Center at Cornell University

Cornell Hospitality Reports Vol 11 No 13 (July 2011)

copy 2011 Cornell University This report may not be reproduced or distributed without the express permission of the publisher

Cornell Hospitality Report is produced for the benefit of the hospitality industry by The Center for Hospitality Research at Cornell University

Rohit Verma Executive DirectorJennifer Macera Associate DirectorGlenn Withiam Director of Publications

Center for Hospitality ResearchCornell University School of Hotel Administration489 Statler HallIthaca NY 14853

Phone 607-255-9780Fax 607-254-2922wwwchrcornelledu

Back cover photo by permission of The Cornellian and Jeff Wang

Niklas Andreacuteen Group Vice President Global Hospitality amp Partner Marketing Travelport GDS

Rarsquoanan Ben-Zur Chief Executive Officer French Quarter Holdings Inc

Scott Berman Principal Real Estate Business Advisory Services Industry Leader Hospitality amp Leisure PricewaterhouseCoopers

Raymond Bickson Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer Taj Group of Hotels Resorts and Palaces

Stephen C Brandman Co-Owner Thompson Hotels IncRaj Chandnani Vice President Director of Strategy WATGBenjamin J ldquoPatrickrdquo Denihan Chief Executive Officer

Denihan Hospitality GroupBrian Ferguson Vice President Supply Strategy and Analysis

Expedia North AmericaChuck Floyd Chief Operating OfficerndashNorth America HyattGregg Gilman Partner Co-Chair Employment Practices

Davis amp Gilbert LLP

Tim Gordon Senior Vice President Hotels pricelinecomSusan Helstab EVP Corporate Marketing

Four Seasons Hotels and ResortsJeffrey A Horwitz Chair Lodging + Gaming and Co-Head

Mergers + Acquisitions ProskauerKevin J Jacobs Senior Vice President Corporate Strategy amp

Treasurer Hilton WorldwideKenneth Kahn PresidentOwner LRP PublicationsKirk Kinsell President of Europe Middle East and Africa

InterContinental Hotels GroupRadhika Kulkarni PhD VP of Advanced Analytics RampD

SAS InstituteGerald Lawless Executive Chairman Jumeirah GroupMark V Lomanno CEO Smith Travel ResearchBetsy MacDonald Managing Director HVS Global Hospitality

ServicesDavid Meltzer Senior Vice President Global Business

Development Sabre Hospitality SolutionsWilliam F Minnock III Senior Vice President Global Operations

Deployment and Program Management Marriott International Inc

Mike Montanari VP Strategic Accounts Sales - Sales Management Schneider Electric North America

Shane OrsquoFlaherty President and CEO Forbes Travel GuideThomas Parham Senior Vice President and General Manager

Philips Hospitality AmericasChris Proulx CEO eCornell amp Executive EducationCarolyn D Richmond Partner Hospitality Practice Fox Rothschild

LLPSteve Russell Chief People Officer Senior VP Human Resources

McDonaldrsquos USAMichele Sarkisian Senior Vice President MaritzJanice L Schnabel Managing Director and Gaming Practice

Leader Marshrsquos Hospitality and Gaming PracticeTrip Schneck President and Co-Founder TIG Global LLCK Vijayaraghavan (Vijay) Chief Executive Sathguru

Management Consultants (P) LtdAdam Weissenberg Vice Chairman and US Tourism Hospitality

amp Leisure Leader Deloitte amp Touche USA LLP

Advisory Board

The Robert A and Jan M Beck Center at Cornell University

Cornell Hospitality Reports Vol 11 No 13 (July 2011)

copy 2011 Cornell University This report may not be reproduced or distributed without the express permission of the publisher

Cornell Hospitality Report is produced for the benefit of the hospitality industry by The Center for Hospitality Research at Cornell University

Rohit Verma Executive DirectorJennifer Macera Associate DirectorGlenn Withiam Director of Publications

Center for Hospitality ResearchCornell University School of Hotel Administration489 Statler HallIthaca NY 14853

Phone 607-255-9780Fax 607-254-2922wwwchrcornelledu

Back cover photo by permission of The Cornellian and Jeff Wang

Niklas Andreacuteen Group Vice President Global Hospitality amp Partner Marketing Travelport GDS

Rarsquoanan Ben-Zur Chief Executive Officer French Quarter Holdings Inc

Scott Berman Principal Real Estate Business Advisory Services Industry Leader Hospitality amp Leisure PricewaterhouseCoopers

Raymond Bickson Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer Taj Group of Hotels Resorts and Palaces

Stephen C Brandman Co-Owner Thompson Hotels IncRaj Chandnani Vice President Director of Strategy WATGBenjamin J ldquoPatrickrdquo Denihan Chief Executive Officer

Denihan Hospitality GroupBrian Ferguson Vice President Supply Strategy and Analysis

Expedia North AmericaChuck Floyd Chief Operating OfficerndashNorth America HyattGregg Gilman Partner Co-Chair Employment Practices

Davis amp Gilbert LLP

Tim Gordon Senior Vice President Hotels pricelinecomSusan Helstab EVP Corporate Marketing

Four Seasons Hotels and ResortsJeffrey A Horwitz Chair Lodging + Gaming and Co-Head

Mergers + Acquisitions ProskauerKevin J Jacobs Senior Vice President Corporate Strategy amp

Treasurer Hilton WorldwideKenneth Kahn PresidentOwner LRP PublicationsKirk Kinsell President of Europe Middle East and Africa

InterContinental Hotels GroupRadhika Kulkarni PhD VP of Advanced Analytics RampD

SAS InstituteGerald Lawless Executive Chairman Jumeirah GroupMark V Lomanno CEO Smith Travel ResearchBetsy MacDonald Managing Director HVS Global Hospitality

ServicesDavid Meltzer Senior Vice President Global Business

Development Sabre Hospitality SolutionsWilliam F Minnock III Senior Vice President Global Operations

Deployment and Program Management Marriott International Inc

Mike Montanari VP Strategic Accounts Sales - Sales Management Schneider Electric North America

Shane OrsquoFlaherty President and CEO Forbes Travel GuideThomas Parham Senior Vice President and General Manager

Philips Hospitality AmericasChris Proulx CEO eCornell amp Executive EducationCarolyn D Richmond Partner Hospitality Practice Fox Rothschild

LLPSteve Russell Chief People Officer Senior VP Human Resources

McDonaldrsquos USAMichele Sarkisian Senior Vice President MaritzJanice L Schnabel Managing Director and Gaming Practice

Leader Marshrsquos Hospitality and Gaming PracticeTrip Schneck President and Co-Founder TIG Global LLCK Vijayaraghavan (Vijay) Chief Executive Sathguru

Management Consultants (P) LtdAdam Weissenberg Vice Chairman and US Tourism Hospitality

amp Leisure Leader Deloitte amp Touche USA LLP

Thank you to our generous Corporate Members

FriendsBerkshire Healthcare bull Center for Advanced Retail Technology bull Cruise Industry News bull DK Shifflet amp Associates bull ehoteliercom bull EyeforTravel bull 4Hotelierscom bull Gerencia de Hoteles amp Restaurantes bull Global Hospitality Resources bull Hospitality Financial and Technological Professionals bull hospitalityInsidecom bull hospitalitynetorg bull Hospitality Technology Magazine bull Hotel Asia Pacific bull Hotel China bull HotelExecutivecom bull International CHRIE bull International Hotel Conference bull International Society of Hospitality Consultants bull iPerceptions bull JDA Software Group Inc bull JD Power and Associates bull The Lodging Conference bull Lodging Hospitality bull Lodging Magazine bull LRA Worldwide Inc bull Milestone Internet Marketing bull MindFolio bull Mindshare Technologies bull PhoCusWright Inc bull PKF Hospitality Research bull Resort and Recreation Magazine bull The Resort Trades bull RestaurantEdgecom bull Shibata Publishing Co bull Synovate bull The TravelCom Network bull Travel + Hospitality Group bull UniFocus bull USA Today bull WageWatch Inc bull The Wall Street Journal bull WIWIHCOM bull Wyndham Worldwide

PartnersDavis amp Gilbert LLP Deloitte amp Touche USA LLPDenihan Hospitality GroupeCornell amp Executive EducationExpedia Inc Forbes Travel GuideFour Seasons Hotels and Resorts Fox Rothschild LLP French Quarter Holdings Inc HVS Hyatt InterContinental Hotels Group Jumeirah GroupLRP PublicationsMarriott International IncMarshrsquos Hospitality Practice MaritzpricelinecomPricewaterhouseCoopersProskauerSathguru Management Consultants (P) Ltd Sabre Hospitality Solutions Schneider Electric Thayer Lodging Group Thompson HotelsTravelport

ASAE FoundationCarlson HotelsHilton WorldwideMcDonaldrsquos USAPhilips HospitalitySASSTRTaj Hotels Resorts and PalacesTIG Global

4 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AbouT The AuThor

DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

byEricRicaurte

eric ricaurte works to advance sustainability by helping the worldrsquos leading global hospitality companies measure and report on key issues of corporate responsibility and sustainability (eer3cornelledu) He adds this to his 10 years of experience in operations and consulting for

hotels hospitality vendors tourism operators attractions and tourism boards in Latin America Eric is actively involved as a speaker roundtable organizer and writer in the topic of sustainability within the hotel industry His work includes the first hotel property GRI sustainability report and the first hotel report following the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria Ericrsquos research focuses on standardizing sustainability measurement within hospitality and tourism beginning as a finalist in the Hotel Schoolrsquos student research competition in 2001 for his paper titled ldquoCarbon sequestration offsetting and trading and their relation to travel and tourismrdquo Eric holds a Bachelor of Science from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and is a candidate for a Master of Science degree in Tourism Management from New York University

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5

exeCuTive SuMMAry

What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their

proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability

performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications

Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons

Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed

BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom

FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally

6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT

DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo

GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116

ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper

During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner

We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry

Sincerely

Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University

byEricRicaurte

4 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AbouT The AuThor

DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

byEricRicaurte

eric ricaurte works to advance sustainability by helping the worldrsquos leading global hospitality companies measure and report on key issues of corporate responsibility and sustainability (eer3cornelledu) He adds this to his 10 years of experience in operations and consulting for

hotels hospitality vendors tourism operators attractions and tourism boards in Latin America Eric is actively involved as a speaker roundtable organizer and writer in the topic of sustainability within the hotel industry His work includes the first hotel property GRI sustainability report and the first hotel report following the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria Ericrsquos research focuses on standardizing sustainability measurement within hospitality and tourism beginning as a finalist in the Hotel Schoolrsquos student research competition in 2001 for his paper titled ldquoCarbon sequestration offsetting and trading and their relation to travel and tourismrdquo Eric holds a Bachelor of Science from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and is a candidate for a Master of Science degree in Tourism Management from New York University

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5

exeCuTive SuMMAry

What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their

proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability

performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications

Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons

Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed

BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom

FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally

6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT

DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo

GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116

ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper

During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner

We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry

Sincerely

Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University

byEricRicaurte

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5

exeCuTive SuMMAry

What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their

proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability

performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications

Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons

Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed

BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom

FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally

6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT

DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo

GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116

ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper

During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner

We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry

Sincerely

Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University

byEricRicaurte

6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT

DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels

Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure

ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo

GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116

ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper

During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner

We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry

Sincerely

Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University

byEricRicaurte

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7

Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata

ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat

1Seewwwteebweborg

companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement

Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell

Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies

2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91

Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation

whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure

8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion

WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources

Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3

Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors

Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation

Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-

3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)

ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty

Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption

Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption

AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety

MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent

Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room

4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9

metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10

Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria

Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted

6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31

andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18

Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater

11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewburyVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)

10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25

CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests

SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding

25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx

consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately

OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics

ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels

Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative

21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid

Exhibit 1

Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global reporting initiative

All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)

bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)

8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)

bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)

bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)

bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)

7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)

bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)

bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11

Exhibit 2

presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines

CriteriaGhG

emissionsenergy usage

Water usage

Waste Generation

and Disposal

Materials purchasing

Food and beverage

items

Toxicity biodegradability

of Cleaning Supplies

Guest Satisfaction

GSTC Green Key Green Seal

(GS-33)

leeD (eb) oampM

AhlA

= Directly stated = Implied or precursor

itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable

OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC

InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-

waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA

CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries

28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines

12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights

CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability

BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits

corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive

Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay

PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddresseshotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture

TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct

29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles

practices

Recognizing social responsibility

Stakeholder identification and engagement

The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility

Understanding the social responsibility of an organization

Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization

Communication on social responsibility

Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility

Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility

Exhibit 3

iSo 26000 subjects and practices

Note Adapted from ISO 26000

Core Subjects

Organizational governance

Human rights

Labor practices

The environment

Fair operating practices

Consumer Issues

Community involvement and development

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion

WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources

Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3

Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors

Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation

Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-

3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)

ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty

Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption

Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption

AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety

MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent

Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room

4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9

metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10

Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria

Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted

6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31

andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18

Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater

11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewburyVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)

10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25

CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests

SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding

25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx

consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately

OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics

ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels

Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative

21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid

Exhibit 1

Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global reporting initiative

All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)

bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)

8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)

bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)

bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)

bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)

7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)

bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)

bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11

Exhibit 2

presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines

CriteriaGhG

emissionsenergy usage

Water usage

Waste Generation

and Disposal

Materials purchasing

Food and beverage

items

Toxicity biodegradability

of Cleaning Supplies

Guest Satisfaction

GSTC Green Key Green Seal

(GS-33)

leeD (eb) oampM

AhlA

= Directly stated = Implied or precursor

itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable

OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC

InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-

waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA

CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries

28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines

12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights

CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability

BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits

corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive

Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay

PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddresseshotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture

TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct

29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles

practices

Recognizing social responsibility

Stakeholder identification and engagement

The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility

Understanding the social responsibility of an organization

Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization

Communication on social responsibility

Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility

Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility

Exhibit 3

iSo 26000 subjects and practices

Note Adapted from ISO 26000

Core Subjects

Organizational governance

Human rights

Labor practices

The environment

Fair operating practices

Consumer Issues

Community involvement and development

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9

metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10

Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria

Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted

6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31

andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18

Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater

11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewburyVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)

10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25

CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests

SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding

25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx

consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately

OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics

ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels

Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative

21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid

Exhibit 1

Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global reporting initiative

All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)

bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)

8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)

bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)

bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)

bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)

7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)

bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)

bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11

Exhibit 2

presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines

CriteriaGhG

emissionsenergy usage

Water usage

Waste Generation

and Disposal

Materials purchasing

Food and beverage

items

Toxicity biodegradability

of Cleaning Supplies

Guest Satisfaction

GSTC Green Key Green Seal

(GS-33)

leeD (eb) oampM

AhlA

= Directly stated = Implied or precursor

itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable

OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC

InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-

waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA

CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries

28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines

12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights

CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability

BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits

corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive

Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay

PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddresseshotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture

TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct

29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles

practices

Recognizing social responsibility

Stakeholder identification and engagement

The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility

Understanding the social responsibility of an organization

Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization

Communication on social responsibility

Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility

Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility

Exhibit 3

iSo 26000 subjects and practices

Note Adapted from ISO 26000

Core Subjects

Organizational governance

Human rights

Labor practices

The environment

Fair operating practices

Consumer Issues

Community involvement and development

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25

CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests

SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding

25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx

consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately

OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics

ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels

Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative

21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid

Exhibit 1

Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global reporting initiative

All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)

bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)

8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)

bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)

bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)

bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)

7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on

bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)

bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)

bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11

Exhibit 2

presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines

CriteriaGhG

emissionsenergy usage

Water usage

Waste Generation

and Disposal

Materials purchasing

Food and beverage

items

Toxicity biodegradability

of Cleaning Supplies

Guest Satisfaction

GSTC Green Key Green Seal

(GS-33)

leeD (eb) oampM

AhlA

= Directly stated = Implied or precursor

itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable

OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC

InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-

waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA

CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries

28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines

12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights

CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability

BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits

corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive

Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay

PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddresseshotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture

TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct

29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles

practices

Recognizing social responsibility

Stakeholder identification and engagement

The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility

Understanding the social responsibility of an organization

Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization

Communication on social responsibility

Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility

Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility

Exhibit 3

iSo 26000 subjects and practices

Note Adapted from ISO 26000

Core Subjects

Organizational governance

Human rights

Labor practices

The environment

Fair operating practices

Consumer Issues

Community involvement and development

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11

Exhibit 2

presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines

CriteriaGhG

emissionsenergy usage

Water usage

Waste Generation

and Disposal

Materials purchasing

Food and beverage

items

Toxicity biodegradability

of Cleaning Supplies

Guest Satisfaction

GSTC Green Key Green Seal

(GS-33)

leeD (eb) oampM

AhlA

= Directly stated = Implied or precursor

itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable

OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC

InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-

waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA

CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries

28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines

12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights

CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability

BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits

corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive

Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay

PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddresseshotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture

TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct

29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles

practices

Recognizing social responsibility

Stakeholder identification and engagement

The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility

Understanding the social responsibility of an organization

Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization

Communication on social responsibility

Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility

Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility

Exhibit 3

iSo 26000 subjects and practices

Note Adapted from ISO 26000

Core Subjects

Organizational governance

Human rights

Labor practices

The environment

Fair operating practices

Consumer Issues

Community involvement and development

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights

CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability

BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits

corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive

Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay

PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddresseshotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture

TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct

29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles

practices

Recognizing social responsibility

Stakeholder identification and engagement

The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility

Understanding the social responsibility of an organization

Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization

Communication on social responsibility

Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility

Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility

Exhibit 3

iSo 26000 subjects and practices

Note Adapted from ISO 26000

Core Subjects

Organizational governance

Human rights

Labor practices

The environment

Fair operating practices

Consumer Issues

Community involvement and development

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13

levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry

BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32

PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability

PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33

OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot

32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel

widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors

OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned

Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34

CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators

Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry

34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes

Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics

35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports

requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies

Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach

TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37

37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress

Exhibit 4

Sustainability measurement framework

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15

DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform

ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen

38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress

buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes

BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus

TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines

QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol

MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility

44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest

FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution

AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection

FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe

practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators

Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults

DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy

Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment

(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17

BoundarySpecification

property operations

SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe

constructionandremodelingofthebuilding

bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)

bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor

bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers

Data as boundary

ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered

LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations

DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12

instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint

Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-

berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor

2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue

Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably

complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering

2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders

3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and

4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality

ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing

operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)

QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)

GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)

Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified

ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels

(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased

electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam

andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)

ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for

fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-

lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating

values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource

whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI

emissionfactorsarenotavailable

1 burning Fossil Fuels

ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor

ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46

emissions Factors from Fuel burning

TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational

46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19

GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6

AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation

FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e

1 MBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor

2 purchased electricity

GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring

theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning

ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718

47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40

Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432

Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371

liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732

residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316

Exhibit 5

GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel

Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40

Exhibit 6

Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel

Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu

propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124

liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457

Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457

Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh

EC MtCO2e =

nkWh times 1 kWh

1000 MWhtimes

EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg

22 lb times 1 Mt

1000 kg

WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water

AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water

EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure

SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes

1 kg1000 Mt

times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU

WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor

AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water

ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas

48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater

identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU

Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978

ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata

4 Fugitive emissions

Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49

Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment

EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced

49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21

(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units

GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection

TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced

CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy

GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG

EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint

Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets

EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor

intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume

ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement

Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage

Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water

NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage

WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn

OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite

DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics

Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed

A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage

WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions

ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined

MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual

50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560

Exhibit 7

potential sustainability performance metrics

Aggregate Measure

divide Metric unit = performance Metric

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR

Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR

Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR

Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR

Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR

Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR

Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR

Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR

Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR

Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR

Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR

Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR

Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR

Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR

Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR

Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR

Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS

Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS

Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS

Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS

Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS

Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS

Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS

Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS

Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS

Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS

Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS

Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF

Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF

Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF

Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF

Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF

Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF

Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF

Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF

Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF

Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF

Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF

Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF

Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23

valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest

Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder

2 commonthroughouttheindustry

3 representativeofindividualconsumption

4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand

5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects

FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-

tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)

Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)

Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and

Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)

Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage

StudyResults

Data

HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand

CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater

FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream

NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets

BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified

Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey

EconomyMidscale

Upper Midscale

Upscale

Upper Upscale

Luxury

Sample Composition

Exhibit 8

Sample composition

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)

PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE

GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold

Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale

Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR

0

20

40

60

80

100

Swim

min

g Po

ol

Gros

s flo

or a

rea

(m2)

Num

ber o

f Hea

ting

Degr

ee hellip

Cool

ing

Degr

ee D

ays

Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e ro

om hellip

Num

ber o

f roo

ms s

old

in 2

010

Tota

l Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(m3)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

MBT

U)

Tota

l Ene

rgy (

kWh)

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

whP

AR

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WhP

RS

Tota

l Ene

rgy k

WH

Ft2

Wat

er LP

AR

Wat

er LP

RS

Wat

er L

FT2

Tota

l Dire

ct G

HG (S

cope

1)

Tota

l GHG

MtC

O2e

Tota

l GHG

kgPA

R

Tota

l GHG

kgPR

S

Tota

l GHG

kgF

t2

Percent of Respondents Reporting

Exhibit 9

number of respondents per survey question

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25

Exhibit 10

Sample data

metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext

Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification

parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe

Chain scale segment

Total Water Consumption

(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS

Water LFT2

Swimming Pool

Economy (n=1) 0

Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1

Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1

Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9

Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2

Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1

Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14

Chain scale segmentTotal Energy

(MBTU)Total Energy

(kWh)

Total Energy kwhPAR

Total Energy

kWhPRS

Total Energy

kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871

Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815

Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276

Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084

Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706

Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156

Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266

Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms

Gross floor area m2

Number of Heating Degree

Days

Cooling Degree

Days

Number of available

room nights in

2010

Number of rooms sold

in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467

Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800

Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300

Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989

Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400

Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200

Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704

Concluded on next page

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)

DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory

BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-

ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical

Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties

Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D

Diversion rate 392 16 21 21

Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172

Total Waste por NA 201 465 249

Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250

Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089

Exhibit 11

Analysis of waste measurement

Chain scale segmentTotal Direct

GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e

Total GHG kgPAR

Total GHG kgPRS

Total GHG kgFt2

Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688

Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810

Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246

Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839

Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015

Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282

Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385

Exhibit 10

Sample data

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27

Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders

ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption

Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided

Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-

nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities

FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint

Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay

QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand

carbon(siteenergywasused)

bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)

bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)

51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels

28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)

bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)

bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)

bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and

bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)

ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused

EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-

52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited

tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared

MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline

per room Sold (prS)

GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure

per occupied room (por)

PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-

53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10

Metricrelevance to

GuestCurrent

industry use

representative of room

Consumptionpractical Data

Gatheringincentivizes performance

per Available room Medium High Medium High Low

per room Sold High High High High High

per occupied room High Medium High Medium High

per Square FootMeter

Low High Medium High Medium

Exhibit 12

evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29

sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS

per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)

ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay

Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation

ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders

IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability

ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch

aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)

NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime

Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues

ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty

AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite

JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex

StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento

30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE

ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics

Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact

ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects

2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor

3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption

ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance

indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality

Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide

Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF

FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations

Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31

AppEndix A

performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009

METRICS BREAKDOWN

Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room

MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room

Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3

Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons

Not Reported

GhG emissions intensity

Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported

boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)

Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees

Managed and Franchised properties

Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence

Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3

Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel

Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons

GhG emissions intensity

Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed

As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed

Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)

Not Specified Cites brands that are included

32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283

EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY

AppEndix b

emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country

Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33

AppEndix C

GWp of common refrigerants

Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)

Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source

CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

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2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29

sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS

per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)

ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay

Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation

ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders

IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability

ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch

aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)

NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime

Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues

ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty

AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite

JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex

StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento

30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE

ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics

Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact

ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects

2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor

3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption

ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance

indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality

Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide

Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF

FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations

Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31

AppEndix A

performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009

METRICS BREAKDOWN

Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room

MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room

Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3

Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons

Not Reported

GhG emissions intensity

Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported

boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)

Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees

Managed and Franchised properties

Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence

Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3

Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel

Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons

GhG emissions intensity

Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed

As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed

Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)

Not Specified Cites brands that are included

32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283

EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY

AppEndix b

emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country

Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33

AppEndix C

GWp of common refrigerants

Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)

Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source

CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE

ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics

Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact

ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects

2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor

3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption

ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance

indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality

Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide

Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF

FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations

Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31

AppEndix A

performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009

METRICS BREAKDOWN

Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room

MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room

Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3

Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons

Not Reported

GhG emissions intensity

Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported

boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)

Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees

Managed and Franchised properties

Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence

Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3

Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel

Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons

GhG emissions intensity

Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed

As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed

Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)

Not Specified Cites brands that are included

32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283

EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY

AppEndix b

emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country

Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33

AppEndix C

GWp of common refrigerants

Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)

Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source

CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31

AppEndix A

performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009

METRICS BREAKDOWN

Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room

MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room

Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3

Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons

Not Reported

GhG emissions intensity

Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported

boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)

Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees

Managed and Franchised properties

Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence

Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj

Total energy (en3 andor en4)

MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj

energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported

Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3

Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3

L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

Total Waste (en22)

Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported

Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel

Not Reported

Total GhG emissions (en16)

Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons

GhG emissions intensity

Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported

boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed

As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed

Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)

Not Specified Cites brands that are included

32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283

EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY

AppEndix b

emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country

Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33

AppEndix C

GWp of common refrigerants

Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)

Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source

CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

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expert Cornell professors

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bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

Factor CountryEmission

FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283

EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY

AppEndix b

emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country

Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33

AppEndix C

GWp of common refrigerants

Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)

Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source

CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33

AppEndix C

GWp of common refrigerants

Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)

Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source

CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)

R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34

R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix d

results from data set

profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space

6 65212 1236 206154 90802

Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05

performance Metrics

Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation

Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)

16 93810 3538 287904 1006

Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

17 4919 130 16067 5270

Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35

AppEndix d

results from data set (continued)

Mean values by STr Segment

performance Metrics

economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury

Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)

35 96 966 649 1983 1511

Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)

130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788

Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13

hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

AppEndix E

Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders

performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L

Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]

[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]

boundaries

Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo

utility consumptionConstructionRenovation

2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary

and mobile)Treatment of wastewater

Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization

Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers

no chain scale normalization

Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel

RECs Corporate or regional offices

Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies

Upstream or downstream impacts

Guest travel or consumption offsite

Quantification Methods

Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC

Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle

natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion

HHV Global Factor Site Energy

electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)

HHV Country Factor Site Energy

Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37

Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description

linkages

Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo

26000 GSTC Green Key

Green Seal GS-33 5th

ed

leeD eb

oampMAhlA Green Guidelines

GhGaScope 1 GHG

emissionsEN16 82 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGbScope 2 GHG

emissionsEN16 83 134 6752

6552 D21 Engineering amp

Maintenance 2 EA

Credit 6

GhGcGross carbon

footprintEN16 112

134 SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

EA Credit

6

GhGd Net carbon footprint

EN16 EN18

142a SM4

6752 6552

D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2

384

enerGyaDirect energy

usageEN3 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGybIndirect

energy usageEN4 122 6532

6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

enerGycTotal energy

usage6532 6542 6752

D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1

60

EA Credit

32 33

Guideline 2

WATercTotal water

usageEN8 92

(Water)6532 6542 6752

D14 387 WE Credit

1

Guideline 2

AppEndix F

Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity

Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533

ROU

NDTRIP AIR DISTAN

CES (miles)

ROU

NDT

RIP

GHG

EM

ISSI

ON

S (k

g)AppEndix G

Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities

Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom

Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39

The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning

Complete program information and applications available online

wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu

Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in

Visit our website to apply

Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and

expert Cornell professors

Success

AdvancingBusiness

andPersonal

bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources

bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom

2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes

Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill

Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD

Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute

Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD

Vol11No3Compendium2011

Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA

Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng

2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen

2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn

2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam

Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam

Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam

Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam

2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD

Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD

Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA

Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Cornell Center for Hospitality Research

Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu

Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD

Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA

Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD

Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD

Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD

Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno

Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD

Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD

Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD

Vol10No1Compendium2010

2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo

2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen

No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD

No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay

2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman

Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD

Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD

Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD

Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD

Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD

Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD

Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno

Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index

wwwchrcornell edu

wwwchrcornell edu