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Presentation Plus! The American Republic Since 1877

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Splash Screen

Contents

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Presidential Politics

Section 2 A Growing Economy

Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

TAR2 Gallery of Presidents.ppt#3. 3. Contents

TAR2 Reference Atlas.ppt#3. 3. Contents

TAR2 United States Facts.ppt#3. Contents

Intro 1

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Intro 2

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Chapter Objectives

• Describe the corruption that tainted the Harding administration.

• Explain how Calvin Coolidge restored public confidence after the presidency.

Section 1: Presidential Politics




Intro 3


Chapter Objectives Section 2: A Growing Economy

• Analyze how the growing importance of the automobile and other new industries improved the U.S. standard of living.

• Analyze the growing economic crisis in farming in the 1920s.




Intro 4


Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Policies of Prosperity

• Explain Andrew Mellon’s economic strategies for maintaining prosperity.

• Describe how the United States remained involved in world affairs without joining the League of Nations.




Intro 5

Why It Matters

Prosperity was the theme of the 1920s, and national policy favored business. Although farmers were going through an economic depression, most people remained optimistic about the economy. The middle class bought on credit the many new convenience products available. One of the most popular purchases of the day was the automobile, which had a major impact on how Americans lived.




Intro 6

The Impact Today

Important elements of American life were first seen at this time.

• The automobile remains central to American transportation.

• Credit is a standard means for making purchases.





Intro 7

continued on next slide

Intro 8

End of Intro

Section 1-1

Guide to Reading

Warren Harding’s administration suffered from several scandals. His successor, Calvin Coolidge, promised to support business.

• normalcy

Main Idea


Key Terms and Names

• Ohio Gang

• Albert B. Fall

• Teapot Dome Scandal

• immunity

• Progressive Party

• Robert M. La Follette



Section 1-2

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy


Taking Notes As you read about Presidents Harding and Coolidge, use the major headings of the section to create an outline similar to the one on page 510 of your textbook.

• Describe the corruption that tainted the Harding administration.

Reading Objectives

• Explain how Calvin Coolidge restored public confidence after assuming the presidency.



Section 1-3


Section Theme

Government and Democracy The “Ohio Gang” of the Harding administration created scandals and political upheaval.



Section 1-4




Section 1-5

The Harding Administration


• In 1920, when Warren G. Harding ran for president, most Americans wanted to return to simpler times.

• His campaign slogan to return to normalcy, or a “normal” life after the war, made him very popular and he won the presidency.

• Harding made a few distinguished appointments to the cabinet, but most appointments were given to friends.

• His old poker-playing friends became known as the Ohio Gang.

(pages 510–512)



Section 1-6

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Space Bar to display the information.

• Some members used their government positions to sell jobs, pardons, and immunity from prosecution.

• Before most of the scandals became public knowledge, Harding fell ill and died in 1923.

• Harding’s secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming.

• He received bribes totaling over $300,000.

The Harding Administration (cont.)

(pages 510–512)



Section 1-7


• The Teapot Dome scandal ended with Fall being the first cabinet officer in history to be sent to prison.

• Another Harding administration scandal involved Attorney General Harry Daugherty.

• He refused to turn over files and bank records for a German-owned American company.

• Bribe money ended up in a bank account controlled by Daugherty.


(pages 510–512)



Section 1-8


• He refused to testify under oath, claiming immunity, or freedom from prosecution, on the grounds that he had confidential dealings with the president.

• The new president, Calvin Coolidge, demanded Daugherty’s resignation.


(pages 510–512)



Section 1-9

What problems faced President Harding during his administration?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


(pages 510–512)



Section 1-10

Harding’s administration was plagued with scandals by cabinet members and other government officials appointed by Harding. Some members of the Ohio Gang used their government positions to sell jobs, pardons, and immunity from prosecution. Colonel Charles R. Forbes, head of the Veteran’s Bureau, sold scarce medical supplies from veteran’s hospitals and kept the money, which cost the taxpayers over $200 million. Secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Attorney General Harry Daugherty refused to turn over files and bank records for a German-owned American company. Bribe money ended up in a bank account controlled by Daugherty.


(pages 510–512)



Section 1-11


The Coolidge Administration

• Vice President Calvin Coolidge became president after Harding’s death.

• Coolidge distanced himself from the Harding administration.

• His focus was on prosperity through business leadership with little government intervention.

• He easily won the Republican Party’s nomination for president in 1924.

(pages 512–513)



Section 1-12


• The Democratic Party’s candidate was John W. Davis.

• Those not wanting to choose between the Republican and Democratic Parties formed a new Progressive Party with Robert M. La Follette as their candidate.

• Coolidge won the 1924 election with more than half the popular vote.

• Coolidge promised to give the United States the normalcy that Harding had not.

The Coolidge Administration (cont.)

(pages 512–513)



Section 1-13


How did Coolidge feel about business and government?

Coolidge felt that business led to prosperity and that the government should not interfere.

The Coolidge Administration (cont.)

(pages 512–513)



Section 1-14

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. the state of fact of being normal

__ 2. freedom from persecution

A. normalcy

B. immunity

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

B

A



Section 1-15

Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Evaluate the effects of the Teapot Dome scandal on citizens’ views of the federal government.

Citizens viewed government as corrupt.




Section 1-16

Reviewing Themes


Government and Democracy How did the Ohio Gang tarnish the Harding Administration?

The Ohio Gang used their positions for personal advantage.



Section 1-17

Critical Thinking


Interpreting How did the Democrats lose the chance for victory in the election of 1924?

The Democrats could not agree on a nominee.



Section 1-18

Analyzing Visuals


Analyzing Photographs Examine the photograph of Calvin Coolidge on page 513 of your textbook. How did Coolidge’s actions demonstrate effective leadership following the Harding administration?

Coolidge avoided scandal and supported business prosperity.



Section 1-19

Close

Explain how Calvin Coolidge restored public confidence after assuming the presidency.



End of Section 1

Section 2-1


Guide to Reading

The United States experienced stunning economic growth during the 1920s.

• mass production

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• assembly line

• Model T

• Charles Lindbergh

• National Broadcasting Company

• Columbia Broadcasting System

• welfare capitalism

• open shop



Section 2-2



Reading Strategy

Organizing As you read about the booming era of the 1920s, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 514 of your textbook to analyze the causes of economic growth and prosperity in the 1920s.

• Analyze how the growing importance of the automobile and other new industries improved the U.S. standard of living.

Reading Objectives

• Analyze the growing economic crisis in farming in the 1920s.



Section 2-3


Section Theme

Science and Technology New technology such as the automobile and radio helped reshape American lifestyles.



Section 2-4




Section 2-5


The Rise of New Industries


• During the 1920s, Americans enjoyed a new standard of living.

• Wages increased, and work hours decreased.

• Mass production, or large-scale product manufacturing usually done by machinery, increased the supply of goods and decreased costs.

• Greater productivity led to the emergence of new industries.

(pages 514–518)



Section 2-6

• The assembly line, used by carmaker Henry Ford, greatly increased manufacturing efficiency by dividing up operations into simple tasks that unskilled workers could perform.

• Ford’s assembly-line product, the Model T, sold for $850 the first year but dropped to $490 after being mass-produced several years later.

• By 1924 the Model T was selling for just $295.

The Rise of New Industries (cont.)


(pages 514–518)



Section 2-7

• Ford increased workers’ wages and reduced the workday to gain workers’ loyalty and to undercut union organizers.

• Henry Ford changed American life with his affordable automobiles.

• Small businesses such as garages and gas stations opened.

• The petroleum industry expanded tremendously.

• The isolation of rural life ended.

• People could live farther away from work–creating the auto commuter.



(pages 514–518)



Section 2-8

• More disposable income made innovations affordable.

• From electric razors to frozen foods and household cleaning supplies to labor-saving appliances, Americans used their new income to make life easier.

• By 1919 the Post Office had expanded airmail service across the continent with the help of the railroad.



(pages 514–518)



Section 2-9

• In 1927 Charles Lindbergh took a transatlantic solo flight, which gained support in the United States for the commercial flight.

• By the end of 1928, 48 airlines were serving 355 American cities.

• In 1926 the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) established a permanent network of radio stations to distribute daily programming.

• In 1928 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) set up coast-to-coast stations to compete with NBC.



(pages 514–518)



Section 2-10

How did mass production and the assembly line affect economic growth in the U.S. during the 1920s?



(pages 514–518)



Section 2-11

Mass production increased the supply of goods and decreased costs. Greater productivity led to the emergence of new industries. The assembly line greatly increased manufacturing efficiency by dividing up operations into simple tasks that unskilled workers could perform. More disposable income made innovations affordable. From electric razors to frozen foods and household cleaning supplies to labor-saving appliances, Americans used their new income to make life easier. The low prices made possible by mass production and the assembly line created great success in the auto industry and spurred the growth of other industries such as petroleum, rubber, plate glass, nickel, and lead.


(pages 514–518)



Section 2-12

The Consumer Society


• Higher wages and shorter workdays led to an economic boom as Americans traded thrift for their new role as consumers.

• American attitudes about debt shifted, as they became confident that they could pay back what they owed at a later time.

• Advertising was used to convince Americans that they needed new products.

• Ads linked products with qualities that were popular to the modern era, such as convenience, leisure, success, fashion, and style. (pages 518–519)



Section 2-13

• By the early 1920s, many businesses hired professional managers and engineers.

• The large number of managers expanded the size of the middle class.

• In the 1920s, unions lost influence and membership.

• Employers promoted an open shop, a workplace where employees were not required to join a union.

The Consumer Society (cont.)


(pages 518–519)



Section 2-14

• Welfare capitalism, where employees were able to purchase stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits, made unions seem unnecessary.


(pages 518–519)



Section 2-15

Why did Americans’ attitudes towards consumerism change during the 1920s?



(pages 518–519)



Section 2-16

Higher wages and shorter workdays led to an economic boom as Americans traded thrift for their new role as consumers. American attitudes about debt shifted, as they became confident that they could pay back what they owed at a later time. Advertising was used to convince Americans that they needed new products. Ads linked products with qualities that were popular to the modern era, such as convenience, leisure, success, fashion, and style. The ads promised consumers self-improvement, happiness, and self-fulfillment.


(pages 518–519)



Section 2-17

The Farm Crisis Returns


• American farmers did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s.

• Instead, prices dropped dramatically while the cost to improve farmers’ technology increased.

• During wartime, the government had encouraged farmers to produce more for food supplies needed in Europe.

• Farmers borrowed money at inflated prices to buy new land and new machinery to raise more crops.

(pages 519–520)



Section 2-18

• Farmers prospered during the war.

• After the war, Europeans had little money to buy American farm products.

• After Congress raised tariffs, farmers could no longer sell products overseas, and prices fell.

• President Coolidge twice vetoed a bill to aid the farmers, fearing it would only make the situation worse.

• American farmers remained in a recession throughout the 1920s.

The Farm Crisis Returns (cont.)


(pages 519–520)



Section 2-19

Why were farmers left out of the economic prosperity of the 1920s?



(pages 519–520)



Section 2-20

During wartime, the U.S. government had encouraged farmers to produce more for food supplies needed in Europe. Farmers borrowed money at inflated prices to buy new land and new machinery to raise more crops. Farmers prospered during the war. After the war, Europeans had little money to buy American farm products. After Congress raised tariffs, farmers could no longer sell products overseas, and prices fell. The farmers had technological advances that enabled them to increase production, but because there was no increase in demand, they were forced to lower prices.


(pages 519–520)



Section 2-21


__ 1. a workplace where workers are not required to join a union

__ 2. a production system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as the item passes before him or her

__ 3. the production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line

__ 4. system in which companies enable employees to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care, common in the 1920s

A. mass production

B. assembly line

C. welfare capitalism

D. open shop



B

A

D

C



Section 2-22

Checking for Understanding (cont.)


Summarize the factors that led to the new consumer society in the United States during the 1920s.

Mass production, easy credit, mass advertisement, and economic prosperity led to the new consumer society.



Section 2-23

Reviewing Themes


Science and Technology How did the automobile impact American society?

The automobile eased rural isolation and allowed workers to live farther away from work.



Section 2-24

Critical Thinking


Identifying Cause and Effect How did the United States government help spur the growth of the airline industry?

Governmental airmail service and funds for airports helped spur the airline industry.



Section 2-25

Analyzing Visuals


Analyzing Advertisements Examine the advertisement on page 518 of your textbook. How did the growing consumer culture impact the nation’s economy?

The growing consumer culture raised the standard of living and encouraged Americans to buy new goods.



Section 2-26

Close

Explain the growing economic crisis in farming.



End of Section 2

Section 3-1


Guide to Reading

Economic policies of the United States government encouraged the prosperity of the 1920s.

• supply-side economics

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• cooperative individualism

• isolationism

• Charles G. Dawes

• Charles Evans Hughes

• moratorium

• Kellogg-Briand Pact



Section 3-2



Reading Strategy

Organizing As you read about government policies in the 1920s, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 521 of your textbook by filling in ways the government attempted to stimulate economic growth and prosperity.

• Explain Andrew Mellon’s economic strategies for maintaining prosperity.

Reading Objectives

• Describe how the United States remained involved in world affairs without joining the League of Nations.



Section 3-3


Section Theme

Economic Factors After World War I, the United States had to pay down a large amount of war debt while maintaining economic growth.



Section 3-4




Section 3-5

Promoting Prosperity


• Andrew Mellon, named secretary of treasury by President Harding, reduced government spending and cut the federal budget.

• The federal debt was reduced by $7 billion between 1921 and 1929.

• Secretary Mellon applied the idea of supply-side economics to reduce taxes.

• This idea suggested that lower taxes would allow businesses and consumers to spend and invest their extra money, resulting in economic growth.

(pages 521–522)



Section 3-6

• In the end, the government would collect more taxes at a lower rate.

• Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover attempted to balance government regulation with cooperative individualism.

• Manufacturers and distributors were asked to form their own trade associations and share information with the federal government’s Bureau of Standards.

• Hoover felt this would reduce waste and costs and lead to economic stability.

Promoting Prosperity (cont.)


(pages 521–522)



Section 3-7

How did the Harding administration encourage economic growth in the United States?



(pages 521–522)



Section 3-8

Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon refinanced the national debt to lower the interest on it and persuaded the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates as well. Mellon reduced government spending and cut the federal budget. Mellon applied the idea of supply-side economics to reduce taxes. This idea suggested that lower taxes would allow businesses and consumers to spend and invest their extra money, resulting in economic growth. In the end, the government would collect more taxes at a lower rate. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover attempted to balance government regulation with cooperative individualism. Manufacturers and distributors were asked to form their own trade associations and share information with the federal government’s Bureau of Standards. Hoover felt this would reduce waste and costs and lead to economic stability.


(pages 521–522)



Section 3-9

Trade and Arms Control


• By the 1920s, the United States was the dominant economic power in the world.

• Allies owed the U.S. billions of dollars in war debts.

• Also, the U.S. national income was far greater than that of Britain, Germany, France, and Japan combined.

• Many Americans favored isolationism rather than involvement in international politics and issues.

(pages 522–524)



Section 3-10

• Americans wanted to be left alone to pursue prosperity.

• The United States, however, was too powerful and interconnected in international affairs to remain isolated.

• Other countries felt the United States should help with the war’s financial debt.

• The United States government disagreed, arguing that the Allies had gained new territory and received reparations, or huge cash payments that Germany paid as punishment for starting the war.

Trade and Arms Control (cont.)


(pages 522–524)



Section 3-11

• Reparations crippled the German economy.

• As a result, Charles G. Dawes, an American diplomat and banker, negotiated an agreement–the Dawes Plan–with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germany so they could meet their reparation payments.

• France and Britain agreed to accept less reparations and pay more on their war debts.



(pages 522–524)



Section 3-12

• The Washington Conference held in 1921 invited countries to discuss the ongoing post-war naval arms race.

• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed a 10-year moratorium, or pause, on the construction of major new warships.

• The conference did nothing to limit land forces.

• Japan was angry that the conference required Japan to keep a smaller navy than the United States and Great Britain.



(pages 522–524)



Section 3-13

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a treaty that outlawed war.

• By signing the treaty, countries agreed to stop war and settle all disputes in a peaceful way.

• On August 27, 1928, the United States and 14 other nations signed it, and eventually 62 nations ratified it.

• The treaty had no binding force, but it was hailed as a victory.



(pages 522–524)



Section 3-14

How did the Dawes Plan affect Europe’s economic problems?

The plan did little to help. Britain, France, and Germany tried to pay what they owed while going deeper in debt to American banks and corporations.



(pages 522–524)



Section 3-15


__ 1. a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

__ 2. President Hoover’s policy of encouraging manufacturers and distributors to form their own organizations and volunteer information to the federal government in an effort to stimulate the economy

__ 3. economic theory that lower taxes will boost the economy as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue

__ 4. a suspension of activity

A. supply-side economics

B. cooperative individualism

C. isolationism

D. moratorium



B

A

C

D



Section 3-16

Reviewing Themes


Economic Factors Why did Andrew Mellon work to reduce federal tax rates?

He believed that lowering tax rates would spur the economy by encouraging businesses and consumers to invest and spend.



Section 3-17

Critical Thinking


Evaluating What efforts did the United States make to promote permanent peace and worldwide economic recovery? Were these efforts successful? Explain your answer.

Answers will vary.



Section 3-18

Analyzing Visuals


Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph on page 522 of your textbook of President Harding’s cabinet of advisers. What differences do you see between politics and the media then and now?

Media coverage in both cases is often staged. However, today there is almost instant access by the media to politicians.



Section 3-19

Close

Explain how the United States remained involved in world affairs without being a League of Nations member.



End of Section 3

Chapter Summary 1

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1


Reviewing Key Terms


__ 1. a workplace where workers are not required to join a union

__ 2. the production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line

__ 3. President Hoover’s policy of encouraging manufacturers and distributors to form their own organizations and volunteer information to the federal government in an effort to stimulate the economy

__ 4. the state or fact of being normal

__ 5. a suspension of activity

A. normalcy

B. immunity

C. mass production

D. assembly line

E. welfare capitalism

F. open shop

G. supply-side economics

H. cooperative individualism

I. isolationism

J. moratorium

C

H

F

A

J





Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 6. system in which companies enable employees to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care, common in the 1920s

__ 7. freedom from prosecution

__ 8. economic theory that lower taxes will boost the economy as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue

B

G

E A. normalcy

B. immunity

C. mass production

D. assembly line


F. open shop



I. isolationism

J. moratorium





Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 9. a production system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as the item passes before him or her

__ 10. a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

I

D A. normalcy

B. immunity

C. mass production

D. assembly line


F. open shop



I. isolationism

J. moratorium





Reviewing Key Facts

What was the presidency of Warren G. Harding like?

Inefficiency and scandal plagued his presidency.





Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

How did President Coolidge restore public confidence?

Coolidge distanced himself from the Harding administration and named the most capable individuals to his cabinet.






What were four new industries, besides the automobile industry, that grew in importance during the 1920s?

Automobile-related industries such as garage and gas stations, the consumer goods, airlines, and radio industries grew in importance during the 1920s.






How did Henry Ford increase worker loyalty and impact the labor movement?

He increased workers’ wages and reduced the workday, weakening the power of unions.






What were Andrew Mellon’s strategies for maintaining postwar American prosperity?

Mellon’s strategies were to reduce taxes, reduce the federal debt, and balance the budget.





Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Culture and Traditions How did automobiles change the standard of living during the 1920s?

Automobiles allowed people to travel much greater distances more quickly and allowed workers to live outside cities. Rural Americans’ sense of isolation also decreased. Successful mass production resulted in new and cheaper consumer goods.





Critical Thinking (cont.)

Evaluating How effective were President Coolidge’s attempts to distance himself from the Harding administration? Explain your answer.

Coolidge was quite successful in distancing himself from Harding. He did this by choosing effective cabinet members and associating himself with prosperity and big business.




Economics and History

The graph below shows the cost of a new Model T automobile between 1908 and 1924. Study the graph and answer the questions on the following slides.




Interpreting Graphs By how much did the cost of the Model T drop from 1908 to 1920?

The cost dropped by about $400.

Economics and History (cont.)





Economics and History (cont.)


Evaluating How was Henry Ford able to lower the price of the Model T?

Ford decreased production costs and increased the productivity level and sales volume.





Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

One of the effects of World War I on the American economy was

A a sharp rise in unemployment.

B stronger government control over industry.

C a sharp decrease in taxes.

D the abolition of labor unions, which were seen as unpatriotic.

Test-Taking Tip This question is asking for a cause-and-effect relationship. Look for an answer that can be directly related to the needs of a wartime economy. During the war, it was necessary to produce supplies and munitions for the armed forces (which also needed more personnel), so answer A must be incorrect. In fact, there were more jobs and fewer workers to fill them, so unemployment is not a logical choice.





What was the Teapot Dome scandal?

During the Harding administration, government lands containing large reserves of oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, were leased to private interests.



End of Chapter Assessment

History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic Since 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol2.glencoe.com

F/F/F 1-Fact

Cartoon Symbols Political cartoonists routinely use symbols to get their message across. Two of the most enduring have been the donkey, representing the Democrats, and the elephant, representing the Republicans (also known as the GOP, or the Grand Old Party). On November 7, 1874, cartoonist Thomas Nast became the first to use the symbols in a cartoon that appeared in Harper’s Weekly.

The news media popularized the elephant and donkey symbols in election coverage.

F/F/F 3-Fact

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier On March 4, 1921, Congress approved the burial of an unidentified World War I soldier in Arlington National Cemetery on a hill that overlooks Washington, D.C. This burial site, which was dedicated on November 11, 1921, is called the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

In 1958 two unknown soldiers from World War II and the Korean War were buried alongside the original unknown soldier. In 1984 a Vietnam War soldier was added.

On the side of the original tomb are inscribed the words: “Here rests in honored glory an American soldier known but to God.” The Tomb is guarded year-round, day and night, regardless of weather.

The identities of the three other soldiers buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier are, in fact, unknown. In 1998, however, DNA analysis allowed the Vietnam War soldier buried there to be identified. He is U.S. Air Force First Lieutenant Michael Joseph Blassie.

FYI Contents 2

Airmail

Charles Lindbergh

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 2-1a

As the automotive industry expanded, another technology was spreading its wings. Airmail was common in the early 1920s, although the beginnings of this service were not so auspicious. Started in 1918, the service connected New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. One day President Wilson dropped in to observe and he saw the plane bound for Philadelphia repeatedly fail to take off. After someone remembered to fill it with fuel, the pilot took off in the wrong direction and crash-landed in a field. The mail was sent by rail.

FYI 2-2b

Born in 1902, Charles Lindbergh grew up in Minnesota. After two years at the University of Wisconsin, he started flying as a stunt pilot. Lindbergh completed flight training to become an Army Air Service Reserve pilot. Later he flew mail between Chicago and St. Louis. An offer of $25,000 to become the first pilot to fly nonstop from New York to Paris inspired Lindbergh’s famous flight.

Moment in History 2


CT Skill Builder 1

Distinguishing Fact From Opinion

Imagine that you are watching two candidates for president debate the merits of the college loan program. One candidate says, “In my view, the college loan program must be reformed. Sixty percent of students do not repay their loans on time.”

The other candidate responds, “College costs are skyrocketing, but only 30 percent of students default on their loans for more than one year. I believe we should spend more money on this worthy program.”

How can you tell who or what to believe? First, you must learn to distinguish a fact from an opinion. Then you will be better prepared to evaluate the statements that other people make.


CT Skill Builder 2

Learning the Skill

A fact is a statement that can be proven. In the example above, the statement, “Sixty percent of students do not repay their loans on time” may be a fact. By reviewing statistics on the number of student loan recipients who repay their loans, we can determine whether the statement is true or false. To identify potential facts, look for words and phrases indicating specific people, places, events, dates, amounts, or times.


CT Skill Builder 3

Learning the Skill (cont.)

An opinion, on the other hand, expresses a personal belief, viewpoint, or emotion. Because opinions are subjective, we cannot prove or disprove them. In the example above, most statements by the candidates are opinions. To identify opinions, look for qualifying words and phrases such as I think, I believe, probably, seems to me, may, might, could, ought, should, in my judgment, and in my view. Also, look for expressions of approval or disapproval such as good, bad, poor, and satisfactory. Be aware of superlatives such as greatest, worst, finest, and best, and notice words with negative meanings and implications such as squander, contemptible, and disgrace. Also, identify generalizations such as none, every, always, and never.


CT Skill Builder 4

Practicing the Skill

For each pair of statements on the following slides, determine which is a fact and which is an opinion. Give a reason for each of your choices.


1. a. President Harding was born in Ohio in 1865.

b. Harding later became the most scandalous president in United States history.

CT Skill Builder 5

This is an opinion because it expresses a viewpoint and includes the word most.



This is a fact because it can be proven.

Practicing the Skill (cont.)

CT Skill Builder 6



2. a. Harding’s administration suffered numerous public scandals, including the Teapot Dome scandal.

b. Calvin Coolidge was probably disgusted with Harding’s poor performance in the White House.

This is an opinion because it includes the word probably.



CT Skill Builder 7



3. a. Harding stated that the United States needed a return to normalcy, but he did not do anything to help the country.

b. Coolidge took over the White House after Harding’s death and led the nation for the next several years.

This is an opinion because it expresses a viewpoint.



CT Skill Builder 8


4. a. Henry Ford significantly lowered the price of the automobile with his mass production methods.

b. Ford’s Model T was the most significant invention of the 20th century.




This is an opinion because it expresses a point of view and includes the phrase most significant.

TAR2 Video 1

Tuning in to Radio in the 1920s

Objectives

• Understand the impact that radio had on American life.

• Know that anyone with some talent could perform on radio in the early days.

• Consider differences between early radio and radio today.

After viewing “Tuning in to Radio in the 1920s,” you should:

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TAR2 Video 2

Discussion Questions


Before radio, what did people do when they wanted music in their homes?

They played the piano or listened to phonograph records.


TAR2 Video 3

Discussion Questions


What is one major difference between early radio programming and programming of today?

Early programming was not targeted to specific audiences.


M/C 2-1a

M/C 2-2b

M/C 3-1

Technology and History 2


Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1




Yes, the national debt fell $8 million from 1921 to 1929.

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